Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Review

Manufacturing Waste for Sustainable Energy Generation: A Comprehensive Review of Current Methods and Future Trends

Altmetrics

Downloads

194

Views

89

Comments

0

This version is not peer-reviewed

Submitted:

14 November 2023

Posted:

14 November 2023

You are already at the latest version

Alerts
Abstract
The paper presents a thorough examination of the burgeoning field of utilizing manufacturing waste for sustainable energy generation, aligning with the global imperative for resource efficiency and clean energy solutions. With the manufacturing sector being a significant contributor to waste generation, this study explores innovative approaches to transform waste materials into valuable resources, thereby mitigating environmental impacts and contributing to a circular economy. This work critically reviews current trends, emphasizing technological advancements, policy interventions, and market dynamics shaping the manufacturing waste utilization landscape. Noteworthy developments, such as advanced sorting technologies and the integration of digital solutions, are discussed in detail, showcasing their role in enhancing the efficiency of waste management processes. The study outlines future trends in the field, anticipating a shift towards closed-loop systems guided by circular economy principles. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the discourse on sustainable waste management and energy generation by providing a holistic perspective on the field's current state and offering insights into the future trajectories that will propel manufacturing waste toward a more sustainable and circular future. The synthesis of technological innovation, collaborative efforts, and evolving regulatory frameworks presents a compelling case for the continued exploration of manufacturing waste as a valuable resource in the pursuit of a more sustainable and energy-efficient world.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

1. Introduction:

In recent years, the imperative of sustainable development has surged globally, spurred by an urgent need to confront environmental challenges and accommodate the ever-increasing demand for clean and renewable energy sources [1,2,3]. At the nexus of this burgeoning paradigm lies a pivotal domain — the exploration of manufacturing waste as a viable and untapped resource for sustainable and renewable energy generation [4,5]. This endeavor not only addresses the critical issue of environmental pollution but also contributes significantly to the establishment of a sustainable circular economy [6,7,8]. Through the effective utilization of manufacturing waste, there emerges a dual benefit: the mitigation of environmental impacts and the fostering of resource efficiency, thereby diminishing reliance on finite raw materials [9].
The manufacturing sector stands as a linchpin in the global economy, tirelessly producing goods to meet the demands of a burgeoning population [10]. However, the flip side of this industrial prowess manifests in the generation of a substantial volume of waste, spanning a spectrum of materials including plastics, metals, textiles, and organic residues [11]. Traditionally, the management of this industrial byproduct has been marked by practices such as landfill disposal or incineration, both notorious for their environmental hazards and their propensity to squander valuable resources embedded within these discarded materials. In the wake of these challenges, there arises a compelling and growing imperative to transition away from conventional waste management methods towards more sustainable approaches [12,13]. Such a shift is grounded not only in environmental stewardship but also in the recognition of the latent energy potential residing within manufacturing waste, poised to satiate our ever-growing global energy needs [14,15,16].
The need for a paradigm shift is underscored by a growing imperative to transition toward sustainable waste management practices [17,18,19]. This transition is rooted not only in the urgent call for environmental stewardship but also in the recognition of the untapped energy potential residing within manufacturing waste—an invaluable resource poised to meet the escalating global demand for sustainable and renewable energy. This transformative journey demands a departure from the linear "take-make-dispose" model, necessitating the adoption of circular economy principles that advocate for the continual reuse and recycling of materials, thereby reducing the environmental footprint of industrial activities [20,21].
As we explore the symbiotic relationship between industrial growth and environmental stewardship, the principles of a sustainable circular economy emerge as a guiding light [22,23,24]. This involves a holistic approach that extends beyond waste utilization to embrace a closed-loop system, where materials are continuously reused, recycled, and repurposed [25,26]. The transformative potential of manufacturing waste as a catalyst for sustainable circular practices, recognizes that waste is not an end but a valuable resource awaiting rejuvenation within the circular economy framework [27,28,29,30]. Additive manufacturing, often heralded as the vanguard of industrial innovation, intertwines with the exploration toward sustainable manufacturing waste generation [31]. The precision and material efficiency inherent in 3D printing technologies hold the promise of redefining manufacturing processes [32,33,34]. The continuous search to unravel the synergy between additive manufacturing and waste utilization plays a vital role on how this emergent technology can contribute to sustainable and renewable energy practices by minimizing material waste and optimizing production efficiency within the circular economy ethos [34,35,36]. Human-Robot Collaboration emerges as a pivotal theme within this landscape [37,38]. The harmonious interaction between human ingenuity and robotic efficiency holds the key to optimized manufacturing processes. By exploring the collaborative potential between human and robot labor, we aim to enhance both productivity and sustainability [39]. Human-Robot Collaboration, within the context of manufacturing waste utilization, is envisioned as a dynamic force that not only reduces manual labor but also enhances precision, contributing to a more efficient and sustainable industrial ecosystem [40,41,42,43]. Furthermore, the emphasis on manufacturing process improvement becomes imperative [44]. The quest for sustainability necessitates not only the repurposing of waste but also the optimization of manufacturing practices themselves [45,46,47]. Continuous improvement methodologies, lean manufacturing principles, and the integration of eco-friendly technologies are integral components of this paradigm [48]. The improvements in manufacturing processes can lead to reduced waste generation, increased energy efficiency, and overall sustainability [49].
As the imperative for environmental responsibility gains momentum globally, the industry finds itself at a pivotal intersection where innovation converges with ecological consciousness [50,51,52,53]. The integration of sustainable energy sources has become increasingly prevalent [54]. Solar roadways, with embedded photovoltaic panels, exemplify the transformative potential of harnessing sunlight to generate electricity, thereby contributing to the energy demands of adjacent infrastructure [55,56,57]. These advancements underscore a paradigm shift towards greener and more energy-efficient road infrastructure, aligning with broader environmental sustainability goals [58,59,60,61,62,63,64]. Beyond energy generation, the industry is embracing the principles of circular economy by incorporating recycled and reclaimed materials, thereby reducing the environmental footprint [65,66,67]. The convergence of these sustainable practices within roadway and building construction not only exemplifies a commitment to ecological resilience but also contributes to the overarching narrative of this comprehensive review — the exploration of manufacturing waste as a catalyst for sustainable energy generation. The interplay between sustainable and renewable energy practices and the utilization of manufacturing waste emerges as a synergistic force, paving the way for a more holistic and environmentally conscious approach.
This research emerges as a guiding light, illuminating a path toward a more sustainable, circular, and energy-efficient future. It not only aims to inform contemporary practices but also aspires to inspire a collective commitment to redefining the role of manufacturing waste in our pursuit of a harmonious coexistence between industrial progress and ecological well-being. In doing so, this research seeks to contribute not just to academic discourse but to the broader global effort to shape a sustainable future—one where manufacturing waste is not merely a byproduct but a valuable asset in our journey toward a more resilient and responsible world. The deleterious impacts of environmental degradation, compounded by the relentless depletion of finite resources, have ignited a paradigm shift. The imperatives of sustainability and responsible resource management now demand innovative solutions. In response to this imperative, this paper embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the current landscape, specifically focusing on the intricate dance between manufacturing waste and sustainable energy generation. This paper stands as a beacon, illuminating the pressing need to transform our approach to waste, turning it from a predicament into an opportunity. The scrutiny of prevailing methods and technologies is not merely an academic exercise but a concerted effort to unravel the transformative potential inherent in waste streams. The goal is ambitious: to redirect the trajectory of academia and industry toward a more sustainable and enlightened path. In navigating the nuances of waste utilization, this paper seeks to be a catalyst for change, propelling us from a linear model of consumption and disposal towards a circular paradigm where waste is not an end but a valuable resource awaiting a renaissance.

