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A Unified Representation of Q- and H-Integrals and Consequences in Inequalities

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15 May 2023

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15 May 2023

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Abstract
This paper aims to unify q-derivative/q-integral and h-derivative/h-integral in a single definition, this will be called q−h-derivative/q−h-integral. These notions are further extended on finite interval [a,b] in the form of left and right q−h-derivatives and q−h-integrals. Some inequalities are studied for q−h-integrals which are directly connected with well known results. In diverse fields of science and engineering the theory based on q-derivatives/q-integrals and h-derivatives/h-integrals can be unified by using the concept of q−h-derivative/q−h-integral.
Keywords: 
Subject: Computer Science and Mathematics  -   Analysis

1. Introduction

The h-derivative and the q-derivative of a function ν have been defined by the quotients
ν ( γ + h ) ν ( γ ) h and ν ( q γ ) ν ( γ ) ( q 1 ) γ
respectively. The h-derivative is usually denoted by the quotient D h ν ( γ ) = d h ν ( γ ) d h γ while the q-derivative is denoted by the quotient D q ν ( γ ) = d q ν ( γ ) d q γ , where d h ν ( γ ) = ν ( γ + h ) ν ( γ ) is called the h-differential and d q ν ( γ ) = ν ( q γ ) ν ( γ ) is called the q-differential for the function ν . As an example the h-derivative and the q-derivative of γ n can be computed in the forms ( γ + h ) n γ n h = n γ n 1 + n ( n 1 ) 2 γ n 2 h + . . . + h n 1 and q n 1 q 1 γ n 1 = ( q n 1 + . . . + 1 ) γ n 1 respectively. For the sake of simplicity, the notation [ n ] q is used instead of q n 1 q 1 , and then D q γ n = [ n ] q γ n 1 . Since lim q 1 D q ν ( γ ) = lim h 0 D h ν ( γ ) = d ν ( γ ) d γ , the h-derivative and the q-derivative are generalizations of ordinary derivative. The q-derivative leads to the subject of q-calculus, see [5] for details.
The sum and product formula of q-derivatives for functions ν 1 and ν 2 are given by;
D q { ν 1 ( γ ) + ν 2 ( γ ) } = D q ν 1 ( γ ) + D q ν 2 ( γ )
and
D q { ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) } = ν 1 ( q γ ) D q ν 2 ( γ ) + ν 2 ( γ ) D q ν 1 ( γ ) ,
respectively. Since ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) = ν 2 ( γ ) ν 1 ( γ ) , (2) is equivalent to the upcoming formula
D q { ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) } = ν 1 ( γ ) D q ν 2 ( γ ) + ν 2 ( q γ ) D q ν 1 ( γ ) .
In view of (2), the quotient formula of q-derivatives is given by;
D q ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) = ν 2 ( γ ) D q ν 1 ( γ ) ν 1 ( γ ) D q ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( q γ ) .
In view of (3), the quotient formula of q-derivatives is given by;
D q ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) = ν 2 ( q γ ) D q ν 1 ( γ ) ν 1 ( q γ ) D q ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( q γ ) .
The formulae of h-derivatives are as follows:
D h { ν 1 ( γ ) + ν 2 ( γ ) } = D h ν 1 ( γ ) + D h ν 2 ( γ ) ,
D h { ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) } = ν 1 ( γ ) D h ν 2 ( γ ) + ν 2 ( γ + h ) D h ν 1 ( γ ) ,
and
D h ν 1 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) = ν 2 ( γ ) D h ν 1 ( γ ) ν 1 ( γ ) D h ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ ) ν 2 ( γ + h ) .
Next, we give the definition of q-derivative on a finite interval.
Definition 1 
([2]). Let μ : I = [ a , b ] R be a continuous function. For 0 < q < 1 the q-derivative a D q μ on I, is given by;
a D q μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( q ξ + ( 1 q ) a ) μ ( ξ ) ( q 1 ) ( ξ a ) , ξ a , a D q μ ( a ) = lim ξ a a D q μ ( ξ ) .
Function μ is called q-differentiable on [ a , b ] if a D q μ ( ξ ) exists for all ξ [ a , b ] . For a = 0 , we have 0 D q μ ( ξ ) = D q μ ( ξ ) and D q μ ( ξ ) is the q-derivative of μ at ξ [ a , b ] defined as follows:
D q μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( q ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ( q 1 ) ξ , ξ 0 .
The q-integral of function μ on interval [ a , b ] is defined as follows:
Definition 2 
([2]). Let μ : I = [ a , b ] R be a function. For 0 < q < 1 the q-definite integral on I is given by;
a ξ μ ( γ ) a d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) n = 0 q n μ ( q n ξ + ( 1 q n ) a ) , ξ [ a , b ] .
In (11), by setting a = 0 , the Jackson q-definite integral given in [5], is deduced as follows:
0 ξ μ ( γ ) 0 d q γ = 0 ξ μ ( γ ) d q γ = ( 1 q ) ξ n = 0 q n μ ( q n ξ ) , ξ [ a , b ] .
If c ( a , ξ ) , then the q-definite integral on [ c , ξ ] is calculated as follows:
c ξ μ ( γ ) a d q γ = a ξ μ ( γ ) a d q γ a c μ ( γ ) a d q γ .
We are intent to unify the q-derivative and h-derivative in a single notion which will be named q h -derivative. We give sum/difference, product and quotient formulas for q h -derivatives, also the definition of q h -integral is given. Further, we will define q h -derivative and q h -integral on finite interval. The composite derivatives and integrals will provide the opportunity to study theoretical and practical concepts and problems of different fields related to q-derivative and h-derivative simultaneously. This paper will be interesting and productive for scientists and engineers.

