The Complex Universe

Christopher Laforet

doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

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preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

Preprint Article Version 3 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Complex Universe

Christopher Laforet

Version 1 : Received: 18 January 2022 / Approved: 20 January 2022 / Online: 20 January 2022 (11:11:44 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 28 January 2022 / Approved: 31 January 2022 / Online: 31 January 2022 (12:56:14 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 16 March 2022 / Approved: 17 March 2022 / Online: 17 March 2022 (10:54:26 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 20 March 2022 / Approved: 21 March 2022 / Online: 21 March 2022 (08:59:59 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 1 May 2022 / Approved: 4 May 2022 / Online: 4 May 2022 (12:51:42 CEST)
Version 6 : Received: 15 May 2022 / Approved: 16 May 2022 / Online: 16 May 2022 (12:17:54 CEST)
Version 7 : Received: 20 May 2022 / Approved: 23 May 2022 / Online: 23 May 2022 (10:35:10 CEST)
Version 8 : Received: 30 May 2022 / Approved: 31 May 2022 / Online: 31 May 2022 (09:11:40 CEST)
Version 9 : Received: 18 July 2022 / Approved: 19 July 2022 / Online: 19 July 2022 (10:32:16 CEST)
Version 10 : Received: 30 August 2022 / Approved: 31 August 2022 / Online: 31 August 2022 (14:35:15 CEST)
Version 11 : Received: 28 September 2022 / Approved: 29 September 2022 / Online: 29 September 2022 (10:04:38 CEST)
Version 12 : Received: 20 October 2022 / Approved: 21 October 2022 / Online: 21 October 2022 (11:18:22 CEST)
Version 13 : Received: 29 December 2022 / Approved: 4 January 2023 / Online: 4 January 2023 (12:00:14 CET)
Version 14 : Received: 7 January 2023 / Approved: 9 January 2023 / Online: 9 January 2023 (11:01:51 CET)
Version 15 : Received: 12 February 2023 / Approved: 13 February 2023 / Online: 13 February 2023 (16:12:56 CET)
Version 16 : Received: 10 March 2023 / Approved: 13 March 2023 / Online: 13 March 2023 (09:47:07 CET)
Version 17 : Received: 21 July 2023 / Approved: 21 July 2023 / Online: 24 July 2023 (08:08:52 CEST)
Version 18 : Received: 17 March 2024 / Approved: 19 March 2024 / Online: 19 March 2024 (12:58:11 CET)
Version 19 : Received: 12 June 2024 / Approved: 13 June 2024 / Online: 13 June 2024 (09:35:50 CEST)
Version 20 : Received: 5 July 2024 / Approved: 8 July 2024 / Online: 9 July 2024 (07:06:37 CEST)

How to cite: Laforet, C. The Complex Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3 Laforet, C. The Complex Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

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MDPI and ACS Style

Laforet, C. The Complex Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022010301. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

APA Style

Laforet, C. (2022). The Complex Universe. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laforet, C. 2022 "The Complex Universe" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v3

Abstract

In this paper, it is proposed that the correct metric for relativistic cosmology is one which has not only spatial curvature, but time curvature as well, and that it is the curvature of the time dimension that is the source of the accelerated expansion. It is argued that the FRW metric, whose time dimension is uncurved, is effectively a Newtonian approximation to the true cosmological metric and that the internal Schwarzschild metric is the true cosmological metric describing the 3D space of the Universe falling through the time dimension. The unknowns in the internal Schwarzschild metric are solved for using cosmological data and it is shown that the predictions it gives match observations without the need for a cosmological constant. The entire Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal-Sezekeres coordinates is examined and we see that it describes two CPT symmetric Universes moving in opposite directions in the time dimension. One Universe contains matter while the other contains antimatter. It is then shown that due to the sign of the angular term in the internal Schwarzschild metric, the time dimension is the imaginary counterpart of the spatial dimension in the external metric. At the singularity, the geodesics reverse their direction in time and begin to re-collapse toward each other. The matter and antimatter Universes annihilate with each other when they collide at the end of collapse, ultimately decaying into two new matter and antimatter Universes. Finally, we look at the external Schwarzschild solution and find that gravitational event horizons cannot be formed or reached until the end of the re-collapse. We find that all the gravitational event horizons in the Universe represent the same point which is the annihilation event at the end of re-collapse. The model also predicts that telescopes such as the JWST should find structures in the early Universe that are much older than expected or predicted by the current ΛCDM model.

Keywords

Cosmology; Black holes; Dark Energy; Schwarzschild metric

Subject

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comments (1)

Comment 1

Received: 17 March 2022
Commenter: Christopher Laforet
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: - Added sections describing the relationships between the external and internal solutions.
- Added that there is a testable prediction made by this model of cosmology
- Elaborated on the complex-valued nature of the space and time dimensions of the internal and external metric
- Added a more complete discussion of worldlines in the Schwarzschild metric

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