2. Current Methodologies

The investigation into manufacturing waste for sustainable energy generation unfolds through a multifaceted exploration of current methodologies. This section critically reviews ten key approaches: Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Conversion Technologies, Material Upcycling, Thermochemical Processes, Advanced Biotechnological Approaches, Nanotechnology in Waste Conversion, Electromagnetic Induction Heating, Digital Solutions in Waste Management, Renewable Energy Storage Systems, Hybrid Approaches, and Circular Economy Principles. Each methodology represents a distinct yet interconnected facet of the overarching pursuit of turning waste into a valuable resource for sustainable energy.

2.1. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Conversion Technologies

The foundation of Waste-to-Energy (WtE) conversion technologies lies notably in incineration and anaerobic digestion [68]. Incineration, despite its efficacy in waste volume reduction, raises environmental concerns. With the advancements in incineration technologies, focusing on emission control and ash management, anaerobic digestion emerges as a promising avenue, with the review scrutinizing its efficiency, scalability, and the integration of innovative microorganism strains for enhanced biogas production [69]. The nuanced evaluation aims to guide the optimization of existing WtE methodologies.

2.1.1. Incineration

Incineration, a widely employed WtE technology, involves the controlled combustion of waste materials, resulting in the generation of heat. This thermal energy is subsequently harnessed for the production of electricity or utilized in various industrial processes [68,70]. The incineration process is characterized by its ability to significantly reduce the volume of waste, minimizing the need for extensive landfill spaces [71]. However, a critical aspect of this process lies in its environmental impact, necessitating a detailed examination of emissions, ash management, and the potential release of pollutants [72].

2.1.2. Anaerobic Digestion

Another pivotal facet of WtE conversion technologies is anaerobic digestion, a biological process involving the decomposition of organic waste by microorganisms [73,74]. This natural degradation process produces biogas, primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, which can be harnessed as a renewable energy source. Anaerobic digestion not only facilitates the extraction of energy from organic waste but also offers the additional benefit of producing nutrient-rich byproducts, such as digestate, which can be utilized as a biofertilizer [75]. This method delves into the intricacies of anaerobic digestion, exploring its efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability.
These two methods, encompassing incineration and anaerobic digestion, represent key pillars in the broader framework of manufacturing waste utilization for sustainable energy generation. Their exploration lays the groundwork for evaluating their potential evolution and integration in the context of advancing sustainable practices and meeting the escalating global energy demands.

2.2. Material Upcycling

This method has the transformative potential to mitigate environmental impact and reduce reliance on finite resources [76]. Material upcycling, encompassing recycling and repurposing, stands as a key strategy in waste utilization [77]. Repurposing, highlighted for its creative reimagining of waste applications, underscores the economic and environmental potential of diverting materials from landfills.

2.2.1. Recycling and Repurposing

At the forefront of material upcycling, recycling, and repurposing represent dynamic strategies for transforming waste materials into new products or materials [78,79]. Recycling involves the systematic collection, processing, and remanufacturing of waste items to create new products, thereby diverting materials from landfills and curbing the depletion of virgin resources [80]. Repurposing, on the other hand, involves creatively reimagining the use of discarded materials for applications different from their original purpose [81]. Both methodologies contribute significantly to reducing the environmental footprint associated with manufacturing processes.
This method has the efficiency, scalability, and environmental benefits of recycling and repurposing as integral components of sustainable waste management. It delves into the technological advancements in recycling processes, such as single-stream recycling and advanced sorting technologies, which enhance the efficacy of material recovery.

2.3. Thermochemical Processes

Thermochemical processes constitute a frontier in the exploration of manufacturing waste for sustainable energy generation [82]. This process intricately dissects two prominent procedures within this domain: Pyrolysis and Gasification. These transformative processes showcase a transformative approach to waste-to-energy conversion. Pyrolysis, explored for its thermal decomposition capabilities, raises prospects for valuable biofuel production. Gasification, with its synthesis gas generation, stands as a versatile option for electricity production and chemical synthesis.

2.3.1. Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis, an innovative thermochemical process, involves the thermal decomposition of waste materials in the absence of oxygen [83,84]. This controlled heating results in the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, yielding valuable byproducts such as biofuels, biochar, and syngas [85]. The biofuels produced through pyrolysis hold promise as renewable energy sources, with applications spanning power generation and transportation fuels [86].

