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Pathways to Sustainable Construction: Innovations in New Materials, Construction Techniques, and Management Practices
Ref. | Type of ES | Composite Type | Optimal Replacement | Cement Type | w/b | 28th Day Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[45] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | IS grade 43 | 0.39 – 0.50 | Compressive, flexural |
[46] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | ASTM type I | 0.6 | Compressive, split tensile |
[47] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | IS grade 53 | 0.5 | Compressive |
[48] | CES1 (500oC) | Ordinary concrete | 10% | OPC | 0.6 | Compressive |
[49] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% (comp.),20% (flexural) | CEM II/B-M | 0.4 | Compressive, flexural |
[50] | ES (Brown) | Ordinary mortar | 5% | CEM I 52.5 N | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[51] | ES | Ordinary mortar | 5% | ASTM Type I | 0.4 | Compressive, flexural |
[52] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 15% | OPC | 0.45 | Compressive |
[20] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[53] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 12% | IS grade 43 | 0.4 | Compressive, split tensile |
[54] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 20% | ASTM Type I | 0.6 | Compressive |
[55] | Eggshell Ash (ESA) | Ordinary concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.55 | Compressive |
[56] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 12% (comp.) 6% (tensile) |
IS grade 43 | 0.4 | Compressive, split tensile |
[57] | ES | Concrete (waste as aggregates) | 10% | IS grade 53 | 0.47 | Compressive |
[58] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 15% | OPC | 0.45 | Compressive, flexural |
[59] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 7.5% | OPC | 0.52 | Compressive, split tensile, flexural |
[60] | CES1 (750oC for one hour) | Ordinary concrete | 15% | Iraqi OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[61] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% | ASTM Type I | 0.5 | Compressive |
[43] | CES1 (900oC for 2 hours) | Ordinary concrete | 10% | ASTM Type II | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[62] | CES1 (100oC for 12 hours) | Seawater concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[63] | ES | High Strength Concrete (HSC) | 10% | ASTM Type I | 0.32 | Compressive |
[64] | ES | Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) | 5% | ASTM Type I | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[65] | ES | Ordinary mortar | 10% | IS grade 53 | 0.5 | Compressive |
[66] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% | CEM I 52.5N | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[21] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 11% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive, split tensile, flexural |
Reference | Region | Specific Gravity |
---|---|---|
[88] | Malaysia | 2.14 |
[89] | India | 1.95 |
[40] | India | 2.37 |
[50] | France | 2.5 |
[90] | India | 2.01 |
[91] | India | 2.14 |
[92] | NA | 2.13 |
[93] | NA | 2.20 |
[94] | Pakistan | 2.27 |
[95] | USA | 2.09 - 2.18 |
[96] | NA | 2.37 |
[46] | India | 2.37 |
[97] | Bangladesh | 2.66 |
[98] | Ghana | 2.58 |
[99] | India | 2.33 |
Average | 2.29 ± 0.21 |
Designation | Country | Color | Source |
---|---|---|---|
ES1 | China | Dark Brown | Market |
ES2 | China | Light Brown | |
ES3 | Thailand | Dark Brown | |
ES4 | Japan | White | |
ES5 | Japan | Dark Brown | |
ES6 | USA | White | |
ES7 | USA | Dark Brown | |
ES8 | Singapore | Dark Brown | |
ES9 | Singapore | White | |
ES10 | Malaysia | Dark Brown | |
ES11 | New Zealand | Dark Brown | |
ES12 | South Korea | Dark Brown | |
ES13 | China | Dark Brown | Restaurant |
ES14 | China | Light Brown | |
ES15 | Japan | Dark Brown | |
ES16 | Japan | White |
