Poledniczek, M.; Neumayer, C.; Kopp, C.W.; Schlager, O.; Gremmel, T.; Jozkowicz, A.; Gschwandtner, M.E.; Koppensteiner, R.; Wadowski, P.P. Micro- and Macrovascular Effects of Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease—Pathophysiology and Translational Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines2023, 11, 2284.
Poledniczek, M.; Neumayer, C.; Kopp, C.W.; Schlager, O.; Gremmel, T.; Jozkowicz, A.; Gschwandtner, M.E.; Koppensteiner, R.; Wadowski, P.P. Micro- and Macrovascular Effects of Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease—Pathophysiology and Translational Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2284.
Poledniczek, M.; Neumayer, C.; Kopp, C.W.; Schlager, O.; Gremmel, T.; Jozkowicz, A.; Gschwandtner, M.E.; Koppensteiner, R.; Wadowski, P.P. Micro- and Macrovascular Effects of Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease—Pathophysiology and Translational Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines2023, 11, 2284.
Poledniczek, M.; Neumayer, C.; Kopp, C.W.; Schlager, O.; Gremmel, T.; Jozkowicz, A.; Gschwandtner, M.E.; Koppensteiner, R.; Wadowski, P.P. Micro- and Macrovascular Effects of Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease—Pathophysiology and Translational Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2284.
Abstract
Inflammation has a critical role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. On the molecular level, inflammatory pathways negatively impact endothelial barrier properties and thus tissue homeostasis. Conformational changes and destruction of the glycocalyx further promote proinflammatory pathways also contributing to procoagulability and a prothrombotic state. In addition, changes in the extracellular matrix composition lead to (peri-)vascular remodelling and alterations of the vessel wall, e.g., aneurysm formation. Moreover, progressive fibrosis leads to reduced tissue perfusion due to loss of functional capillaries. The present review aims at discussing molecular and clinical effects of inflammatory processes on the micro- and microvas-culature with a focus on peripheral artery disease.
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