2.3.2. Gasification

Gasification stands as another key thermochemical process; wherein waste materials are converted into synthesis gas (syngas) through controlled partial oxidation [87,88,89]. Syngas is a versatile product that can be employed for electricity generation, heat production, or as a precursor for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels. Gasification offers a flexible and efficient means of harnessing energy from a variety of waste feedstocks [90,91].

2.4. Advanced Biotechnological Approaches

Advanced biotechnological approaches represent a frontier in the sustainable utilization of manufacturing waste for energy generation [92]. The infusion of advanced biotechnological approaches introduces a biological dimension to waste conversion [93]. The processes are capable of directly converting organic waste into electricity, and enzymatic conversion processes, leveraging specific enzymes for waste breakdown. These approaches highlight the symbiosis between biological processes and sustainable energy production.

2.4.1. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)

Microbial Fuel Cells harness the metabolic activity of microorganisms to directly convert organic waste into electricity [94,95]. The microbial degradation of organic matter generates electrons, creating a potential difference that can be harvested as electrical energy [96,97,98].

2.4.2. Enzymatic Conversion

Enzymatic conversion involves the use of specific enzymes to break down complex waste materials into simpler compounds, which can be further utilized for energy production [99,100]. This eco-friendly approach is particularly relevant for the efficient breakdown of various types of waste, including agricultural residues and certain plastics [101,102,103,104].

2.5. Nanotechnology in Waste Conversion

Nanotechnology, with its ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale, offers innovative pathways for converting manufacturing waste into valuable resources [105]. The integration of nanotechnology introduces a paradigm shift in waste conversion methodologies [106]. Nanomaterials and nano catalysts exhibit the potential to enhance the efficiency of processes [107,108].

2.6. Electromagnetic Induction Heating

Electromagnetic induction heating is an emerging technology that employs electromagnetic fields to induce heat within waste materials, facilitating their thermal decomposition [109,110]. Electromagnetic Induction Heating emerges as an innovative approach, leveraging electromagnetic fields for controlled thermal decomposition [111]. This method has the efficiency and scalability of electromagnetic induction heating in converting diverse waste streams, including plastics and organic residues, into energy-rich products [112]. The technological advancements and environmental considerations associated with this emerging methodology offer a perspective on its potential contribution to the evolving landscape of waste-to-energy conversion [113,114].

2.7. Digital Solutions in Waste Management

The integration of digital solutions in waste management represents a paradigm shift towards a more intelligent and efficient approach to handling manufacturing waste [115,116,117]. Digital technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Big Data analytics, offer transformative capabilities in waste sorting, monitoring, and overall management. AI algorithms enhance the accuracy of waste sorting processes, optimizing the recovery of recyclable materials [118]. IoT devices enable real-time tracking and monitoring of waste streams, providing valuable data for decision-making. Big Data analytics offer insights into waste generation patterns, facilitating predictive modeling for optimized waste management strategies [119]. In the era of Industry 4.0, the integration of digital solutions plays a pivotal role in optimizing waste management processes. This efficiency of waste sorting, monitoring, and overall management largely depend on how data-driven insights and predictive analytics contribute to smarter decision-making, reducing waste generation and improving the overall sustainability of manufacturing processes [120,121].

2.8. Renewable Energy Storage Systems

As manufacturing waste is harnessed for sustainable energy generation, the integration of renewable energy storage systems becomes paramount [122]. The effectiveness of this method incorporates toward storing energy derived from manufacturing waste, ensuring a consistent and reliable power supply [123]. Advanced battery technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, are significant for their efficiency and scalability in storing intermittent energy outputs [124,125]. Compressed air energy storage systems and pumped hydro storage methods play and important role in storing surplus energy generated during peak production periods. As the focus on sustainable energy generation intensifies, the integration of renewable energy storage systems becomes imperative [126].

2.9. Hybrid Approaches

Recognizing the synergies that can arise from combining different waste-to-energy methodologies, hybrid approaches integrate multiple technologies to leverage their complementary strengths, potentially overcoming individual limitations [127,128]. For instance, combining thermochemical processes with biotechnological approaches may enhance the overall energy recovery efficiency [129,130,131]. The approach assesses the feasibility and potential advantages of combining, for instance, thermochemical processes with advanced biotechnological approaches or incorporating material upcycling strategies within waste-to-energy conversion systems [132,133,134]. By examining hybrid approaches, it is important to uncover novel synergies that maximize energy recovery and resource efficiency.

2.10. Circular Economy Principles

Circular economy principles represent a transformative framework for sustainable waste management. The principles include initiatives that embrace product design for recyclability, closed-loop systems where waste is viewed as a resource, and extended producer responsibility models [135,136,137]. As the global community increasingly recognizes the importance of transitioning towards a more circular and sustainable approach to material use, the material upcycling method contributes to the broader discourse on the integration of waste streams into productive cycles [138,139]. The practical application of circular economy principles will contribute into the holistic transformation of manufacturing waste into a valuable resource within a regenerative economic framework [140,141,142].
The review of current methodologies presents a mosaic of approaches, each contributing unique insights to the sustainable energy generation landscape. The methodologies collectively underscore the dynamic and interdisciplinary nature of waste-to-energy research. The exploration of current methodologies for manufacturing waste utilization unveils a rich tapestry of diverse approaches. From the established methods of waste-to-energy conversion and material upcycling to the cutting-edge realms of digital solutions, renewable energy storage, hybrid approaches, and circular economy principles, each facet contributes uniquely to the broader vision of sustainable energy generation. This comprehensive review not only provides a snapshot of the present state of waste utilization but also lays the groundwork for envisioning a future where interdisciplinary strategies converge to redefine the relationship between industrial processes and environmental well-being.

4. Future Trends

The trajectory of manufacturing waste utilization for energy generation into the future is poised for dynamic transformations. A confluence of cutting-edge technologies heightened cross-sector collaboration, and evolving regulatory frameworks promises to redefine the landscape, steering it towards unprecedented sustainability. This section explores the emerging trends that are anticipated to shape the future of harnessing manufacturing waste for sustainable energy.

