Version 1
: Received: 20 March 2021 / Approved: 22 March 2021 / Online: 22 March 2021 (12:38:07 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 23 March 2021 / Approved: 24 March 2021 / Online: 24 March 2021 (13:32:30 CET)
Maruf, M.N.I. A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073852
Maruf, M.N.I. A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073852
Maruf, M.N.I. A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073852
Maruf, M.N.I. A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-Coupled Subnational Energy Systems—Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3852. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073852
Abstract
The energy transition requires integration of different energy carriers, including electricity, heat, and transport sectors. Energy modeling methods and tools are essential to provide a clear insight into the energy transition. However, the methodologies often overlook the details of small-scale energy systems. The study states an innovative approach to facilitate sub-national energy systems with 100% renewable penetration and sectoral integration. An optimization model, OSeEM-SN, is developed under the Oemof framework. The model is validated using the case study of Schleswig-Holstein. The study assumes three scenarios representing 25%, 50%, and 100% of the total available biomass potentials. OSeEM-SN reaches feasible solutions without additional offshore wind investment, indicating that they can be reserved for supplying other states’ energy demand. The annual investment cost varies between 1.02 bn – 1.44 bn €/yr for the three scenarios. The electricity generation decreases by 17%, indicating that with high biomass-based combined heat and power plants, the curtailment from other renewable plants can be decreased. Ground source heat pumps dominate the heat mix; however, their installation decreases by 28% as the biomass penetrates fully into the energy mix. The validation confirms OSeEM-SN as a beneficial tool to examine different scenarios for sub-national energy systems.
Keywords
Sector coupling; 100% renewable; Sub-national energy model; Energy transition; Open science.
Subject
Engineering, Energy and Fuel Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
24 March 2021
Commenter:
Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
The revised submission has been improved thoroughly compared to the first submission. The paper’s updated title is ‘A Novel Method for Analyzing Highly Renewable and Sector-coupled Sub-national Energy Systems–Case Study of Schleswig-Holstein.’ Section 2 has been improved to present a detailed comparison of 16 open modeling tools that can be used to analyze 100% renewable and sector-coupled energy systems. Section 2 (Background) has been broken into two sub-sections for better understanding. Section 5 (Results) presents the model results and analyzes them. Section 6 (Discussion) stands alone as a separate section and presents a broader context of the developed model compared to other similar studies and model applications. Parts of Section 7 (Conclusion) have been rewritten to clarify the study’s limitations, model upgrade plans, future research plans, and the study’s summary.
Commenter: Md. Nasimul Islam Maruf
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author