2. A Generalization of q - and h -Derivatives

The ( q h ) -differential of a real valued function μ is defined by;
h d q μ ( ξ ) = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( ξ ) .
Then for h = 0 , and q 1 in (14), we have
0 d q μ ( ξ ) = μ ( q ξ ) μ ( ξ ) = d q μ ( ξ )
and
h d 1 μ ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ + h ) μ ( ξ ) = h d μ ( ξ ) .
In particular,
h d q ( ξ ) = q ξ + q h ξ = ( q 1 ) ξ + q h .
Then for h = 0 , and q 1 in (15), we have
0 d q ( ξ ) = ( q 1 ) ξ = d q ( ξ ) a n d h d 1 ( ξ ) = h = d h ( ξ ) .
For u ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) the ( q h ) -differential of u is given by;
h d q ( u ( ξ ) ) = h d q ( μ ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) ) = ( μ + ν ) ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ( μ + ν ) ( ξ ) = h d q μ ( ξ ) + h d q ν ( ξ ) .
For α R the ( q h ) -differential of α μ is given by;
h d q ( α μ ) ( ξ ) = h d q ( α μ ) ( ξ ) = ( α μ ) ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ( α μ ) ( ξ ) = α h d q μ ( ξ ) .
From (17) and (18) one can see that ( q h ) -differential is linear. Here we see that if p ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) , then ( q h ) -differential is calculated as follows:
h d q ( p ( ξ ) ) = h d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) + μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( ξ ) μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) [ ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( ξ ) ] + ν ( ξ ) [ μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( ξ ) ] .
Hence we get
h d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) h d q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) h d q μ ( ξ ) .
For h = 0 , and q 1 in (19), we have
0 d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( q ξ ) 0 d q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) 0 d q μ ( ξ ) = μ ( q ξ ) d q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) d q μ ( ξ )
and
h d 1 ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = d h ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( ξ + h ) h d 1 ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) h d 1 μ ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ + h ) d h ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) d h μ ( ξ ) ,
respectively. Next, we define the q h -derivative as follows:
Definition 3. 
Let 0 < q < 1 , h R and μ : I R be a continuous function. Then the q h -derivative of μ is defined by
C h D q μ ( ξ ) = h d q μ ( ξ ) h d q ξ = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( ξ ) ( q 1 ) ξ + q h , ξ q h 1 q : = ξ C h D q μ ( ξ ) = lim ξ ξ C h D q μ ( ξ ) .
Provided q ( ξ + h ) I .
For h = 0 and q 1 in (20), we have
C 0 D q μ ( ξ ) = D q μ ( ξ ) = d q μ ( ξ ) d q ξ = μ ( q ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ( q 1 ) ξ
and
C h D 1 μ ( ξ ) = D h μ ( ξ ) = d h μ ( ξ ) d h ξ = μ ( ξ + h ) μ ( ξ ) h .
By setting h = 0 , q 1 in (20), we get the ordinary derivative of μ , provided the limit exists.
Example 1. 
Consider P ( x ) = ξ n , n N . Then
C h D q ( P ( x ) ) = q n ( ξ + h ) n ξ n ( q 1 ) ξ + q h = ( q n 1 ) ξ n ( q 1 ) ξ + q h + q n ( n ξ n 1 h + . . . + h n ) ( q 1 ) ξ + q h .
For h = 0 and q 1 in (23), we have
C 0 D q ( ξ n ) = q n ξ n ξ n ( q 1 ) ξ = q n 1 q 1 ξ n 1 = [ n ] q ξ n 1 = D q ( ξ n ) ,
and
C h D 1 ( ξ n ) = ( ξ + h ) n ξ n h = n ξ n 1 + n ( n 1 ) 2 ξ n 2 h + . . . . . + h n 1 .
In particular we have lim h 0 C h D 1 ( ξ n ) = n ξ n 1 .