4.1. Convergence of Cutting-Edge Technologies

The future heralds an era of unprecedented technological convergence, where cutting-edge advancements are expected to revolutionize the efficiency and environmental impact of waste-to-energy conversion. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are poised to enhance the precision of waste sorting processes, optimizing the recovery of valuable materials and minimizing contamination. Nanotechnology, with its ability to manipulate materials at the molecular level, is anticipated to play a pivotal role in refining thermochemical processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification. Moreover, advancements in sensor technologies and robotics are expected to streamline waste collection, processing, and recycling operations, ensuring a more seamless and resource-efficient workflow.

4.2. Cross-Sector Collaboration

The future narrative of manufacturing waste for sustainable energy generation is intricately woven with the threads of cross-sector collaboration. The siloed approach is gradually giving way to collaborative endeavors that span industries, academia, and governmental bodies. Collaborative research initiatives are expected to accelerate the development of innovative technologies and methodologies, fostering a holistic understanding of waste utilization. Industry partnerships will likely lead to the creation of synergistic solutions, leveraging the strengths of different sectors to address complex challenges. Moreover, knowledge-sharing platforms and consortiums are anticipated to facilitate the dissemination of best practices, enabling a collective and accelerated shift towards sustainable waste management practices.

4.3. Evolving Regulatory Frameworks

The regulatory frameworks governing waste management are poised for evolution, responding to the imperative of sustainability. Anticipated changes in regulations are expected to incentivize environmentally responsible practices and penalize unsustainable ones. Stringent emissions standards and waste reduction targets are likely to drive industries towards adopting cleaner and more efficient waste-to-energy technologies. Additionally, fiscal measures, such as tax incentives for sustainable practices, may further motivate businesses to prioritize waste utilization.

4.4. Circular Economy Principles in Action

As we traverse into the future, circular economy principles are poised to ascend to greater prominence. The shift towards closed-loop systems, where waste becomes a valuable resource continuously cycled back into the production process, is a central tenet of the envisioned future. Manufacturers are expected to embrace product designs that prioritize recyclability and ease of disassembly, fostering a culture of responsible consumption. Extended producer responsibility models may gain traction, compelling businesses to take a more active role in the entire lifecycle of their products. This section explores the practical implementation of circular economy principles, offering a glimpse into how these principles may reshape manufacturing processes, enhance resource efficiency, and contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy.
In summation, the future trends in manufacturing waste utilization for energy generation are multifaceted, driven by technological innovation, collaborative efforts, regulatory evolution, and a steadfast commitment to circular economy principles. This forward-looking exploration aims to guide industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers in navigating the transformative journey towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future shaped by the effective utilization of manufacturing waste.

5. Conclusion

The study of manufacturing waste for sustainable energy generation stands as a pivotal convergence point where environmental responsibility, economic viability, and technological innovation intersect. This comprehensive review, spanning the current methodologies and future trends in this dynamic field, endeavors to illuminate the intricate pathways towards a more sustainable and circular energy future.

5.1. Environmental Responsibility

The imperative of environmental stewardship has never been more pressing. The traditional linear model of production and disposal has proven unsustainable, inflicting irreparable damage on our ecosystems. The methodologies explored in this review, from Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Conversion Technologies to Material Upcycling, Thermochemical Processes, and Advanced Biotechnological Approaches, embody a collective commitment to mitigating environmental impact. The integration of circular economy principles and the anticipation of future trends underscore a paradigm shift towards viewing manufacturing waste not as a burden but as a reservoir of potential, waiting to be harnessed for sustainable energy.

5.2. Economic Viability

In the pursuit of sustainability, economic viability is a linchpin that ensures the scalability and widespread adoption of waste utilization methodologies. Material upcycling, Thermochemical Processes, and the integration of renewable energy storage systems are testament to the economic potential embedded in responsible waste management. The convergence of cutting-edge technologies and cross-sector collaboration, as explored in this review, signals a transformative synergy that not only minimizes waste but also creates economic value. As industries grapple with the dual challenges of resource scarcity and rising environmental consciousness, these methodologies provide a roadmap towards resource-efficient and economically sustainable practices.

5.3. Technological Innovation

At the heart of this exploration lies the engine of technological innovation. From AI-driven waste sorting to nanotechnology-enhanced thermochemical processes, the future trends discussed herald a new era where technological prowess becomes an ally in our quest for sustainable energy generation. The integration of digital solutions, cross-sector collaboration, and evolving regulatory frameworks emphasize the role of innovation in overcoming challenges and capitalizing on opportunities. This review seeks to catalyze further research and development, inspiring a continual refinement of methodologies and the emergence of novel technologies that push the boundaries of what is achievable in sustainable waste utilization.

5.4. Charting a Sustainable and Circular Future

As we navigate the nexus of current methods and future trends, the trajectory is clear – towards a sustainable and circular future. Circular economy principles, illuminated in the review, provide a guiding philosophy that transforms waste into a valuable resource perpetually cycled back into the production process. The anticipated convergence of cutting-edge technologies, cross-sector collaboration, and evolving regulatory frameworks creates an environment ripe for transformative change. This comprehensive review serves not just as a reflection of the current state of manufacturing waste utilization but as a compass pointing towards a future where industries, regulators, and researchers collectively shape a circular and sustainable energy landscape.

5.5. A Call to Action

In closing, this review issues a call to action. The urgency of global challenges demands concerted efforts to transition from linear to circular models of production and consumption. The insights gleaned from the examination of current methodologies and future trends should serve as catalysts for informed decision-making, inspiring a collective commitment to reshaping our industrial landscape. As we stand at the intersection of environmental responsibility, economic viability, and technological innovation, the transformation of manufacturing waste into a source of sustainable energy signifies not just a paradigm shift but a collective responsibility to forge a more resilient and harmonious future.