Oxide Composition (%) | Bogue’s Components (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | K2O | CaO | Fe2O3 | Others | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF |
1.12 | 5.45 | 19.10 | 0.13 | 4.51 | 0.67 | 65.50 | 3.00 | 0.43 | 67.66 | 3.74 | 9.37 | 9.13 |
Specimen | OPC | LS/ES/CES | Fine Aggregates | Coarse Aggregates | w/b | a/b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | |||
Control | 600 | - | 600 | 1200 | 0.5 | 3 |
Non-Control | 570 | 30 | 600 | 1200 | 0.5 | 3 |
Sample | A1 | B2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O3 | V4 | Thermogravimetric Analysis | Stoichiometric Analysis | CaCO3 | |||||||
CaO | ΔW | CO2 | Ca | CaO | ΔW | CO2 | Ca | ||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
LS | 0.38 | - | 55.79 | 44.21 | 43.82 | 39.87 | 55.78 | 44.22 | 43.84 | 39.92 | 99.62 |
ES1 | 1.14 | 1.63 | 54.83 | 45.17 | 42.40 | 39.18 | 54.44 | 45.56 | 42.79 | 38.96 | 97.23 |
ES2 | 0.94 | 3.35 | 53.61 | 46.39 | 42.10 | 38.31 | 53.59 | 46.41 | 42.12 | 38.36 | 95.72 |
ES3 | 1.24 | 2.89 | 51.76 | 48.24 | 44.11 | 36.99 | 53.68 | 46.32 | 42.19 | 38.42 | 95.87 |
ES4 | 0.91 | 2.00 | 54.23 | 45.77 | 42.86 | 38.76 | 54.36 | 45.64 | 42.73 | 38.91 | 97.09 |
ES5 | 1.09 | 2.08 | 55.29 | 44.71 | 41.54 | 39.51 | 54.22 | 45.78 | 42.61 | 38.80 | 96.83 |
ES6 | 1.15 | 2.46 | 53.70 | 46.30 | 42.69 | 38.37 | 53.97 | 46.03 | 42.42 | 38.63 | 96.39 |
ES7 | 1.30 | 1.99 | 53.61 | 46.39 | 43.10 | 38.31 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.71 |
ES8 | 1.22 | 2.37 | 55.92 | 44.08 | 40.50 | 39.96 | 53.98 | 46.02 | 42.43 | 38.64 | 96.41 |
ES9 | 1.05 | 2.23 | 53.95 | 46.06 | 42.77 | 38.55 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.71 |
ES10 | 1.22 | 2.10 | 55.93 | 44.08 | 40.76 | 39.97 | 54.14 | 45.86 | 42.55 | 38.75 | 96.69 |
ES11 | 1.34 | 2.58 | 52.98 | 47.02 | 43.10 | 37.86 | 53.80 | 46.20 | 42.28 | 38.50 | 96.08 |
ES12 | 1.51 | 2.11 | 55.27 | 44.73 | 41.11 | 39.49 | 53.97 | 46.03 | 42.42 | 38.62 | 96.38 |
ES13 | 1.23 | 3.42 | 54.18 | 45.82 | 41.17 | 38.72 | 53.39 | 46.61 | 41.96 | 38.21 | 95.35 |
ES14 | 1.01 | 2.28 | 53.73 | 46.27 | 42.98 | 38.40 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.72 |
ES15 | 1.09 | 2.47 | 55.28 | 44.72 | 41.15 | 39.51 | 54.00 | 46.00 | 42.44 | 38.65 | 96.44 |
ES16 | 1.34 | 4.01 | 53.51 | 46.49 | 41.15 | 38.24 | 53.00 | 47.00 | 41.66 | 37.93 | 94.65 |
Aver. | 1.17 | 2.50 | 54.24 | 45.76 | 42.09 | 38.76 | 53.94 | 46.06 | 42.39 | 38.61 | 96.33 |
Component | Stochiometric Analysis | Thermogravimetric Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Extra Pure Limestone | Eggshells from different countries | Difference | ||
% | % | % | % | % |
Ca | 40.08 | 40.03 | 40.24 | 0.21 |
C | 11.99 | 12.01 | 11.93 | 0.08 |
O | 47.93 | 47.97 | 47.83 | 0.13 |
CO2 | 43.92 | 43.99 | 43.70 | 0.30 |
CaO | 56.08 | 56.01 | 56.30 | 0.30 |
Material | D [4,3] | D (50) | D (90) |
---|---|---|---|
(μm) | (μm) | (μm) | |
OPC | 17.53 | 11.56 | 42.86 |
LS | 20.27 | 17.74 | 38.90 |
ES-7 | 21.26 | 14.62 | 51.45 |
ES-13 | 16.76 | 10.14 | 42.67 |
ES-16 | 13.94 | 8.00 | 35.98 |
CES-7 | 30.21 | 24.98 | 63.83 |
CES-13 | 24.09 | 16.43 | 56.25 |
CES-16 | 31.27 | 24.87 | 66.68 |
S. No | Calcined Eggshells | CaCO3 | Ca(OH)2 | CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | ||
1 | CES7 | 37.5 | 55.3 | 7.2 |
2 | CES13 | 37.6 | 55.1 | 7.4 |
3 | CES16 | 36.7 | 54.6 | 8.7 |
Mix | CaO in CES | CaO in OPC | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | HM | LSF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | % | |||
OPC | - | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.377 | 1.057 |
M-CES7 | 7.2 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.391 | 1.063 |
M-CES13 | 7.4 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.392 | 1.063 |
M-CES16 | 8.7 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.394 | 1.064 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
24 December 2023
Posted:
27 December 2023
