Abstract: This Paper outlines a rigorous methodology for the preliminary design and its performance analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) intended for Martian atmospheric exploration, focusing on the study of the Martian boundary layer up to an altitude of 100 meters. The UAVs are designed to operate continuously during a Martian solar day, which lasts 12 hours and 40 minutes, emphasizing extended hovering capabilities. Three UAV configurations—Tiltable Quadcopter, Coaxial Rotorcraft, and Coaxial Trirotor—are systematically analysed across six key stages: mission profiling, vehicle sizing, aerodynamic parameter determination, propulsion system design, mass breakdown, and stowage strategies. The aerodynamic analysis and design of UAVs for Martian exploration, focusing on rotor performance under the planet's unique atmospheric conditions. Detailed CFD simulations assess airfoils NACA 0012 and CLF5605, chosen for their suitability in low Reynolds number and high Mach number environments, optimizing rotor efficiency. A Propulsion system is developed to account for solar variability, informing optimal flight profiles and energy management for solar-powered UAV operations. Energy balance calculations validate the UAV designs, ensuring efficient power consumption and reliable performance for sustained Martian exploration. Stowage mechanisms are developed to fit within a 2.5-meter aeroshell, ensuring compact deployment without compromising structural integrity. Optimized UAVs ensure reliable performance for extended Martian missions.

Abstract: DNA methylation, a highly conserved epigenetic modification, plays an essential role in regulating gene expression and maintaining genome stability. Aberrations in DNA methylation patterns can significantly disrupt plant developmental processes, often leading to abnormal phenotypes. These methylation states are governed by a dynamic interplay of de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, and active demethylation, mediated by a suite of specialized enzymes operating under distinct regulatory pathways. This review explores the multifaceted roles of DNA methylation in plants. We provide a comprehensive overview of methylases, demethylases, and regulatory factors, elucidating how these components interact within the broader methylation machinery. Key functions of DNA methylation, including its roles in transposon silencing, gene expression regulation, and chromatin interactions, are systematically examined. Additionally, the impact of DNA methylation on plant development is analyzed, with a focus on its involvement in responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of DNA methylation in crop improvement, highlighting its promise for advancing modern agricultural practices.

Abstract: The 1.5D Two-Stage Cutting Stock Problem is tackled by building upon two established methodologies from the literature: a straightforward Generate & Solve approach and a combined Row & Column Generation approach, both originally developed for the one-dimensional model. To account for the unique challenges posed by the 1.5D nature of the problem, these canonical methods are extended to handle intermediate orders introduced by the two-stage cutting process. The proposed algorithm undergoes rigorous validation through an extensive experimental campaign, which includes benchmarking the performance of the two approaches.

Abstract: The complement system include soluble and cell surface proteins and it is an important arm of the innate immune system. Once activated, the complement system rapidly gener-ates proteins with inflammatory and vasoactive activities. Although complement is crucial to host defense and homeostasis, its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation can also drive tissue injury. Glomerulopathy encompasses a spectrum of diseases with diverse eti-ologies, clinical presentations, and outcomes. Among the intricate web of factors contrib-uting to glomerulopathies pathogenesis, the role of complement activation has emerged as a focal point of research interest and therapeutic intervention. The pioneer drug was eculizumab, which made it possible to drastically change the prognosis of atypical hemo-lytic uremic syndrome, an otherwise fatal disease. This comprehensive review aims to elu-cidate the multifaceted interplay between complement pathways and glomerulopathy, shedding light on potential pathway for targeted therapies and improved patient care.

Abstract: The aquatic toxicity of realistic mixtures of rare earth elements (REE) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the sublethal and lethal toxicity of an environmentally realistic mixture of five REE in Hydra vulgaris. The REE mixture was composed of 5 elements (Gd, Ce, Nd, Yb and Dy with a total REE loading of 13.7 µg/L) that were found in 6 municipal effluents at the same concentration ratios (1X). The organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100X) of the mixture for 96 h at 20oC. The lethal and sublethal toxicity was evaluated by morphological changes and the gene expression (mRNA) involved in oxidative stress, damaged protein salvaging (autophagy), regeneration, neural activity and oxidated DNA repair. The data revealed that the total REE concentration of the environmental mixture was well below the potential toxicity of REE, which occurs generally at concentrations > 200 ug/L. At the gene expression levels, effects occurred at concentrations below those reported in municipal effluents suggesting that these REEs could produce toxic effects on the long-term in hydra close to municipal effluent discharges.

Abstract:

Background: Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure patients have fears and spiritual challenges.

Objective: This literature aims to examine the philosophy of spirituality in heart disease patients from three philosophical perspectives, namely ontology, epistemology, and axiology.

Methods: Search articles were obtained from several databases: Science Direct, Springer Nature, ProQuest, SAGE Journal, Cochran, and Scopus. The articles accepted were limited by the population of heart disease and its spiritual aspects from 2019-2024.

Results: Spirituality is important for nurses to understand in carrying out care for heart failure patients, seeing the ontology of spirituality allows nurses and patients to be able to handle the suffering, guilt, and death of heart failure patients. The epistemological concept views spirituality as being able to manage blood pressure, reduce depression, and improve the quality of life of heart disease patients. The axiological concept helps nurses provide spiritual support to heart disease patients through the patient's spiritual values ​​and beliefs.

Conclusion: Spirituality plays an important role in improving nursing care from the spiritual dimension of heart failure patients. This study recommends that nurses understand the aspects of spiritual philosophy in spiritual nursing care for heart disease patients.

Abstract: Finite difference methods are commonly used in the pricing of discretely monitored exotic options in the Black-Scholes framework, but they tend to converge slowly due to discontinuities contained in terminal conditions. We present an effective analytical modification to existing finite difference methods which greatly enhances their performance on discretely monitored options with non-smooth terminal conditions. We apply this modification to the popular Crank-Nicolson method and obtain highly accurate option pricing results with significantly reduced CPU cost. We also introduce an adaptive mesh refinement technique which further improves the computational speed of the modified finite difference method. The proposed method is especially useful for options with high monitoring frequencies, which are difficult to price using other existing methods.

Abstract: For establishing an accurate target for rehabilitation of patellar alta and baja, it is necessary to determine whether there is a correlation between the patellar height and knee joint muscle strength and muscle tone and knee joint range of motion (ROM). Aim: The purpose of this study was to confirm the correlation between patellar height and quadriceps muscle strength and muscle tone and knee joint ROM. Method: This study included 34 subjects. Their patellar length, patellar tendon length, quadriceps muscle strength and muscle tone, and knee joint ROM were measured. Results: The results showed that there was significant correlation between patellar length and quadriceps muscle strength and between the patellar tendon length and quadriceps muscle strength. The patellar length and patellar tendon length were also highly correlated with rectus femoris stiffness. Conclusions: This suggested that patellar length and patellar tendon length are related with knee extensor muscle strength and muscle tone. In addition, factors including strength and tone of the knee extensor muscles can be considered in the treatment of abnormal patella height.

Abstract:

A prospective analysis was conducted to assess the incidence of inflammatory features reported in targeted biopsies of 531 MRI-suspicious lesions with prostate imaging-reporting and data system (PI-RADS) scores of 3 to 5 in 364 men suspected of having PCa. The incidence of inflammatory features in the MRI-suspicious lesions without PCa was 69.6%, compared to 48.1% in those with PCa (p < 0.001). Among the suspicious lesions without PCa, the incidence of inflammatory features ranged from 68.6% to 71.2% across the PI-RADS categories (p = 0.870). Mild chronic prostatitis increased with higher PI-RADS scores, while acute prostatitis decreased, and granulomatous prostatitis was exclusively observed in patients with PI-RADS scores of 4 and 5. The incidence of inflammatory features in the lesions with insignificant PCa (grade group 1) was 66.7%, compared to 42.7% in those with significant PCa (grade group 2 to 5; p = 0.027). The detection of inflammatory features in MRI-suspicious lesions was identified as an independent predictor of a lower likelihood of significant PCa detection, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.326 (95% CI 0.196-0.541). Mild chronic prostatitis was the only type of prostatitis which was an independent predictor of a lower likelihood of significant PCa, with an OR of 0.398 (95% CI 0.268-0.590). These data suggest that inflammatory features may be considered to be mimickers of significant PCa on MRI.

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to compare the properties of core-shell nanoparticles with a PLGA core and shells composed of different types of polymers; focusing on their structural integrity. Core PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by either the high-pressure homogenization — solvent evaporation technique or nanoprecipitation; using poloxamer 188 (P188); copolymer of divinyl ether with maleic anhydride (DIVEMA); and human serum albumin (HSA) as shell-forming polymers. The shells were formed through adsorption; interfacial embedding; or conjugation. For dual fluorescent labeling; the core and shell-forming polymers were conjugated with Cyanine5; Cyanine3; and rhodamine B. The nanoparticles had negative zeta potentials and sizes ranging from 100 to 250 nm (measured by DLS); depending on the shell structure and preparation technique. The core-shell structure was confirmed by TEM and fluorescence spectroscopy; with the appearance of FRET phenomena due to the donor-acceptor properties of the labels. All shells enhanced cellular uptake of the nanoparticles in Gl261 murine glioma cells. Integrity of the core-shell structure upon their incubation with cells was evidenced by intracellular colocalization of the fluorescent labels using Manders’ colocalization coefficients. This comprehensive approach may be useful for selection of the optimal preparation method already at the early stages of the core-shell nanoparticle development.