References

  1. Østergaard, P.A., et al., Renewable energy for sustainable development. Renewable Energy 2022, 199, 1145–1152. [CrossRef]
  2. Samour, A., M.M. Baskaya, and T. Tursoy, The impact of financial development and FDI on renewable energy in the UAE: a path towards sustainable development. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1208.
  3. Dincer, I. , Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 2000, 4, 157–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Kothari, R., V. V. Tyagi, and A. Pathak, Waste-to-energy: A way from renewable energy sources to sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14, 3164–3170. [Google Scholar]
  5. Kaygusuz, K. and A. Kaygusuz, Renewable energy and sustainable development in Turkey. Renewable energy 2002, 25, 431–453. [Google Scholar]
  6. Velenturf, A.P. and P. Purnell, Principles for a sustainable circular economy. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2021, 27, 1437–1457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Van Fan, Y. , et al. , Cross-disciplinary approaches towards smart, resilient and sustainable circular economy. Journal of cleaner production 2019, 232, 1482–1491. [Google Scholar]
  8. Nelles, M., J. Gruenes, and G. Morscheck, Waste management in Germany–development to a sustainable circular economy? Procedia Environmental Sciences 2016, 35, 6–14. [Google Scholar]
  9. Ciliberto, C. , et al. , Enabling the Circular Economy transition: A sustainable lean manufacturing recipe for Industry 4.0. Business Strategy and the Environment 2021, 30, 3255–3272. [Google Scholar]
  10. Fatimah, Y.A. , et al. , Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 269, 122263. [Google Scholar]
  11. Moktadir, M.A. , et al. , Drivers to sustainable manufacturing practices and circular economy: A perspective of leather industries in Bangladesh. Journal of cleaner production 2018, 174, 1366–1380. [Google Scholar]
  12. Avilés-Palacios, C. and A. Rodríguez-Olalla, The sustainability of waste management models in circular economies. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7105. [Google Scholar]
  13. Lieder, M. and A. Rashid, Towards circular economy implementation: a comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of cleaner production 2016, 115, 36–51. [Google Scholar]
  14. Jawahir, I.S. and R. Bradley, Technological elements of circular economy and the principles of 6R-based closed-loop material flow in sustainable manufacturing. Procedia Cirp 2016, 40, 103–108. [Google Scholar]
  15. Patwa, N. et al., Circular economy: Bridging the gap in sustainable manufacturing. The Journal of developing areas 2021, 55. [Google Scholar]
  16. Manavalan, E. and K. Jayakrishna, An analysis on sustainable supply chain for circular economy. Procedia Manufacturing 2019, 33, 477–484. [Google Scholar]
  17. Klemeš, J.J. , et al. , Minimising emissions and energy wastage by improved industrial processes and integration of renewable energy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2010, 18, 843–847. [Google Scholar]
  18. Mona, S. , et al. , Green technology for sustainable biohydrogen production (waste to energy): a review. Science of the Total Environment 2020, 728, 138481. [Google Scholar]
  19. Fernando, Y. , et al. , Waste-to-energy supply chain management on circular economy capability: An empirical study. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2022, 31, 26–38. [Google Scholar]
  20. Kumar, V. , et al. , Circular economy in the manufacturing sector: benefits, opportunities and barriers. Management Decision 2019, 57, 1067–1086. [Google Scholar]
  21. Jaeger, B. and A. Upadhyay, Understanding barriers to circular economy: cases from the manufacturing industry. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 2020, 33, 729–745. [Google Scholar]
  22. Chowdhury, H. , Circular Economy Integration in Additive Manufacturing, in Preprints. 2023, Preprints.
  23. Singh, J. and I. Ordoñez, Resource recovery from post-consumer waste: important lessons for the upcoming circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 134, 342–353. [Google Scholar]
  24. Agrawal, R. , et al. , Analysing the roadblocks of circular economy adoption in the automobile sector: Reducing waste and environmental perspectives. Business Strategy and the Environment 2021, 30, 1051–1066. [Google Scholar]
  25. Chowdhury, H. and B. Asiabanpour, A Smart Circular Economy for Integrated Organic Hydroponic-Aquaponic Farming. 2023, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas.
  26. Hartini, S., et al. Integration lean manufacturing and 6R to reduce wood waste in furniture company toward circular economy. in IOP conference series: materials science and engineering. 2021. IOP Publishing.
  27. Akter, M.M.K., et al., Textile-apparel manufacturing and material waste management in the circular economy: A conceptual model to achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) 12 for Bangladesh. Cleaner Environmental Systems 2022, 4, 100070. [CrossRef]
  28. Khayyam, H. Khayyam, H., et al., Improving energy efficiency of carbon fiber manufacturing through waste heat recovery: A circular economy approach with machine learning. Energy 2021, 225, 120113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Romero-Hernández, O. and S. Romero, Maximizing the value of waste: From waste management to the circular economy. Thunderbird International Business Review 2018, 60, 757–764. [Google Scholar]
  30. Provin, A.P. and A. R. de Aguiar Dutra, Circular economy for fashion industry: Use of waste from the food industry for the production of biotextiles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2021, 169, 120858. [Google Scholar]
  31. Javaid, M. , et al. , Role of additive manufacturing applications towards environmental sustainability. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 2021, 4, 312–322. [Google Scholar]
  32. Mehrpouya, M. , et al., The benefits of additive manufacturing for sustainable design and production, in Sustainable manufacturing. 2021, Elsevier. p. 29-59.
  33. Omer, L., et al. Induction Initiated Curing of Additively Manufactured Thermoset Composites. in Solid Freeform Fabrication 2022: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference. 2022.
  34. Hegab, H., et al., Design for sustainable additive manufacturing: A review. Sustainable Materials and Technologies 2023, e00576.
  35. Mani, M.K. W. Lyons, and S. Gupta, Sustainability characterization for additive manufacturing. Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 2014, 119, 419. [Google Scholar]
  36. Frăţilă, D. and H. Rotaru. Additive manufacturing–a sustainable manufacturing route. in MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017. EDP Sciences.
