Version 1
: Received: 30 March 2021 / Approved: 1 April 2021 / Online: 1 April 2021 (13:34:49 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 29 June 2021 / Approved: 1 July 2021 / Online: 1 July 2021 (12:59:44 CEST)
Decsa Medika Hertanto, Henry Sutanto, Bayu Satria Wiratama & Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu (2021) Modulating the host immune response to fight against COVID-19: Where are we in 2021?, Virulence, 12:1, 1732-1736, DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1943275
Decsa Medika Hertanto, Henry Sutanto, Bayu Satria Wiratama & Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu (2021) Modulating the host immune response to fight against COVID-19: Where are we in 2021?, Virulence, 12:1, 1732-1736, DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1943275
Decsa Medika Hertanto, Henry Sutanto, Bayu Satria Wiratama & Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu (2021) Modulating the host immune response to fight against COVID-19: Where are we in 2021?, Virulence, 12:1, 1732-1736, DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1943275
Decsa Medika Hertanto, Henry Sutanto, Bayu Satria Wiratama & Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu (2021) Modulating the host immune response to fight against COVID-19: Where are we in 2021?, Virulence, 12:1, 1732-1736, DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1943275
Abstract
In the first year of its appearance, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than 150 million individuals and killed 3 million people worldwide. The pandemic has also triggered numerous global initiatives to tackle the newly emerging disease, including the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the attempt to discover potential pharmacological therapies. Nonetheless, despite the success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines development, COVID-19 therapy remains challenging. Several repurposed drugs that were documented to be useful in small clinical trials have been shown to be ineffective in larger studies. Additionally, the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection displayed the predominance of hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation in inducing multiorgan damage. Therefore, the potential benefits of both immune modulation and suppression in COVID-19 have been extensively discussed. Here, we reviewed the roles of immunomodulation as potential COVID-19 pharmacological modalities based on the existing data and proposed several new immunologic targets to be tested in the foreseeable future.
Keywords
COVID-19; immunomodulation; immunology; immune system; pharmacotherapy; coronavirus; drug repurposing
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Immunology and Allergy
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
1 July 2021
Commenter:
Henry Sutanto
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We have added new clinical trials to keep our manuscript updated, changed the figures and added a table summarizing the existing clinical trials. We also add a public health expert as one of our co-authors so that we can discuss this topic from a multidisciplinary aspect.
Commenter: Henry Sutanto
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author