1. Introduction

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Cephalosporins:

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Tetracyclines:

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Macrolides:

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Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones:

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Sulfonamides:

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Aminoglycosides:

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Glycopeptides:

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Oxazolidinones:

Example: Linezolid.

Figure 1. Target sites of antibiotics (Madigan and Martinko, 2006) - "Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with a focus on molecular perspectives." Figure was reproduced according to Ref [7].

Figure 1. Target sites of antibiotics (Madigan and Martinko, 2006) - "Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with a focus on molecular perspectives." Figure was reproduced according to Ref [7].

2. Material and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

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Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50) (mol/kg):

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Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity (LOAEL) (log mg/kg_bw/day):

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Minnow Toxicity (LC50) (log mM):

However, clinical application and additional factors must be considered for a comprehensive assessment.

Figure 2. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 2. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 3. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 3. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 4. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 4. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 5. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Figure 5. Displays the chemical structures of antibiotics investigated in this work.

Table 1. Displays the comparison of predicted toxicity properties of investigated antibiotics in this work.

Table 1. Displays the comparison of predicted toxicity properties of investigated antibiotics in this work.

Compounds	Brand Name	AMES toxicity	Max. tolerated dose (human) (log mg/kg/day)	Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50) (mol/kg)	Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity (LOAEL) (log mg/kg_bw/day)	Hepatotoxicity	Skin Sensitisation	T. Pyriformis toxicity (log ug/L)	Minnow toxicity (log mM)
Amoxicillin	Amoxil	No	1.04	1.77	2.638	yes	no	0.285	4.065
ampicillin	Unasyn	No	0.921	1.693	2.663	yes	no	0.285	3.502
dicloxacillin	/	No	0.984	2.227	2.404	yes	no	0.285	2.842
oxacillin	/	No	0.67	2.062	2.525	yes	no	0.285	3.286
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	Pen VK	No	0.751	2.037	2.81	yes	no	0.285	3.884
piperacillin	Pipracil	No	0.96	2.149	2.81	yes	no	0.285	5.136
Clavulanic acid	Aumetin	No	1.534	1.441	2.167	yes	no	0.273	3.766
Sulbactam	Unasyn	No	1.234	1.851	2.253	yes	no	0.272	3.689
Demeclocycline	/	No	1.05	2.555	4.427	no	no	0.285	4.601
Doxycycline	Acticlate	No	1.108	2.401	5.056	No	No	0.285	3.518
Eravacycline	Xerava	No	1.19	2.366	4.509	No	No	0.285	4.997
minocycline	Amzeeq	No	0.746	2.235	4.045	No	No	0.285	2.615
omadacycline	Nuzyra	No	0.813	2.392	4.015	No	No	0.285	1.995
sarecycline	/	No	0.843	2.238	4.055	No	No	0.285	2.992
tetracycline	Pylera	No	1.173	2.503	4.288	No	No	0.285	4.775
cefaclor	/	No	0.928	1.836	2.643	yes	No	0.285	3.323
cefadroxil	/	No	1.043	1.771	2.633	yes	No	0.285	4.061
cefdinir	Omnicef	No	1.671	2.244	2.342	yes	No	0.285	3.924
cephalexin	Keflex	No	0.926	1.695	2.658	yes	No	0.285	3.498
cefprozil	/	No	0.903	1.836	2.665	yes	No	0.285	3.739
cefepime	/	No	0.764	1.743	1.448	yes	No	0.285	3.332
cefiderocol	Fetroja	No	1.407	2.403	1.847	yes	No	0.285	3.459
cefotaxime	Claforan	No	1.625	2.145	2.109	yes	No	0.285	4.835
cefotetan	Cefotan	No	1.285	2.378	2.975	yes	No	0.285	3.586
ceftazidime	Avycaz	No	1.365	2.328	1.275	yes	No	0.285	3.054
ceftriaxone	Rocephin	No	1.489	2.352	2.269	yes	No	0.285	4.976
cefuroxime	Ceftin	No	1.264	1.602	2.516	yes	No	0.285	4.397
ertapenem	Invanz	No	0.967	2.209	2.721	yes	No	0.285	3.681
imipenem	Primaxin	No	1.431	1.641	1.958	yes	No	0.285	3.435
meropenem	Vabomere	No	1.423	1.946	2.371	yes	No	0.285	4.074
gentamicin	Gentak	No	0.45	2.482	7.124	No	No	0.285	11.971
tobramycin	Bethkis	No	1.291	1.877	4.144	No	No	0.285	7.987
Amikacin	Arikayce	No	1.11	2.663	5.724	No	No	0.285	11.087
sulfasalazine	Azulfidine	No	0.271	1.682	0.991	No	No	0.305	1.228
azithromycin	Azasite	No	1.252	2.446	1.975	yes	No	0.285	6.118
clarithromycin	Biaxin	No	1.268	2.703	1.658	yes	No	0.285	7.403
erythromycin	Aktipak	No	1.187	2.517	1.978	yes	No	0.285	6.92
fidaxomicin	Dificid	No	-0.507	3.465	3.382	yes	No	0.285	2.907
ciprofloxacin	Cetraxal	yes	-0.157	2.248	1.615	yes	No	0.485	1.013
delafloxacin	Baxdela	yes	0.746	2.142	2	yes	No	0.285	1.997
levofloxacin	Levaquin	No	0.425	2.218	1.802	yes	No	0.285	1.332
moxifloxacin	Avelox	No	0.846	2.166	1.6	yes	No	0.285	2.02
gemifloxacin	Factive	No	0.93	2.024	1.786	yes	No	0.285	2.256
clindamycin	Acanya	No	0.901	2.464	3.194	yes	No	0.285	1.97
lincomycin	Lincocin	No	1.259	2.593	3.405	yes	No	0.285	3.463

4. Conclusion

References

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