Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanomaterials, play an important role in many promising nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine. Among them, carbon nanomaterials are a new kind of porous carbon nanomaterials with great application potential. Therefore, based on carbon nanomaterials, the interaction between biomaterials and cells and surface modification were analyzed. Studies have shown that the interaction between the surface of biological materials and cells is mainly the mutual molecular recognition between the surface receptors of cell membranes and the ligands on the surface of biomaterials. Therefore, biomimetic modification of the surface of biomaterials is used to enhance cell affinity and specific recognition. The carbon nanomaterial has a large specific surface area and pore volume, can provide high drug-loading capacity, has an adjustable pore structure and pores, can control the release of the drug molecules, and has a good application prospect in the field of drug delivery systems.