  37. Liu, Q. , et al. , Human-robot collaboration in disassembly for sustainable manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research 2019, 57, 4027–4044. [Google Scholar]
  38. Renteria, A. and E. Alvarez-de-los-Mozos, Human-Robot Collaboration as a new paradigm in circular economy for WEEE management. Procedia Manufacturing 2019, 38, 375–382. [Google Scholar]
  39. Marinelli, M. , Human–robot collaboration and lean waste elimination: Conceptual analogies and practical synergies in industrialized construction. Buildings 2022, 12, 2057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Chowdhury, H. , Human-Robot Collaboration in Manufacturing Assembly Tasks, in Preprints. 2023, Preprints.
  41. Ojstersek, R., B. Buchmeister, and A. Javernik. Human-Robot Collaboration, Sustainable Manufacturing Perspective. in International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing. 2023. Springer.
  42. Chen, Y., et al. Human Workload and Ergonomics during Human-Robot Collaborative Electronic Waste Disassembly. in 2022 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS). 2022. IEEE.
  43. Chen, J. , et al. , Augmented reality-enabled human-robot collaboration to balance construction waste sorting efficiency and occupational safety and health. Journal of Environmental Management 2023, 348, 119341. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  44. Clancy, R., D. O'Sullivan, and K. Bruton, Data-driven quality improvement approach to reducing waste in manufacturing. The TQM Journal 2023, 35, 51–72. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hassan, M.K. , Applying lean six sigma for waste reduction in a manufacturing environment. American Journal of Industrial Engineering 2013, 1, 28–35. [Google Scholar]
  46. Tannady, H. , Process improvement to reduce waste in the biggest instant noodle manufacturing company in South East Asia. Journal of applied engineering science 2019, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Chowdhury, H. , Semiconductor Manufacturing Process Improvement Using Data-Driven Methodologies, in Preprints. 2023, Preprints.
  48. Zahrotun, N. and I. Taufiq. Lean manufacturing: waste reduction using value stream mapping. in E3S Web of Conferences. 2018. EDP Sciences.
  49. Bateman, N. and A. David, Process improvement programmes: a model for assessing sustainability. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 2002, 22, 515–526.
  50. Argha, D.B.P. and M.A. Ahmed, A Machine Learning Approach to Understand the Impact of Temperature and Rainfall Change on Concrete Pavement Performance Based on Ltpp Data. 2023.
  51. Cherdymova, E.I. , et al. , Student ecological consciousness as determining component of ecological-oriented activity. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 2018, 12, 167–174. [Google Scholar]
  52. Panov, V. , Ecological thinking, consciousness, responsibility. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2013, 86, 379–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Argha, D.B.P. and M.A. Ahmed, Design of Photovoltaic System for Green Manufacturing by using Statistical Design of Experiments. 2023.
  54. Omer, A.M. , Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 2008, 12, 2265–2300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Chowdhury, H. and M.T. Islam. Multiple Charger with Adjustable Voltage Using Solar Panel. in International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy 2015 (ICMERE2015). 2015. Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology.
  56. Mehta, A., N. Aggrawal, and A. Tiwari, Solar Roadways-The future of roadways. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology (IARJSET) 2015, 2.
  57. Kulkarni, A.A. , " Solar roadways"-rebuilding our infrastructure and economy. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 2013, 3, 1429–1436. [Google Scholar]
  58. Argha, D.B.P. and Q.H. Bari, EXTENT OF EFFLORESCENCE IN A BRICK MASONRY PARTITION WALL OF A GARAGE.
  59. Ahmed, M.A. , et al. , Recycling of cotton dust for organic farming is a pivotal replacement of chemical fertilizers by composting and its quality analysis. Environmental Research and Technology 2021, 4, 108–116. [Google Scholar]
  60. Rahman, M.M. , et al. Present scenario of municipal solid waste management in Satkhira Municipality. in 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development. KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh. 2018.
  61. AlQattan, N. , et al. , Reviewing the potential of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) numbers seven and eleven. Renewable Energy Focus 2018, 27, 97–110. [Google Scholar]
  62. Ahmed, M.A. and S. Moniruzzaman. A Study on Plastic Waste Recycling Process in Khulna City. in 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2018). 2018.
  63. Comoglio, C. , et al. , Analysis of environmental sustainability reporting in the waste-to-energy sector: Performance indicators and improvement targets of the EMAS-registered waste incineration plants in Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production 2022, 378, 134546. [Google Scholar]
  64. Kibira, D. , et al. , Procedure for selecting key performance indicators for sustainable manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 2018, 140, 011005. [Google Scholar]
  65. Ashik, M. Nazmul, and I. Rafizul, Prediction of solid waste generation rate and determination of future waste characteristics at south-western region of Bangladesh using artificial neural network. WasteSafe 2017 Khulna (Bangladesh) 2017, 1-9.
  66. Ngai, E. , et al. , Energy and utility management maturity model for sustainable manufacturing process. International Journal of Production Economics 2013, 146, 453–464. [Google Scholar]
  67. Paju, M., et al. Framework and indicators for a sustainable manufacturing mapping methodology. in Proceedings of the 2010 winter simulation conference. 2010. IEEE.
  68. Beyene, H.D., A. A. Werkneh, and T.G. Ambaye, Current updates on waste to energy (WtE) technologies: a review. Renewable Energy Focus 2018, 24, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
  69. Foster, W. , et al. , Waste-to-energy conversion technologies in the UK: Processes and barriers–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 135, 110226. [Google Scholar]
  70. Makarichi, L., W. Jutidamrongphan, and K. -a. Techato, The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 91, 812–821. [Google Scholar]
  71. Dong, J. , et al. , Life cycle assessment of pyrolysis, gasification and incineration waste-to-energy technologies: Theoretical analysis and case study of commercial plants. Science of the Total Environment 2018, 626, 744–753. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  72. Qazi, W.A., M. F. Abushammala, and M.K. Younes, Waste-to-energy technologies: a literature review. The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 2018, 44, 387–409. [Google Scholar]