2.1. Linearity

The q h -derivative is linear i.e. for α , β R and using the linearity of ( q h ) -differentials we have:
C h D q ( α μ ( ξ ) + β ν ( ξ ) ) = α C h D q μ ( ξ ) + β C h D q ν ( ξ ) .

2.2. Product Formula

The following formula for product of functions by using (19), can be obtained:
C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = h d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) h d q ξ = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) h d q ν ( ξ ) + h d q μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) h d q ξ = μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) C h D q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) C h D q μ ( ξ ) .
The product formula for q-derivatives and h-derivatives can be obtained as follows:
By setting h = 0 in (26), the q-derivative formula for products of functions is yielded:
C 0 D q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = d q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) d q ξ = D q ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( q ξ ) C 0 D q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) C 0 D q μ ( ξ ) = μ ( q ξ ) D q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) D q μ ( ξ ) .
By taking q 1 in (26), the h-derivative formula for products of functions is yielded:
C h D 1 ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = d h ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) d h ξ = D h ( μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) ) = μ ( ξ + h ) C h D 1 ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) C h D 1 μ ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ + h ) D h ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) D h μ ( ξ ) .
By using symmetry, we can have from (26):
C h D q ( ν ( ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ) = ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) C h D q μ ( ξ ) + μ ( ξ ) C h D q ν ( ξ ) .
Both (26) and (29) are equivalent.

2.3. Quotient Formula

By using (26) and (29), the quotient formula of q h -derivatives is calculated as follows: We have for ν ( ξ ) 0
ν ( ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = μ ( ξ ) .
By using definition of q h -derivative and (26), we have
C h D q ν ( ξ ) μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ) .
ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) C h D q μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) + μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) C h D q ν ( ξ ) = C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ) .
Now
C h D q μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ) μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) C h D q ( ν ( ξ ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) = ν ( ξ ) C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ) μ ( ξ ) C h D q ( ν ( ξ ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( ξ ) .
By using (29), one can get
μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) C h D q ν ( ξ ) + ν ( ξ ) C h D q μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = C h D q μ ( ξ ) ,
that is:
C h D q μ ( ξ ) ν ( ξ ) = C h D q ( μ ( ξ ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( q ( ξ + h ) ) C h D q ( ν ( ξ ) ) ν ( q ( ξ + h ) ) ν ( ξ ) .
Remark 1. 
By putting h = ω q for ω > 0 , equation (26) produces product and (33) produces quotient formulas for ( q , ω ) -derivatives given in [3].
Next, let us define the q h binomial ( ξ a ) h , q n analogue to ( ξ a ) n as follows:
( ξ a ) h , q n = 1 , n = 0 , ( ξ a ) ( ξ q ( a + h ) ) ( ξ q 2 ( a + 2 h ) ) . . . ( ξ q n 1 ( a + ( n 1 ) h ) , n 1 .
Then it is clear that for h = 0 we have ( ξ a ) 0 , q n = ( ξ a ) q n i.e. the q-analogue of ( ξ a ) n is obtained which is defined in [5] as follows:
( ξ a ) q n = 1 , n = 0 , ( ξ a ) ( ξ q a ) . . . ( ξ q n 1 a , n 1 .
Also, from (35), for q 1 we have ( ξ a ) h , 1 n = ( ξ a ) h n i.e. the h-analogue of ( ξ a ) n is obtained, it is defined in [5] as follows:
( ξ a ) h n = 1 , n = 0 , ( ξ a ) ( ξ a h ) . . . ( ξ a ( n 1 ) h ) , n 1 .
In the next, we find the q h derivative of q h binomial ( ξ a ) h , q n as follows:
For n = 1 , we have
h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 1 ) = h D q ( ξ a ) = 1 .
For n = 2 , we have
h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 2 ) = h D q ( ( ξ a ) ( ξ q ( a + h ) ) ) = ( q ( ξ + h ) q ( a + h ) ) . 1 + ( ξ a ) = ( ξ a ) ( 1 + q ) = [ 2 ] q ( ξ a ) h , q 1 .
As h 0 we have 0 D q ( ( ξ a ) 0 , q 2 ) = D q ( ( ξ a ) q 2 ) = [ 2 ] q ( ξ a ) q 1 . While as q 1 we have h D 1 ( ( ξ a ) h , 1 2 ) = D h ( ( ξ a ) h 2 ) = 2 ( ξ a ) h 1 .
For n = 3 , we have
h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 3 ) = h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 2 ( ξ q 2 ( a + 2 h ) ) ) = ( q ( ξ + h ) q 2 ( a + 2 h ) ) ( q + 1 ) ( ξ a ) + ( ξ a ) h , q 2 . 1 = q ( q + 1 ) ( ξ a ) ( ξ q ( a + h ) ) + q ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) h + ( ξ a ) h , q 2 = q ( q + 1 ) ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + q ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) h = ( q 2 + q + 1 ) ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + q ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) h = [ 3 ] q ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + q ( 1 q 2 ) h ( ξ a ) h , q 1 .
As h 0 we have 0 D q ( ( ξ a ) 0 , q 3 ) = D q ( ( ξ a ) q 3 ) = [ 3 ] q ( ξ a ) q 2 . While as q 1 we have h D 1 ( ( ξ a ) h , 1 3 ) = D h ( ( ξ a ) h 3 ) = 3 ( ξ a ) h 2 .
For n = 4 , we have
h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 4 ) = h D q ( ( ξ a ) h , q 3 ( ξ q 3 ( a + 3 h ) ) ) = ( q ( ξ + h ) q 3 ( a + 3 h ) ) [ 3 ] q ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + q ( 1 q 2 ) h ( ξ a ) h , q 1 + ( ξ a ) h , q 3 . 1 = [ 3 ] q q ( ξ a ) h , q 2 ( ξ q 2 ( a + 2 h ) ) + h q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) ( ξ q 2 ( a + 2 h ) ) + [ 3 ] q q h ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) 2 h 2 ( ξ a ) + ( ξ a ) h , q 3 = ( 1 + [ 3 ] q q ) ( ξ a ) h , q 3 + [ 3 ] q q ( 1 q 2 ) h ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + h q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) { x q 2 ( a + 3 h ) + h } = [ 4 ] q ( ξ a ) h , q 3 + [ 3 ] q q h ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a 2 ) h , q + h q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) ( ξ a ) ( ξ q ( a + h ) ) + h q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) ( q ( a + h ) q 2 ( a + 3 h ) + h ) ( ξ a ) = [ 4 ] q ( ξ a ) h , q 3 + q ( 1 + q ) 2 ( 1 q 2 ) h ( ξ a ) h , q 2 + h q 2 ( 1 q 2 ) ( q ( a + h ) q 2 ( a + 3 h ) + h ) ( ξ a ) .
As h 0 we have 0 D q ( ( ξ a ) 0 , q 4 ) = D q ( ( ξ a ) q 4 ) = [ 4 ] q ( ξ a ) q 3 . While as q 1 we have h D 1 ( ( ξ a ) h , 1 4 ) = D h ( ( ξ a ) h 4 ) = 4 ( ξ a ) h 3 .
Inductively,one can see that:
As h 0 we have 0 D q ( ( ξ a ) 0 , q n ) = D q ( ( ξ a ) q n ) = [ n ] q ( ξ a ) q n 1 .
As q 1 we have h D 1 ( ( ξ a ) h , 1 n ) = D h ( ( ξ a ) h n ) = n ( ξ a ) h n 1 .
If μ is q h -derivative of μ i.e. μ ( ξ ) = C h D q μ ( ξ ) , then μ is called q h -anti-derivative of μ . The q h -anti-derivative is denoted by μ ( ξ ) h d q x .

