The dysfunction of the placenta has important consequences for both the mother and the fetus. Chronic placental dysfunction can lead to hypertensive disorders (including preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and pregnancy complications such as placental abruption, preterm labour and delivery [1]. The definition of Preeclampsia is continually evolving. According to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) 2018 definition, PE is a multisystem disorder that occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and occurs in about 5% to 10% of all pregnancies, characterized by high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, measured twice with a 4-hour interval, in women who previously did not have hypertension) and at least one of the following conditions: 1) Proteinuria (protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/mol, protein loss ≥300 mg/day) 2) Dysfunction of at least one maternal organ (acute kidney failure, liver damage, right upper abdominal pain, hematologic complications - thrombocytopenia: platelet count <150,000/μl, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolysis; neurological complications, e.g., eclampsia, psychotic symptoms, visual disturbances, severe headache, stroke) 3). Abnormalities in the uteroplacental unit function - FGR, abnormal Doppler blood flow patterns in fetal vessels, or intrauterine fetal death [2,3,4]. This condition can negatively affect nearly every organ system, leading to a range of preeclampsia-related complications such as HELLP syndrome (characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), seizures (eclampsia), fetal growth restriction, and placental abruption. Unfortunately, currently, termination of pregnancy is the only effective treatment for preeclampsia, which may further endanger the neonate if premature delivery is necessary [5]. The first sign of a growth-restricted fetus is being small-for-gestational-age (SGA), which can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in both the short and long term. A considerable number of fetuses diagnosed with growth restriction are born prematurely, making them vulnerable to prematurity-related risks. Moreover, they have a higher susceptibility to various perinatal conditions such as cesarean delivery, oligohydramnios, low Apgar scores, acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, apnea, seizures, polycythemia, sepsis, stillbirth and neonatal death [6,7]. Placental factors have been implicated in causing generalized maternal endothelial dysfunction, which is thought to be a significant contributor to the development of preeclampsia. Various serum markers indicate endothelial activation increase in these patients, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD), which is the gold standard for assessing endothelial function, is impaired in women with preeclampsia. Recent research has shown that excessive levels of a placental antiangiogenic factor, known as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT-1), can inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), resulting in generalized endothelial dysfunction in affected individuals. This discovery has led to the development of innovative clinical strategies for managing preeclampsia, with s-FLT-1 being regarded as the most promising placental factor [8,9]. The study aims to evaluate the effect of beta-HCG, PAPP-A, s-FLT-1 and PlGF concentrations in women in the first trimester of pregnancy on the Pulsatility Index of the ductus venosus and the Right and left Uterine Arteries. Additionally, attempts were made to find a relationship between these biomarkers and the risk of developing preeclampsia and FGR in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.

The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee under the approval number KB416/2020. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

In this study, a total of 108 pregnant women in their first trimester were included, out of which 87 were assigned to the experimental group and 21 to the control group. All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study and underwent ultrasound examination between the 11th and 14th week of pregnancy. Women assigned to the control group had no prior history of antiphospholipid syndrome, chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, or systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, it should be noted that women in the control group did not receive any medication for hypertension and there was no family history of hypertensive disorders reported during the interview with the participants.

Table 1 and Table 2 present the descriptive statistics of the control group (Table 1) and the studied group (Table 2). Table 3 presents statistically significant differences between the studied group and the control group. Statistically significant differences were found between beta-HCG, s-Flt-1, the risk of preeclampsia, and FGR in women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. The levels of beta-HCG and s-Flt-1 were higher in patients in the control group, while the risk of PE and FGR was higher in the studied group.

In the studied group, there was no relationship between b-HCG concentration and any of the analyzed parameters.

In Table 4. There is a relationship with the risk of FGR. Since Rs<0, the higher the PAPPA, the lower the risk.

In Table 5, a relationship between PlGF concentration was demonstrated. Since Rs<0, the higher the PlGF concentration, the lower the risk of PE and FGR in women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy in the studied group.

No statistically significant relationship was found between sFLT-1 concentration and any of the analyzed parameters.

In Table 6, a statistically significant relationship between sFLT-1/PLGF and the risk of developing preeclampsia in women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy is presented. Since Rs>0, the higher the sFlt1/PLGF, the higher the risk of preeclampsia.

No statistically significant relationship was found between the concentrations of biomarkers b-HCG, PAPP-A, sFLT-1, PlGF, and any of the parameters PI UA Rt, PI UA Lt, Mean uterine arteries, DV PI.

s-FLT-1 and PlGF are two biomarkers that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE). s-FLT-1 is an anti-angiogenic protein that is produced by the placenta and inhibits the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), both of which are critical for normal placental development and vascular function [9]. PlGF, on the other hand, is a pro-angiogenic factor that promotes vascular growth and remodeling [10]. It has been hypothesized that an imbalance between these two factors may contribute to the development of FGR and PE [11]. Multiple studies have demonstrated a positive association between sFlt-1 levels and the risk of developing PE. In a study by Levine et al. (2004), it was found that women who developed PE had significantly higher levels of sFlt-1 and lower levels of PLGF compared to women with uncomplicated pregnancies [9]. Similarly, a meta-analysis by Zhou et al. (2008) found that sFlt-1 levels were significantly higher in women with PE compared to controls. These findings suggest that an increase in sFlt-1 and a decrease in PLGF may play a role in the pathogenesis of PE [12]. In our study, as in the study by Zhou et al. (2008) it turned out that the concentration of sFLT-1 was higher in the control group than in the tested group. Additionally, the control group had a higher concentration of beta-HCG than the tested group. However, we did not demonstrate that the concentration of PlGF differed significantly between the two groups. In the studies carried out by Tarasevičienė [13] and colleagues in 2016, and Bahlmann and Al Naimi [14] the concentration of sFlt-1 was also higher in the control group, which is consistent with our results. However, our results are not consistent with respect to the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and the parameters of the examined vessels. The likely reason for this discrepancy may be the low number of individuals in the control group.

In contrast to the study by Aberdeen and colleagues [15], which indicated that elevated levels of sFlt-1 play a crucial role in both suppressing SAR in early primate pregnancy and inducing maternal vascular endothelial dysfunction in late gestation, our study did not achieve a statistically significant impact of sFlt-1 levels or other biomarkers on the state of the tested vessels.

The sample size of the study may limit its statistical power and increase the risk of type II errors. With only 108 participants, the study's sample size is relatively small. This could result in a reduced ability to detect true differences between groups and may increase the risk of false negative results. Additionally, smaller sample sizes may also increase the likelihood of chance findings or spurious correlations. Larger studies with more participants may be needed to confirm these associations and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The study's biomarker assays may have limitations that could affect the accuracy of the results. For instance, these assays may be subject to variability in performance or sensitivity to interfering substances. Although the manufacturer's instructions were followed, and a reliable analyzer was used, these limitations could still affect the accuracy of the results.The software used to calculate the risk for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction may have limitations that should be considered. The software requires accurate ultrasound measurements and may overestimate or underestimate risk. Although reliable ultrasound equipment and standard protocols were used, these limitations could still affect the accuracy of the risk estimates.

The study did not provide conclusive evidence to support the hypothesis that beta-HCG, PAPP-A, s-FLT-1 and PlGF concentrations in women in the first trimester of pregnancy have a significant effect on the Pulsatility Index of the ductus venosus and the Right and left Uterine Arteries, or that there is a clear relationship between these biomarkers and the risk of developing preeclampsia and FGR in women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Further research is needed to investigate these potential associations.