You are already at the latest version
This version is not peer-reviewed
Pathways to Sustainable Construction: Innovations in New Materials, Construction Techniques, and Management Practices
Submitted:
24 December 2023
Posted:
27 December 2023
You are already at the latest version
Ref. | Type of ES | Composite Type | Optimal Replacement | Cement Type | w/b | 28th Day Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[45] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | IS grade 43 | 0.39 – 0.50 | Compressive, flexural |
[46] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | ASTM type I | 0.6 | Compressive, split tensile |
[47] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | IS grade 53 | 0.5 | Compressive |
[48] | CES1 (500oC) | Ordinary concrete | 10% | OPC | 0.6 | Compressive |
[49] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% (comp.),20% (flexural) | CEM II/B-M | 0.4 | Compressive, flexural |
[50] | ES (Brown) | Ordinary mortar | 5% | CEM I 52.5 N | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[51] | ES | Ordinary mortar | 5% | ASTM Type I | 0.4 | Compressive, flexural |
[52] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 15% | OPC | 0.45 | Compressive |
[20] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[53] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 12% | IS grade 43 | 0.4 | Compressive, split tensile |
[54] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 20% | ASTM Type I | 0.6 | Compressive |
[55] | Eggshell Ash (ESA) | Ordinary concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.55 | Compressive |
[56] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 12% (comp.) 6% (tensile) |
IS grade 43 | 0.4 | Compressive, split tensile |
[57] | ES | Concrete (waste as aggregates) | 10% | IS grade 53 | 0.47 | Compressive |
[58] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 15% | OPC | 0.45 | Compressive, flexural |
[59] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 7.5% | OPC | 0.52 | Compressive, split tensile, flexural |
[60] | CES1 (750oC for one hour) | Ordinary concrete | 15% | Iraqi OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[61] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% | ASTM Type I | 0.5 | Compressive |
[43] | CES1 (900oC for 2 hours) | Ordinary concrete | 10% | ASTM Type II | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[62] | CES1 (100oC for 12 hours) | Seawater concrete | 5% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive |
[63] | ES | High Strength Concrete (HSC) | 10% | ASTM Type I | 0.32 | Compressive |
[64] | ES | Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) | 5% | ASTM Type I | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[65] | ES | Ordinary mortar | 10% | IS grade 53 | 0.5 | Compressive |
[66] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 10% | CEM I 52.5N | 0.5 | Compressive, flexural |
[21] | ES | Ordinary concrete | 11% | OPC | 0.5 | Compressive, split tensile, flexural |
Reference | Region | Specific Gravity |
---|---|---|
[88] | Malaysia | 2.14 |
[89] | India | 1.95 |
[40] | India | 2.37 |
[50] | France | 2.5 |
[90] | India | 2.01 |
[91] | India | 2.14 |
[92] | NA | 2.13 |
[93] | NA | 2.20 |
[94] | Pakistan | 2.27 |
[95] | USA | 2.09 - 2.18 |
[96] | NA | 2.37 |
[46] | India | 2.37 |
[97] | Bangladesh | 2.66 |
[98] | Ghana | 2.58 |
[99] | India | 2.33 |
Average | 2.29 ± 0.21 |
Designation | Country | Color | Source |
---|---|---|---|
ES1 | China | Dark Brown | Market |
ES2 | China | Light Brown | |
ES3 | Thailand | Dark Brown | |
ES4 | Japan | White | |
ES5 | Japan | Dark Brown | |
ES6 | USA | White | |
ES7 | USA | Dark Brown | |
ES8 | Singapore | Dark Brown | |
ES9 | Singapore | White | |
ES10 | Malaysia | Dark Brown | |
ES11 | New Zealand | Dark Brown | |
ES12 | South Korea | Dark Brown | |
ES13 | China | Dark Brown | Restaurant |
ES14 | China | Light Brown | |
ES15 | Japan | Dark Brown | |
ES16 | Japan | White |
Oxide Composition (%) | Bogue’s Components (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | K2O | CaO | Fe2O3 | Others | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF |
1.12 | 5.45 | 19.10 | 0.13 | 4.51 | 0.67 | 65.50 | 3.00 | 0.43 | 67.66 | 3.74 | 9.37 | 9.13 |
Specimen | OPC | LS/ES/CES | Fine Aggregates | Coarse Aggregates | w/b | a/b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | Kg/m3 | |||
Control | 600 | - | 600 | 1200 | 0.5 | 3 |
Non-Control | 570 | 30 | 600 | 1200 | 0.5 | 3 |
Sample | A1 | B2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O3 | V4 | Thermogravimetric Analysis | Stoichiometric Analysis | CaCO3 | |||||||
CaO | ΔW | CO2 | Ca | CaO | ΔW | CO2 | Ca | ||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
LS | 0.38 | - | 55.79 | 44.21 | 43.82 | 39.87 | 55.78 | 44.22 | 43.84 | 39.92 | 99.62 |
ES1 | 1.14 | 1.63 | 54.83 | 45.17 | 42.40 | 39.18 | 54.44 | 45.56 | 42.79 | 38.96 | 97.23 |
ES2 | 0.94 | 3.35 | 53.61 | 46.39 | 42.10 | 38.31 | 53.59 | 46.41 | 42.12 | 38.36 | 95.72 |
ES3 | 1.24 | 2.89 | 51.76 | 48.24 | 44.11 | 36.99 | 53.68 | 46.32 | 42.19 | 38.42 | 95.87 |
ES4 | 0.91 | 2.00 | 54.23 | 45.77 | 42.86 | 38.76 | 54.36 | 45.64 | 42.73 | 38.91 | 97.09 |
ES5 | 1.09 | 2.08 | 55.29 | 44.71 | 41.54 | 39.51 | 54.22 | 45.78 | 42.61 | 38.80 | 96.83 |
ES6 | 1.15 | 2.46 | 53.70 | 46.30 | 42.69 | 38.37 | 53.97 | 46.03 | 42.42 | 38.63 | 96.39 |
ES7 | 1.30 | 1.99 | 53.61 | 46.39 | 43.10 | 38.31 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.71 |
ES8 | 1.22 | 2.37 | 55.92 | 44.08 | 40.50 | 39.96 | 53.98 | 46.02 | 42.43 | 38.64 | 96.41 |
ES9 | 1.05 | 2.23 | 53.95 | 46.06 | 42.77 | 38.55 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.71 |
ES10 | 1.22 | 2.10 | 55.93 | 44.08 | 40.76 | 39.97 | 54.14 | 45.86 | 42.55 | 38.75 | 96.69 |
ES11 | 1.34 | 2.58 | 52.98 | 47.02 | 43.10 | 37.86 | 53.80 | 46.20 | 42.28 | 38.50 | 96.08 |
ES12 | 1.51 | 2.11 | 55.27 | 44.73 | 41.11 | 39.49 | 53.97 | 46.03 | 42.42 | 38.62 | 96.38 |
ES13 | 1.23 | 3.42 | 54.18 | 45.82 | 41.17 | 38.72 | 53.39 | 46.61 | 41.96 | 38.21 | 95.35 |
ES14 | 1.01 | 2.28 | 53.73 | 46.27 | 42.98 | 38.40 | 54.15 | 45.85 | 42.56 | 38.76 | 96.72 |
ES15 | 1.09 | 2.47 | 55.28 | 44.72 | 41.15 | 39.51 | 54.00 | 46.00 | 42.44 | 38.65 | 96.44 |
ES16 | 1.34 | 4.01 | 53.51 | 46.49 | 41.15 | 38.24 | 53.00 | 47.00 | 41.66 | 37.93 | 94.65 |
Aver. | 1.17 | 2.50 | 54.24 | 45.76 | 42.09 | 38.76 | 53.94 | 46.06 | 42.39 | 38.61 | 96.33 |
Component | Stochiometric Analysis | Thermogravimetric Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Extra Pure Limestone | Eggshells from different countries | Difference | ||
% | % | % | % | % |
Ca | 40.08 | 40.03 | 40.24 | 0.21 |
C | 11.99 | 12.01 | 11.93 | 0.08 |
O | 47.93 | 47.97 | 47.83 | 0.13 |
CO2 | 43.92 | 43.99 | 43.70 | 0.30 |
CaO | 56.08 | 56.01 | 56.30 | 0.30 |
Material | D [4,3] | D (50) | D (90) |
---|---|---|---|
(μm) | (μm) | (μm) | |
OPC | 17.53 | 11.56 | 42.86 |
LS | 20.27 | 17.74 | 38.90 |
ES-7 | 21.26 | 14.62 | 51.45 |
ES-13 | 16.76 | 10.14 | 42.67 |
ES-16 | 13.94 | 8.00 | 35.98 |
CES-7 | 30.21 | 24.98 | 63.83 |
CES-13 | 24.09 | 16.43 | 56.25 |
CES-16 | 31.27 | 24.87 | 66.68 |
S. No | Calcined Eggshells | CaCO3 | Ca(OH)2 | CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | ||
1 | CES7 | 37.5 | 55.3 | 7.2 |
2 | CES13 | 37.6 | 55.1 | 7.4 |
3 | CES16 | 36.7 | 54.6 | 8.7 |
Mix | CaO in CES | CaO in OPC | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | HM | LSF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | % | |||
OPC | - | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.377 | 1.057 |
M-CES7 | 7.2 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.391 | 1.063 |
M-CES13 | 7.4 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.392 | 1.063 |
M-CES16 | 8.7 | 65.5 | 19.1 | 5.45 | 3 | 2.394 | 1.064 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
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