3. q h -Derivative on a Finite Interval

Here throughout the section, I : = [ a , b ] for a , b R . The q h derivative on I is given in the upcoming definition.
Definition 4. 
Let 0 < q < 1 , h R , ξ I and μ : I R be a continuous function. Then left q h derivative C h D q a + μ and right q h derivative C h D q b μ on I are defined by;
C h D q a + μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( ( 1 q ) a + q ( ξ + h ) ) μ ( ξ ) ( 1 q ) ( a ξ ) + q h ; ξ q h + ( 1 q ) a 1 q : = u ,
C h D q b μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( ( 1 q ) ξ + q ( b + h ) ) μ ( b ) ( 1 q ) ( ξ b ) + q h ; ξ q h + ( 1 q ) b 1 q : = v ,
provided that ( 1 q ) a + q ( ξ + h ) [ a , ξ ] and ( 1 q ) ξ + q ( b + h ) [ ξ , b ] . Also, C h D q a + μ ( u ) = lim ξ u C h D q a + μ ( ξ ) and C h D q b μ ( v ) = lim ξ v C h D q b μ ( ξ ) .
We say μ is left q h -differentiable on ( a , x + h ) , if for each of its point C h D q a + μ ( ξ ) exists, and μ is called right q h -differentiable on ( ξ + h , b ) , if at each of its point C h D q b μ ( ξ ) exists. One can see that C h D q a + μ ( b ) = C h D q b μ ( a ) . In (38), by setting h = 0 one can get the q-derivative defined in Definition 1, i.e. C 0 D q a + μ ( ξ ) = a D q μ ( ξ ) . Also for a = 0 one can have C h D q 0 + μ ( ξ ) = C h D q μ ( ξ ) , i.e. the q h -derivative given in (20) is deduced; for h = 0 = a one can have C 0 D q 0 + μ ( ξ ) = D q μ ( ξ ) , i.e. the q-derivative is deduced; for a = 0 , q = 1 one can have C h D 1 0 + μ ( ξ ) = D h μ ( ξ ) i.e. the h-derivative is deduced; for h = 0 = a and taking limit q 1 one can get the usual derivative for a differentiable function μ i.e. lim q 1 C 0 D q 0 + μ ( ξ ) = d d ξ μ ( ξ ) . One can get similar results from equation (39). The definition of left and right q derivatives defined on I can be obtained from (39) by setting h = 0 as follows:
Definition 5. 
Let 0 < q < 1 , h R , ξ I and μ : I R be a continuous function. Then left q derivative D q a + μ and right q derivatives D q b μ on I are defined as follows:
D q a + μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( q ξ + ( 1 q ) a ) μ ( ξ ) ( 1 q ) ( a ξ ) ; ξ > a ,
D q b μ ( ξ ) : = μ ( q b + ( 1 q ) ξ ) μ ( b ) ( 1 q ) ( ξ b ) ; ξ < b .
It is notable that from (40), we have D q 0 + μ ( ξ ) = D q μ ( ξ ) i.e. the left q derivative coincides with q derivative defined in Definition 1.
Definition 6. 
Let 0 < q < 1 and μ : I = [ a , b ] R be a continuous function. Then left q h -integral I q , h a + μ and right q h -integral I q h b μ on I are defined as follows:
I q , h a + μ ( ξ ) : = a ξ μ ( γ ) h d q γ = ( ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h ) n = 0 q n μ ( q n a + ( 1 q n ) ξ + n q n h ) , ξ > a ,
I q , h b μ ( ξ ) : = ξ b μ ( γ ) h d q γ = ( ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h ) n = 0 q n μ ( q n ξ + ( 1 q n ) b + n q n h ) , ξ < b .
Example 2. 
Consider μ ( γ ) = γ a and ν ( γ ) = b γ . The left and right q h -integrals are calculated as follows:
I q , h a + μ ( ξ ) = a ξ ( γ a ) h d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h 1 q q ( ξ a ) 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h n = 0 n q 2 n
and
I q , h b ν ( ξ ) = ξ b ( b γ ) h d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h 1 q b ξ 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h n = 0 n q 2 n ,
where 1 is the radius of convergence of the series involved in above integrals.
Example 3. 
Let μ ( γ ) = ξ γ and ν ( γ ) = γ ξ . Then we have
I q , h a + μ ( ξ ) = a ξ ( ξ γ ) h d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h 1 q ξ a 1 + q ( 1 q ) h n = 0 n q 2 n
and
I q , h b ν ( ξ ) = ξ b ( γ ξ ) h d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h 1 q q ( b ξ ) 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h n = 0 n q 2 n ,
where 1 is the radius of convergence of the series involved in above integrals.
By setting h = 0 , left and right q-integrals can be obtained and defined as follows:
Definition 7. 
Let 0 < q < 1 and μ : I = [ a , b ] R be a continuous function. Then the left q-integral I q a + μ and right q-integral I q b μ on I are given by;
I q 0 a + μ ( ξ ) = I q a + μ ( ξ ) = a ξ μ ( γ ) d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) n = 0 q n μ ( q n a + ( 1 q n ) ξ ) , ξ > a ,
I q 0 b μ ( ξ ) = I q b μ ( ξ ) = ξ b μ ( γ ) d q γ = ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) n = 0 q n μ ( q n ξ + ( 1 q n ) b ) , ξ < b .
Left q-integral is same as q a -definite integral, and right q-integral is same as q b -definite integral defined in [2] and [1] respectively.
Example 4. 
Consider μ ( γ ) = γ a and ν ( γ ) = b γ . By setting h = 0 in Example 2, one can have I q 0 a + μ ( ξ ) = I q a + μ ( ξ ) = a ξ ( γ a ) d q γ = q ( ξ a ) 2 1 + q and I q 0 b ν ( ξ ) = I q b μ ( ξ ) = ξ b ( b γ ) d q γ = ( b ξ ) 2 1 + q .
By considering q 1 , one can have left and right h-integrals defined in upcoming definition.
Definition 8. 
Let μ : I = [ a , b ] R be a continuous function. Then the left h-integral I h a + μ and right h-integral I h b μ on I are defined as follows:
I h a + μ ( ξ ) = lim q 1 I q , h a + μ ( ξ ) , ξ > a ,
I h b μ ( ξ ) = lim q 1 I q , h b μ ( ξ ) , ξ < b .
It is noted from Definition 6 that I q , h a + μ ( b ) = I q , h b μ ( a ) = a b μ ( γ ) h d q t .