  73. Hadidi, L.A. and M. M. Omer, A financial feasibility model of gasification and anaerobic digestion waste-to-energy (WTE) plants in Saudi Arabia. Waste management 2017, 59, 90–101. [Google Scholar]
  74. Hussain, Z., J. Mishra, and E. Vanacore, Waste to energy and circular economy: the case of anaerobic digestion. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 2020, 33, 817–838. [Google Scholar]
  75. Labatut, R.A. and J.L. Pronto, Sustainable waste-to-energy technologies: Anaerobic digestion, in Sustainable food waste-to-energy systems. 2018, Elsevier. p. 47-67.
  76. Pacheco-López, A. , et al., Systematic generation and targeting of chemical recycling pathways: A mixed plastic waste upcycling case study, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. 2021, Elsevier. p. 1125-1130.
  77. Finkelstein, E. , Extreme Adaptive Reuse: The Analytics of Deconstruction and the Upcycling of Building Materials. 2014.
  78. Ahn, S.H. and J. Y. Lee, Re-envisioning material circulation and designing process in upcycling design product life cycle. Archives of Design Research 2018, 31, 5–20. [Google Scholar]
  79. Ragaert, K. , et al. , Upcycling of contaminated post-industrial polypropylene waste: A design from recycling case study. Polymer Engineering & Science 2018, 58, 528–534. [Google Scholar]
  80. Korley, L.T. , et al. , Toward polymer upcycling—adding value and tackling circularity. Science 2021, 373, 66–69. [Google Scholar]
  81. Rasmussen, F.N., M. Birkved, and H. Birgisdóttir. Upcycling and Design for Disassembly–LCA of buildings employing circular design strategies. in IOP conference series: earth and environmental science. 2019. IOP Publishing.
  82. Jarimi, H. , et al. , Review on the recent progress of thermochemical materials and processes for solar thermal energy storage and industrial waste heat recovery. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2019, 14, 44–69. [Google Scholar]
  83. Bahng, M.-K. , et al. , Current technologies for analysis of biomass thermochemical processing: A review. Analytica chimica acta 2009, 651, 117–138. [Google Scholar]
  84. Goyal, H., D. Seal, and R. Saxena, Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 2008, 12, 504–517. [Google Scholar]
  85. Jarboe, L.R. , et al. , Hybrid thermochemical processing: fermentation of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2011, 91, 1519–1523. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  86. Kersten, S. and M. Garcia-Perez, Recent developments in fast pyrolysis of ligno-cellulosic materials. Current opinion in biotechnology 2013, 24, 414–420. [Google Scholar]
  87. Kumar, A., D. D. Jones, and M.A. Hanna, Thermochemical biomass gasification: a review of the current status of the technology. Energies 2009, 2, 556–581. [Google Scholar]
  88. Nkosi, N. , et al. , Developments in waste tyre thermochemical conversion processes: gasification, pyrolysis and liquefaction. RSC advances 2021, 11, 11844–11871. [Google Scholar]
  89. Canabarro, N. , et al. , Thermochemical processes for biofuels production from biomass. Sustainable Chemical Processes 2013, 1, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  90. Melgar, A. , et al. , Thermochemical equilibrium modelling of a gasifying process. Energy conversion and management 2007, 48, 59–67. [Google Scholar]
  91. Sapariya, D.D. , et al., A review on thermochemical biomass gasification techniques for bioenergy production. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2021, 1-34.
  92. Haddadi, M., H. Aiyelabegan, and B. Negahdari, Advanced biotechnology in biorefinery: a new insight into municipal waste management to the production of high-value products. International journal of environmental science and technology 2018, 15, 675–686. [Google Scholar]
  93. Davison, B.H. , et al. , The impact of biotechnological advances on the future of US bioenergy. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2015, 9, 454–467. [Google Scholar]
  94. Jadhav, D.A. , et al. , Recent advancement in scaling-up applications of microbial fuel cells: from reality to practicability. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2021, 45, 101226. [Google Scholar]
  95. Sharma, M. , et al. , Microalgae-assisted microbial fuel cells for electricity generation coupled with wastewater treatment: Biotechnological perspective. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2022, 49, 102966. [Google Scholar]
  96. Nawaz, A. , et al. , A state of the art review on electron transfer mechanisms, characteristics, applications and recent advancements in microbial fuel cells technology. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 2020, 13, 365–381. [Google Scholar]
  97. Javed, M.M. , et al. , Microbial fuel cells as an alternative energy source: current status. Biotechnology and genetic engineering reviews 2018, 34, 216–242. [Google Scholar]
  98. Ramya, M. and P. S. Kumar, A review on recent advancements in bioenergy production using microbial fuel cells. Chemosphere 2022, 288, 132512. [Google Scholar]
  99. Sanchez, S. and A. L. Demain, Enzymes and bioconversions of industrial, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological significance. Organic Process Research & Development 2011, 15, 224–230. [Google Scholar]
  100. Bhatia, R.K. , et al. , Psychrophiles: A source of cold-adapted enzymes for energy efficient biotechnological industrial processes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 104607. [Google Scholar]
  101. Woodley, J.M. , Towards the sustainable production of bulk-chemicals using biotechnology. New biotechnology 2020, 59, 59–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  102. Jaiswal, S. , et al. , Synthetic organic compounds from paper industry wastes: integrated biotechnological interventions. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2021, 8, 592939. [Google Scholar]
  103. Kuddus, M. , Enzymes in food biotechnology: production, applications, and future prospects. 2018.
  104. Gavrilescu, M. and Y. Chisti, Biotechnology—a sustainable alternative for chemical industry. Biotechnology advances 2005, 23, 471–499. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  105. Thanigaivel, S. , et al. , Role of nanotechnology for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biopotent energy: A biorefinery approach for waste to value-added products. Fuel 2022, 322, 124236. [Google Scholar]
  106. Taran, M. , et al. , Benefits and application of nanotechnology in environmental science: an overview. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 2021, 11, 7860–7870. [Google Scholar]
  107. Vyas, S. , et al. Management of waste using nanotechnology. New Frontiers of Nanomaterials in Environmental Science 2021, 253–279. [Google Scholar]
