Abstract: We demonstrate that dopant inhomogeneity strongly suppresses thermal conductivity in Cd/Eu co-doped, non-polar a-oriented ZnO films grown on r-plane sapphire (Al₂O₃) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Structural characterization by θ-2θ XRD confirms a-oriented ZnO without detectable secondary phases. Cross-sectional SEM shows continuous films with well-defined interfaces, and SIMS depth profiling verifies Cd/Eu incorporation through the film thickness and a sharp Zn/O drop at the substrate interface. Optical transmittance and Tauc analysis reveal composition-dependent shifts of the absorption edge and band gap. Cross-plane thermal transport was measured at room temperature using frequency-domain photothermal infrared radiometry (PTR) and analyzed by fitting the complex PTR amplitude and phase with a multilayer heat-diffusion model. The extracted thermal conductivity spans ~3.7 - 6.3 Wm-1K-1. The lowest k values correlate with increased defect non-uniformity, consistent with enhanced phonon scattering and reduced effective cross-plane heat transport.

Abstract: The aim of this work is to demonstrate that, for spacetimes with sufficient symmetry, spin coefficient conditions may reduce to compact metric-component identities that are useful for practical metric analysis. This idea is illustrated using the symmetries of the Kerr spacetime. For a vacuum Petrov Type D spacetime admitting geodesic, shear-free null congruences, as characterised by the Goldberg–Sachs theorem, the shear spin coefficient, $\lambda = 0$, can be reformulated using a principal-null-aligned (Kinnersley) tetrad. The resulting relation can be expressed solely in terms of metric components and their radial derivatives within a Kerr-like coordinate gauge.To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the first explicit, coordinate-dependent metric identities corresponding to the vanishing of a Newman–Penrose spin coefficient. The resulting condition eliminates explicit tetrad dependence, yielding a purely metric-level identity that can be evaluated once a Kerr-like Boyer–Lindquist gauge is fixed.This reformulation provides a practical diagnostic for verifying the shear-free property of principal null congruences directly from the metric, without constructing a tetrad or imposing a specific ansatz. As such, it offers a useful tool for constraining or partially reconstructing stationary, axisymmetric spacetimes under appropriate symmetry and geometric assumptions. The expression has been validated numerically for several Kerr-like spacetimes, including Kerr, Kerr–Newman, Schwarzschild, and static de Sitter metrics. This points toward a bridge between tetrad-based geometric characterisations and coordinate-level analyses of spacetime structure.

Abstract: In the current paper, the nonlinear absorption characteristics and laser modulation performance of the ternary anisotropic semiconductor material ZrGeTe₄ were successfully explored. The recovery time of the ZrGeTe₄-PVA thin film was measured to be 5.74 ps by pump-probe technology. By employing ZrGeTe₄ as a saturable absorber, a passive mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser was demonstrated for the first time. In the 1 µm mode-locked operation, the central wavelength is 1031.29 nm, the pulse repetition rate is 24.85 MHz, and the pulse width is 786.3 ps. In an Er-doped fiber laser operating at the wavelength of 1561.10 nm, the pulse width as short as 1.26 ps with a repetition rate of 4.38 MHz. The results show that ZrGeTe₄ has excellent broadband nonlinear optical characteristics.

Abstract: The Pauli exclusion principle is traditionally introduced in quantum mechanics as a postulate encoded in the antisymmetry of the fermionic wavefunction. While extraordinarily successful, this formulation leaves open a deeper question: why must nature forbid the perfect overlap of identical fermions? In this work, we propose a reinterpretation of Pauli exclusion within the framework of Viscous Time Theory (VTT), where physical law emerges from the geometry of informational state space under constraints of memory, recoverability, and causal trace preservation. We propose that the coincidence of two identical fermionic states can be interpreted, in informational-geometric terms, as a loss of injectivity of the causal mapping, i.e., to an informational singularity where distinct histories become non-separable. To prevent this collapse of recoverability, the joint state manifold naturally develops a “diagonal barrier”: a forbidden submanifold where the informational cost diverges and admissible trajectories are repelled. Within this perspective, antisymmetry of the wavefunction appears not as the cause of exclusion, but as its mathematical symptom. Within this perspective, Pauli exclusion can be interpreted as a geometric and informational constraint rather than a primitive quantum axiom. The framework further suggests a unified interpretation of the difference between fermions and bosons: the former may be viewed as carriers of identity-bearing, non-overwritable informational structure, while the latter correspond to additive excitations that do not threaten causal injectivity. In this way, the exclusion principle appears as a consequence of informational geometry in a universe characterized by viscous time and memory.

Abstract: Hilbert’s Sixth Problem challenges us to rigorously axiomatize physics, particularly the bridge between microscopic dynamics and macroscopic laws. Yet, a conceptual gap remains: probability is usually treated as a fundamental assumption rather than a derived consequence of physical evolution. To address this, we introduce a Viscous Time Theory (VTT) framework governing evolution through admissibility, coherence, and recoverability. Applying an informational action principle, probability naturally emerges as an induced statistical measure over bundles of admissible trajectories. We validate this approach by analyzing a viscous-time kinetic transport operator, mapping out its contraction semigroup structure, spectral gap, and hypocoercive convergence. We further extend the model to nonlinear interaction kernels and evaluate its hydrodynamic scaling limit. Our analysis proves this diffusion-driven operator achieves strict spectral stability, exponential entropy decay, and global nonlinear stability. Furthermore, the macroscopic scaling limit rigorously yields nonlinear diffusion dynamics for coherence density. Ultimately, this provides an analytically tractable layer connecting microscopic evolution to macroscopic behavior. It demonstrates that probability, irreversibility, and transport laws can cohesively emerge from informational geometry, advancing the structural program envisioned by Hilbert.

Abstract: In classical mechanics, force is the physical entity mediating interactions between physical objects. Such objects consist of point masses, or appear as continuous bodies formed by a continuum of point masses. Force is defined as the sole entity capable of altering a point mass's state of motion (velocity) and is mathematically represented as a bound vector. However, this description of the physical world no longer holds at the atomic or subatomic level, where matter is discretized into quanta and interactions occur through the exchange of quanta of linear momentum and energy. While this dichotomy is currently accepted as the status quo, efforts to harmonize these frameworks into a more coherent formulation remain highly desirable. This paper investigates the extent to which interactions in classical mechanics can be reinterpreted as an exchange of linear momentum quanta. This investigation leads to a coherent reformulation of Newton’s laws, in which forces are treated as flow rates of these quanta. Therefore, classical mechanics admits a discretized description of the physical world even at the macroscopic level.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carries quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: We present a complete, parameter-free derivation of the bandlimited Green's function G = \sin (\sqrt{- \sigma^2}) and the celestial conformal weights \Delta_l = l + 1 from a single input: four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime (M,\eta_{\mu \nu}). The derivation proceeds in three steps. First, the exactness of the exponential map \exp_p: T_p M \to M in flat spacetime, combined with the requirement that discrete sampling be isometrically equivalent to the continuous field, uniquely determines—via the Whittaker interpolation theorem—the reproducing kernel G = \sin (\Omega \sqrt{- \sigma^2}). Second, the null geodesic locus \sigma^2 = 0 emerges as the natural boundary through the reproducing kernel normalisation condition K(x,x) = 1; restriction to this null hypersurface induces a signature flip from Lorentzian (- , + , + , +) to Euclidean (+, +) on the transverse S^2. Third, the SL(2,\mathbb{C}) principal-series representation on the Euclidean celestial sphere, combined with the spherical Bessel decomposition of G, yields \Delta_l = l + 1 as a pure spectral theorem with no free parameters. The result is cross-validated by five independent routes: Kempf's operator-theoretic reconstruction, the present geometric construction, a boundary RKHS derivation, Pasterski-Shao-Strominger from scattering amplitudes, and Gover-Shaukat-Waldron tractor calculus providing the SO(4,2) group-theoretic skeleton explaining why all five routes converge. The scale \Omega is structurally irrelevant: all physical conclusions depend only on the Minkowski metric. We identify the null-geodesic data set as a natural basis for geometric consistency checks, and note that if the universe is a quantum state, the multi-path convergence in principle circumvents the classical cosmic variance bound.

Abstract: The ongoing gap between the local expansion rate of the universe (H0) and the global rate inferred from the Cosmic Microwave Background has triggered a genuine crisis for the standard ΛCDM model. Most attempts to patch this Hubble Tension rely on early dark energy or modifications to General Relativity—approaches that usually require injecting unconstrained variables into the math. We propose a strictly thermodynamic resolution instead. By modeling the universe as a closed system governed by information conservation, we can redefine Dark Energy. It is not a uniform, static vacuum energy; it is an emergent, dynamic osmotic pressure. When we apply standard fluid dynamics to the local KBC Void (δ≈−0.46), the elevated local Hubble constant (Hlocal≈73.0km/s/Mpc) mathematically drops out of the global baseline (Hglobal≈67.4km/s/Mpc) as a direct consequence of osmotic decompression. Beyond expansion rates, this closed-system boundary establishes a foundational cosmic noise floor. This allows us to derive the MOND acceleration threshold (a0≈1.1×10−10m/s2) from first principles, resolving the Bullet Cluster paradox without the need for collisionless dark matter.

Abstract: This work introduces a novel conceptual framework that integrates crystallographic visualization techniques with cosmological geometry. Specifically, we reinterpret the crystallo-graphic holography of three-dimensional crystal structures onto a two-dimensional plane within the three-dimensional spatial sector of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric, formulated following the Landau–Lifshitz approach. Within this framework, the surface of a four-dimensional hypermanifold (a 4D sphere) is conceptually interpreted as exhibiting topological features analogous to the “inside–outside” structure of a Klein bottle. This geometrical perspective provides a foundation for analyzing the mass–energy budget of the Universe as determined by the Planck's mission. We examine the present mass–energy composition—including the relative contributions of visible matter (baryonic), and dark energy identified with the zero-point field (ZPF)—within a differential geometric setting. These components are ultimately represented through a crystallographic holography–based formulation of the Planck observational mass–energy budget.

Abstract: Ecosystem disruption is a significant challenge of the contemporary age, arising from substantial CO₂/CO emissions resulting from dependence on fossil fuels as a primary energy source. Scholars across several fields are striving to mitigate these severe greenhouse gas emissions. The most promising method is absorbing carbon and transforming it into sustainable energy. We sought to diminish CO levels by electrocatalytic reduction using innovative catalytic surfaces, namely transition metal phosphides (TMPs). During this work, VP is recognized as a very effective surface for CO reduction and the synthesis of methane, methanol, and formaldehyde at -0.68 V. Further, hydrogen evolution does not pose a challenge for any surface, despite all TMPs facilitating CO reduction. Overall, predictions from these DFT-guided predictions, experimentalists can get insight for their experimental validation and synthesize of active catalysts for CO conversion and green energy production.

Abstract: We present a strengthened collider-facing extension of the uploaded Quantum Information Copy Time (QICT) program to compressed Higgsino searches at \( \sqrt{s}=13 \) TeV. The underlying QICT manuscript identifies its theorem-level core as a copy-time definition \( \tau_\text{copy} \), a Liouvillian-squared susceptibility \( \chi^{(2)}_Q \), and a conserved-charge speed-limit bound; the infrared and phenomenological sections are explicitly conditional closures. We therefore do not claim a theorem-level Higgsino prediction. Instead, we construct a fully explicit QICT-to-collider closure map, validate a detector-level surrogate against public CMS and ATLAS compressed-Higgsino reach anchors, perform a quantitative public-contour recast, propagate dominant surrogate uncertainties, and isolate a new branch-transition observable \( B_{\ell t} = N_{\ell t} / (N_{\ell t} + N_{\text{track}}) \). Within this strengthened framework, the residual post-public-limit search prior remains two-branched: an ultra-compressed branch near \( m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm} \approx 200-240 \) GeV with \( \Delta m^\pm \sim 0.35-0.9 \) GeV, and a few-GeV branch near \( m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm} \simeq 150-220 \) GeV with \( \Delta m \simeq 2-6 \) GeV. The manuscript is deliberately modest about logical status, but it is now quantitative, reproducible, and falsifiable.

Abstract: This work investigates the performance improvement of a four-probe ballistic rectifier on bilayer graphene (BLG) through the formation of an energy gap under a perpendicular electric field. For this purpose, exfoliated BLG was deposited on oxidized p+-Si and structured into an asymmetric cross junction with 90 nm wide channels. The junction consists of a straight voltage stem (contacts U,L) and slanted current injectors (contacts 1,2). The differential conductance of the stem, g_UL, as a function of back-gate bias, V_BG, reveals clear indications of energy gap formation and lateral depletion zones at the edges of the channel. The _DC characteristic of the ballistic rectifier, V_UL(I₁₂), shows an increase of the output voltage VUL with increasing V_BG. We attribute this to reduced diffuse scattering at the rough edges when the lateral depletion zones form smooth barriers.

Abstract: In a previous work [Bakonyi et al., Eur. Phys. J. Plus 137, 871 (2022)], in-plane magnetoresistance results were reported on a thin strip-shaped foil sample of nanocrys-talline (nc) Ni metal. These studies have been by now complemented with the measure-ment of the temperature dependence of the resistivity as well as the field dependence of the resistivity and the Hall effect on the same sample at 3 K and 300 K in polar magnetic fields up to 140 kOe, i.e., with the magnetic field perpendicular to the strip plane. Due to the strong contribution of the grain-boundary scattering in the nc state, the residual re-sistivity was about 11 % of the room-temperature value. The polar magnetoresistance (PMR) showed a similar behavior to the previously reported transverse magnetoresistance (TMR), yielding an anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) value in good agreement with the AMR previously deduced from the in-plane MR data. As to the Hall effect, the results for the ordinary (Ro) and the anomalous (Rs) Hall coefficient fitted rather well into the rather dispersed reported data of bulk Ni at both temperatures. However, a closer look of the Rs values for nc-Ni revealed that at 300 K it is larger and at 3 K it is smaller than the corresponding bulk Ni values obtained on samples with the same zero-field resistivity as our nc-Ni foil. It will be discussed briefly that these deviations may be attributed to the nanocrystalline state containing a large density of grain boundaries.

Abstract: Quantum mechanics predicts measurement outcomes with remarkable accuracy, yet the physical mechanism responsible for measurement remains unspecified. Standard formulations treat collapse as an external postulate or informational update, leaving the origin of measurement outside the theory’s physical description. This paper proposes a mass-induced mechanism for quantum measurement within the framework of Quantum Substrate Dynamics (QSD), in which the observer is not a privileged entity but a coherence structure formed by stable matter interacting with propagating excitations. In QSD, stable matter forms mass-phase structures possessing finite coherence envelopes that evolve through discrete Causality Intervals (CIs) governing how the substrate can reconfigure. Massless excitations, such as photons, lack coherence envelopes and therefore cannot initiate collapse; they propagate only through geometric constraints imposed by nearby mass-phase structures. Measurement occurs when the coherence envelope of a mass-phase structure intersects a propagating excitation and enforces local CI pacing and curvature--compliance limits on the substrate. Collapse is therefore realized as a structural re-locking of the substrate, in which only configurations compatible with the local mass-phase environment can persist. This mechanism reproduces key empirical features of quantum experiments, including the material dependence of diffraction and detection, the emergence of interference patterns at mass-phase boundaries, and the absence of photon--photon interaction in free space. Within this framework, longstanding interpretational paradoxes---including Wigner's friend, Schr\"odinger's cat, contextuality, and delayed-choice interference---admit consistent physical explanations without invoking observer-dependent realities, global wavefunction collapse, or branching worlds. Quantum measurement therefore emerges as a mass-induced structural process, in which observation reflects the deterministic reconfiguration of the substrate under finite coherence and curvature constraints rather than an epistemic update or interpretational supplement.

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel theoretical framework in which wave energy serves as the fundamental basis for understanding the structure and dynamics of the universe. Within this model, elementary particles are interpreted as distinct vibrational modes of wave energy, while fundamental forces—such as gravity and electromagnetism—are represented as interference patterns arising from the interaction of these waves. Furthermore, spacetime is conceptualized as an emergent energy network formed by the multidimensional interference of wave energy. The framework incorporates the influence of extra spatial dimensions, offering new insights into phenomena such as dark matter and dark energy. Additionally, it provides corrected energy level calculations for the hydrogen atom that account for the effects of higher-dimensional contributions. The mathematical formulation is based on generalized wave equations in D-dimensions, with testable predictions for modified energy spectra.

Abstract: Within the framework of the new formalism of quantum theory - the quantum principle of least action - the initial state of the universe is determined, which is an analogue of the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary wave function. The quantum evolution of the universe is modified by additional conditions in a certain compact region of space-time, which is called the observation region. Additional conditions are Noether identities related to the general covariance of the theory and internal symmetries of matter fields. The consequences of the local law of conservation of the energy-momentum tensor of matter are considered in detail. Its consequence is the deterministic nature of the motion of the energy and momentum densities of matter in the observation area. The geometric parameters of the region boundary are also determined by the deterministic motion of the matter fields inside. The choice of boundary conditions for the energy-momentum flow at the boundary serves as a mechanism for decoherence of the quantum evolution of the universe. The result of decoherence is a certain correspondence between the final state of the universe and the state of the observer in the specified region. This correspondence allows us to formulate the extremum principle in quantum cosmology, in which the action functional constructed using the final state determines the world history of the universe as the observer sees it.

Abstract: General Relativity (GR) has long been confronted with a fragmentation dilemma regarding black hole singularities and galaxy rotation curves: the former requires undetectable higher-dimensional quantum gravity to circumvent infinite curvature, while the latter similarly relies on undetectable dark matter to provide additional gravitational force. In this paper, we abandon the hypothesis of undetectable entities and reveal that the two challenges may share an intrinsic geometric solution: the universal asymptotic behavior of mainstream dark matter halo models is equivalent to a logarithmically corrected gravitational potential \( Φ(r)∼-(lnr+1)/r \), which originates from the self-response of the curvature divergence at the GR singularity \( (R_{trt}^r∝r^{-3}) \) via Poisson integration. At the microscopic scale, the sign reversal of lnr generates a repulsive effect, thereby avoiding the singularity. The constructed logarithmically corrected Schwarzschild metric is rigorously solved via the Lambert W function, revealing a layered internal structure determined by the black hole mass \( M \) (with thickness \( ∝1/M \)), which realizes the holographic screen of the renormalization group flow under the AdS/CFT correspondence. On this basis, we present parameter-free a priori predictions for the black hole shadows of Sgr A* and M87* that are consistent with Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations, and provide rigid falsifiable predictions for unobserved black holes, especially the crucial discriminative prediction for NGC315. On the galactic scale, the logarithmic term can fit the galaxy rotation curves of the Milky Way, Andromeda, and NGC2974 without the additional gravitational force from dark matter, and also successfully passes the test of the gravitational lensing phenomenon of the Bullet Cluster with good agreement with observations. On the other hand, the calculated solar system tidal difference \( (Δg∼10^{-18} m/s^2) \) is far below the current experimental limit, ensuring the validity of the equivalence principle without the need for a shielding mechanism; meanwhile, the Solar System Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) tests are also consistent with GR. This work demonstrates that gravitational phenomena from black holes to galaxies are governed by the spacetime self-response triggered by the GR singularity. It further reveals that macroscopic gravitational systems may be "holographic projections" of quantum topological structures (quantum vortices). This framework thus pulls quantum gravity research from pure mathematical modeling back to the energy scales accessible to contemporary observations, and provides a new direction for thinking about the unification of General Relativity and quantum mechanics.

Abstract: This paper represents a further academic deepening and upgrading of the authors' 2019 publication A Hypothesis on the Spatial Motion Mode of Photons. It should be explicitly stated that this paper falls within the category of natural philosophical thought experiments—its core value lies in constructing a unified physical image of the nature of light through rigorous logical deduction, and proposing verifiable theoretical hypotheses and experimental schemes; the validity of all conclusions must ultimately be verified by rigorous and extensive scientific experiments before being incorporated into the theoretical system of physics. As a foundational concept of quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality of light has been accompanied by profound philosophical perplexities and theoretical tensions since its proposal, becoming a core bottleneck in the integration of classical and quantum physics. This paper systematically sorts out the logical incompleteness in the current quantum interpretation system—including the self-negation of the complementarity concept, the problem of photon localization, the fundamental opposition between the statistical and non-statistical interpretations of the wave function, and the philosophical controversy over the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, revealing the inherent contradictions of the traditional wave-particle duality framework. On this basis, adopting classical physical images and the logic of reduction to absurdity, and based on six axioms and six preparatory propositions, this paper puts forward a natural philosophical hypothesis on the essence of photons: a photon is an energetic mass point with a diameter smaller than the Planck length, moving in a uniform spiral linear motion in space. The paper deduces the core characteristics such as velocity frequency, and wavelength of the photon's uniform spiral linear motion, and designs three operable, repeatable, and quantifiable physical experimental schemes to provide specific paths for the empirical verification of the hypothesis. The research deduces that the angular momentum of photon spatial motion (excluding photon spin motion) is always the reduced Planck constant ℏ , the energy E=mc² is naturally unified with E=hν (the standard formula for wave energy), and the standard expression of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ΔxΔpₓ≥ℏ /2 can be given a classical physical interpretation from the perspective of superposition of measurement deviations. This paper systematically responds to potential questions regarding the origin of photon particle nature, wave nature, and compatibility with relativity, arguing that the hypothesis provides a logically consistent and clearly visualized path for understanding the nature of light, builds a new natural philosophical framework for the integration of quantum and classical theories of light, and also offers a new thinking perspective for the paradigm shift in the study of the nature of light.

Abstract: As low-temperature plasmas (LTPs) have gained significant attention in materials processing for the microelectronics industry, challenges in spatiotemporal analysis of plasma parameters in an RF capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) system necessitate multidimensional numerical simulations. This study investigated the conditions under which a kinetic simulation or a fluid model is effective for low-pressure CCPs, focusing on the critical role of energy-dependent electron kinetics in LTPs by comparing symmetric and asymmetric electrode structures. We provide a comprehensive investigation of particle energy distributions, elucidating the kinetic effects of non-Maxwellian distributions. The validity of standard fluid approximations, such as the drift-diffusion approximation and isotropic pressure assumptions, is assessed by comparing results from a two-dimensional fluid model with those from a particle-in-cell simulation. The dominance of the ion pressure tensor over isotropic approximations in the sheath has been observed, especially in an asymmetric electrode structure, which is more representative of realistic process chambers.