4. Some q h -Integral Inequalities for Convex Functions

In this section we give inequalities for q h -integrals of convex functions. A function μ : [ a , b ] R is called convex if the following inequality holds for all u , v [ a , b ] and λ [ 0 , 1 ] :
μ ( λ u + ( 1 λ ) v ) λ μ ( u ) + ( 1 λ ) μ ( v )
Theorem 1. 
Let μ : J R be a convex function. Also, let a , b J , the interior of J. The left and right q h -integrals satisfy the following inequalities:
I q , h a + μ ( ξ ) ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) { μ ( a ) ξ a 1 + q ( 1 q ) h S + μ ( ξ ) q ( ξ a ) 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h S } ,
and
I q , h b μ ( ξ ) ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) { μ ( ξ ) b ξ 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h S + μ ( b ) q ( b ξ ) 1 + q + ( 1 q ) h S } ,
where S = n = 0 n q 2 n .
Proof. 
For γ [ a , ξ ] , we have ξ γ ξ a [ 0 , 1 ] . By selecting λ = ξ γ ξ a , u = a , v = ξ in (52) we get the following inequality:
μ ( γ ) ξ γ ξ a μ ( a ) + γ a ξ a μ ( ξ ) .
By taking q h -integral over [ a , ξ ] we have
γ a ξ μ ( γ ) h d q γ μ ( a ) ξ a γ a ξ ( ξ γ ) h d q γ + μ ( ξ ) ξ a μ γ a ξ ( γ a ) h d q γ .
By using values of integrals involved in above inequality from (44) and (46), one can obtain the required inequality (53). On the other hand for γ [ ξ , b ] , we have b γ b ξ [ 0 , 1 ] . By selecting λ = b γ b ξ , u = ξ , v = b in (52) we get the following inequality:
μ ( γ ) b γ b ξ μ ( ξ ) + γ ξ b ξ μ ( b ) .
By taking q h -integral over [ ξ , b ] we have
γ ξ b μ ( γ ) h d q γ μ ( ξ ) b ξ γ ξ b ( b γ ) h d q γ + μ ( b ) b ξ γ ξ b ( γ ξ ) h d q γ .
By using values of integrals involved in above inequality from (45) and (47), one can obtain the required inequality (54). □
Corollary 1. 
As an application of the above theorem, the following inequalities for left and right q-integrals hold:
I q a + μ ( ξ ) μ ( a ) ξ a 1 + q + μ ( ξ ) q ( ξ a ) 1 + q ,
and
I q b μ ( ξ ) μ ( ξ ) b ξ 1 + q + μ ( b ) q ( b ξ ) 1 + q .
Remark 2. 
By taking ξ = b in (55) or ξ = a in (56), one can obtain the following inequality:
1 b a γ a b μ ( γ ) a d q γ μ ( a ) + q μ ( b ) 1 + q .
The above inequality (57) is independently proved in [2].
The following lemma is required to prove the next result.
Lemma 1 
([4]). Let μ : [ a , b ] R be a convex function. If μ is symmetric about a + b 2 , then the following inequality holds:
μ a + b 2 μ ( ξ ) ,
for all ξ [ a , b ] .
Theorem 2. 
If μ is symmetric about a + b 2 along with the assumptions of Theorem 1, then the following inequality holds:
μ a + b 2 1 q ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h a ξ μ ( γ ) h d q γ + 1 q ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h ξ b μ ( γ ) h d q γ , ξ [ a , b ] .
Proof. 
A convex function symmetric about a + b 2 satisfies the inequality (58). Therefore by taking q h -integration of (58) over [ a , ξ ] we have
μ a + b 2 ( 1 q ) ( ξ a ) + q h 1 q a ξ μ ( γ ) h d q γ .
On the other hand by taking q h -integration of (58) over [ ξ , b ] we have
μ a + b 2 ( 1 q ) ( b ξ ) + q h 1 q ξ b μ ( γ ) h d q γ .
By adding (60) and (61), one can get the inequality (59). □
Remark 3. 
By taking x = b in (60) or x = a along with h = 0 in (61), one can obtain the following inequality:
μ a + b 2 1 b a a b μ ( γ ) d q γ .
The above inequality (62) is independently proved in [2], but unfortunately the proof is not correct, see [6]. But here we have imposed an additional condition of symmetric function to get the result. Hence if we impose a condition of symmetry in addition to assumptions of [2], we get the correct result.

5. Conclusions

This article aims to provide a base in unifying the theory of q and h-derivatives given in [5] by Kac and Cheung. In this effort, the notion of q h -derivative is introduced which generates q-derivative and h-derivative. The q h binomial ( ξ a ) h , q n analogue to ( ξ a ) n is defined, which generates q binomial ( ξ a ) q n and h binomial ( ξ a ) h n in particular. The q h -derivatives of q h binomial ( ξ a ) h , q n are found which generate q-derivative of q binomial ( ξ a ) q n and h-derivative of h binomial ( ξ a ) h n in particular. Rest of the theory in [5] needs attention of researchers, it may be unified. Also, q h -derivatives and integrals are defined on an interval [ a , b ] , which are used to establish some inequalities which are linked with recent research and provide correct proof of an inequality of [2].

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number RGP2/461/44.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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