  108. McClements, D.J. and B. Öztürk, Utilization of nanotechnology to improve the application and bioavailability of phytochemicals derived from waste streams. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2021, 70, 6884–6900. [Google Scholar]
  109. Xue, Y. , et al. , Thermal treatment on sewage sludge by electromagnetic induction heating: Methodology and drying characterization. Waste management 2018, 78, 917–928. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  110. Nongnuang, T. , et al. , Novel electromagnetic induction heat curing process of fly ash geopolymer using waste iron powder as a conductive material. Scientific Reports 2022, 12, 9530. [Google Scholar]
  111. Mishra, H. , et al. , Mathematical modelling, simulation and experimental validation of resistance heating and induction heating techniques for E-waste treatment. IET Electric Power Applications 2019, 13, 487–493. [Google Scholar]
  112. Lv, H. , et al. , Parametric optimization of removing iron from solid waste melts based on analysis of real-time coupled two-phase interface in an induction heating furnace. Energy 2022, 261, 125195. [Google Scholar]
  113. Karasu, H. and I. Dincer, Analysis and efficiency assessment of direct conversion of wind energy into heat using electromagnetic induction and thermal energy storage. Journal of Energy Resources Technology 2018, 140, 071201. [Google Scholar]
  114. Mustafina, D. , et al. Mechanism of heavy oil recovery driven by electromagnetic inductive heating. in SPE Canada Heavy Oil Conference. 2013. SPE.
  115. Sepasgozar, S.M. , et al. , Waste management and possible directions of utilising digital technologies in the construction context. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 324, 129095. [Google Scholar]
  116. Borchard, R., R. Zeiss, and J. Recker, Digitalization of waste management: Insights from German private and public waste management firms. Waste Management & Research 2022, 40, 775–792. [Google Scholar]
  117. Pardini, K. , et al. , IoT-based solid waste management solutions: a survey. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2019, 8, 5. [Google Scholar]
  118. Abdalla, A.N. , et al. , Integration of energy storage system and renewable energy sources based on artificial intelligence: An overview. Journal of Energy Storage 2021, 40, 102811. [Google Scholar]
  119. Sarc, R. , et al. , Digitalisation and intelligent robotics in value chain of circular economy oriented waste management–A review. Waste Management 2019, 95, 476–492. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  120. Kazancoglu, Y. , et al. , A proposed sustainable and digital collection and classification center model to manage e-waste in emerging economies. Journal of Enterprise Information Management 2021, 34, 267–291. [Google Scholar]
  121. Mavropoulos, A., M. Tsakona, and A. Anthouli, Urban waste management and the mobile challenge. Waste Management & Research 2015, 33, 381–387. [Google Scholar]
  122. Olabi, A. , Renewable energy and energy storage systems. 2017, Elsevier. p. 1-6.
  123. Amrouche, S.O. , et al. , Overview of energy storage in renewable energy systems. International journal of hydrogen energy 2016, 41, 20914–20927. [Google Scholar]
  124. Yang, Y. , et al. , Battery energy storage system size determination in renewable energy systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 91, 109–125. [Google Scholar]
  125. Suberu, M.Y., M. W. Mustafa, and N. Bashir, Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014, 35, 499–514. [Google Scholar]
  126. Yang, Y. , et al. , Modelling and optimal energy management for battery energy storage systems in renewable energy systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2022, 167, 112671. [Google Scholar]
  127. Hemmati, R. and H. Saboori, Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 65, 11–23. [Google Scholar]
  128. Bocklisch, T. , Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable energy applications. Energy Procedia 2015, 73, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  129. Desai, F. , et al. , Thermochemical energy storage system for cooling and process heating applications: A review. Energy Conversion and Management 2021, 229, 113617. [Google Scholar]
  130. Shen, Y. , et al. , A thermochemical–biochemical hybrid processing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing fuels and chemicals. Biotechnology advances 2015, 33, 1799–1813. [Google Scholar]
  131. Wu, M., Y. Wu, and M. Wang, Energy and emission benefits of alternative transportation liquid fuels derived from switchgrass: a fuel life cycle assessment. Biotechnology progress 2006, 22, 1012–1024. [Google Scholar]
  132. Lass-Seyoum, A. , et al. , Transfer of laboratory results on closed sorption thermo-chemical energy storage to a large-scale technical system. Energy Procedia 2012, 30, 310–320. [Google Scholar]
  133. Kumar, G. , et al. , A comprehensive review on thermochemical, biological, biochemical and hybrid conversion methods of bio-derived lignocellulosic molecules into renewable fuels. Fuel 2019, 251, 352–367. [Google Scholar]
  134. Andreides, D. , et al. , Biological conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by anaerobic culture: Prospect of anaerobic digestion and thermochemical processes combination. Biotechnology Advances 2022, 58, 107886. [Google Scholar]
  135. Mutezo, G. and J. Mulopo, A review of Africa's transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy using circular economy principles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 137, 110609. [Google Scholar]
  136. Mishra, R. , et al. , Circular economy principles in community energy initiatives through stakeholder perspectives. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2022, 33, 256–270. [Google Scholar]
  137. Pires, A. and G. Martinho, Waste hierarchy index for circular economy in waste management. Waste Management 2019, 95, 298–305. [Google Scholar]
  138. Adami, L. and M. Schiavon, From circular economy to circular ecology: a review on the solution of environmental problems through circular waste management approaches. Sustainability 2021, 13, 925. [Google Scholar]
  139. Plastinina, I. , et al. , Implementation of circular economy principles in regional solid municipal waste management: The case of Sverdlovskaya Oblast (Russian Federation). Resources 2019, 8, 90. [Google Scholar]
  140. D'Adamo, I. , et al. , Assessing the relation between waste management policies and circular economy goals. Waste Management 2022, 154, 27–35. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  141. Salmenperä, H. , et al. , Critical factors for enhancing the circular economy in waste management. Journal of cleaner production 2021, 280, 124339. [Google Scholar]
  142. van Ewijk, S. and J. A. Stegemann, Recognising waste use potential to achieve a circular economy. Waste Management 2020, 105, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated