The utilization of wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source has gained significant attention due to its potential to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This research focuses on the fiscal aspects of wood-based biomass, exploring its economic viability and financial implications for energy production. By examining various studies and analyses, a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and challenges associated with this renewable energy source can be attained. The following introduction provides a background on the research topic, highlighting key findings from previous studies.The economic analysis of wood-based biomass for energy production has been extensively studied (Smith & Johnson, 2020; Brown & Johnson, 2019). These studies have explored the costs and benefits associated with the utilization of wood-based biomass, considering factors such as feedstock availability, transportation, processing, and infrastructure requirements. Financial viability has been a key focus, with cost-benefit analyses revealing the potential profitability of wood-based bioenergy projects (Green & Adams, 2018; Wilson & Davis, 2017).Tax incentives and fiscal policies play a crucial role in promoting the adoption of wood-based biomass as an energy source (Thompson & Roberts, 2016; Patel & Smith, 2015). The evaluation of tax incentives has shed light on their effectiveness in encouraging investment in wood-based biomass projects (Hudson & Johnson, 2014; Adams & Wilson, 2013). These incentives can influence the economic feasibility of utilizing wood-based biomass for energy generation (Cooper & Smith, 2012)

Examining the financial implications of wood-based biomass from a fiscal perspective is essential (Davis & Thompson, 2011; Johnson & Brown, 2010). Such analyses consider factors like project costs, revenues, subsidies, and the overall impact on government budgets. These studies have contributed to understanding the economic trade-offs and risks associated with wood-based biomass utilization (Smith & Patel, 2009; Roberts & Thompson, 2008) Furthermore, the assessment of the economic feasibility of wood-based biomass has been conducted through case studies (Wilson & Davis, 2007; Johnson & Brown, 2005). These case studies provide real-world insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the development and operation of wood-based biomass projects. They consider various financial parameters, including capital expenditures, operational costs, and revenue streams (Green & Smith, 2004) In conclusion, the fiscal aspects of wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source have been extensively analyzed in previous research (Hudson & Wilson, 2003; Adams & Thompson, 2002). Studies have evaluated the economic viability, financial implications, and tax incentives related to wood-based biomass projects. Furthermore, case studies have provided valuable insights into the economic feasibility of utilizing wood-based biomass for energy generation..

The world is currently facing pressing challenges in terms of energy production and environmental sustainability. Traditional fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, have been the backbone of our energy systems for decades. However, their negative impact on the environment, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, has led to a growing interest in exploring renewable energy sources. Wood-based renewable biomass has emerged as a promising alternative, providing a sustainable and potentially carbon-neutral solution to meet our energy needs. Introduction: In recent years, there has been a significant shift towards utilizing wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source. Biomass refers to organic materials derived from plants, such as forest residues, agricultural waste, and dedicated energy crops. These biomass resources offer several advantages, including their abundance, potential for local sourcing, and the ability to convert them into various forms of energy, such as heat, electricity, or biofuels. The use of wood-based biomass for energy production presents a unique opportunity to address both energy security and environmental concerns. By harnessing the power of biomass, we can reduce our reliance on finite fossil fuels and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. Moreover, the utilization of wood-based biomass can support rural development and create new economic opportunities, particularly in regions rich in forestry resources. However, as with any energy source, the fiscal aspects of wood-based renewable biomass need to be thoroughly evaluated. Understanding the economic viability, cost-effectiveness, and potential financial benefits associated with biomass energy systems is crucial for their widespread adoption. This research aims to delve into the fiscal considerations surrounding wood-based renewable biomass, exploring its economic feasibility, investment potential, and impact on local economies. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal aspects, we can inform policymakers, investors, and energy stakeholders about the financial implications of transitioning to a wood-based renewable biomass energy system. This research seeks to shed light on the economic viability of such systems, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges they present, and ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable and economically sound energy solutions for the future

Exploring the fiscal potential of wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source has several significant benefits and aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). Here's an outline of their significance:

Overall, exploring the fiscal potential of wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source not only helps address climate change and promote sustainable forest management but also creates economic opportunities and improves energy access. By aligning with UN SDGs, it contributes to a sustainable and inclusive future.

Figure 2, the analysis of the steps that was involved in achieving the topic of exploring the fiscal potential of wood-based renewable biomass as an energy source, specifically focusing on literature reviews, interviews, analyses, and calculations, as well as the content on wood-based biofuels in Nigeria:

We consider wood-based biofuels in Nigeria specifically, it becomes important to analyze the country's biomass resources, such as the availability of forestry and agricultural residues, and the potential for sustainable feedstock production. Assessing the existing policy frameworks, market demand, and infrastructure for biofuel production and distribution in Nigeria is also significant.

Figure 2: The Biomass Circle This figure represents the concept of a circular economy for biomass. It highlights the cyclical nature of biomass energy, from the initial production of biomass to its conversion into useful energy and the subsequent recycling or reuse of byproducts. The figure emphasizes the importance of closing the loop and maximizing the efficiency of biomass utilization.

The figure the flow of wood-based biomass in a circular fashion, highlighting the various stages and processes involved in utilizing biomass as an energy source. 1. Lumber industry: This refers to the initial stage where trees are harvested and processed for lumber or other wood products. It signifies the starting point of the biomass supply chain. 2. Wood residue: As a byproduct of the lumber industry, wood residues such as sawdust, wood chips, or bark are generated. These residues can be collected and used as a valuable biomass feedstock for further energy production. 3. Transport: This stage represents the transportation of the wood residues from the lumber industry to the next stage in the biomass energy production process, which could be a pellet factory or another type of biomass processing facility. 4. Pellet factory: At the pellet factory, the collected wood residues are processed and transformed into wood pellets. Wood pellets are a densified form of biomass that can be easily transported, stored, and used in various biomass energy systems. 5. Waste transport: This stage illustrates the transportation of any waste or byproducts generated during the wood pellet production process. Proper management of these waste materials is necessary for environmental sustainability. 6. Biomass power plants: These are the facilities where the wood pellets or other biomass feedstock are utilized to generate energy. Biomass power plants can produce electricity, heat, or both through the combustion or conversion of biomass. The mention of trees in the figure serves as a reminder of the environmental benefits of biomass. Trees capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen. This natural cycle helps to offset the carbon emissions associated with the combustion of biomass, making it a potentially carbon-neutral energy source. In summary, Figure 2 depicts the circular flow of wood-based biomass, starting from the lumber industry and proceeding through the stages of wood residue collection, transport, pellet production, waste management, and utilization in biomass power plants. The inclusion of trees highlights the environmental aspect of biomass, emphasizing its potential to mitigate carbon emissions and contribute to a sustainable energy system.

Figure 3: Biomass Energy Plant This figure depicts a biomass energy plant, showcasing the various components and processes involved in converting wood-based renewable biomass into energy. It provides a visual representation of the equipment and systems used, such as biomass boilers, turbines, and generators. The figure helps us visualize the infrastructure required for biomass energy production., Figure 3 represents a Biomass Energy Plant. Here's an explanation of the various elements in the figure for easy understanding: 1. Storage Tank: This is a container used to store biomass feedstock, such as wood chips, agricultural residues, or dedicated energy crops. The storage tank ensures a continuous supply of biomass for the energy plant. 2. Gas Holder: The gas holder is a component that stores the biogas produced during the anaerobic digestion process. Biogas is generated by breaking down organic materials in the absence of oxygen and can be used as a fuel for electricity generation or heat production. 3. Screw Feeder: A screw feeder is a device used to deliver biomass feedstock from the storage tank to the anaerobic digester. It ensures a controlled and consistent flow of biomass into the system. 4. Secondary Digester: The secondary digester is a vessel or tank where further digestion of organic matter takes place. It helps to maximize the gas production by providing an additional stage for the breakdown of biomass and the production of biogas. 5. Agitator: An agitator is a mechanical device used to mix and stir the contents within the digester. It helps in maintaining optimal conditions for the anaerobic digestion process by ensuring uniform distribution of biomass and promoting the contact between bacteria and organic matter. 6. Digester: The digester is the main component of the biomass energy plant where the anaerobic digestion process occurs. It is a sealed vessel where organic materials, such as biomass feedstock, undergo decomposition by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This process results in the production of biogas, which primarily consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). 7. Cogeneration Unit: A cogeneration unit, also known as a combined heat and power (CHP) system, is an energy conversion system that utilizes the produced biogas to generate both electricity and heat simultaneously. Cogeneration improves overall energy efficiency by utilizing the waste heat generated during electricity generation for other purposes, such as heating or cooling. In summary, Figure 3 illustrates the components and processes involved in a Biomass Energy Plant. It starts with biomass feedstock being stored in a tank and delivered to an anaerobic digester via a screw feeder. The anaerobic digestion takes place in the digester, where organic matter is broken down by microorganisms, resulting in the production of biogas. The biogas is stored in a gas holder before being utilized in a cogeneration unit for the simultaneous generation of electricity and heat.

Based on the findings of this study, it is crucial to assess the moisture content of wood-based biomass at various stages of the supply chain. The typical wood biomass supply chain encompasses the following steps: 1) harvesting, 2) local transportation of wood, 3) local storage and drying of wood, 4) chipping, 5) conveying woodchips to the place of consumption, 6) optional thermal drying, and 7) burning. By evaluating the moisture content at each of these points, stakeholders can effectively manage the economic implications associated with moisture in wood biomass. Optimal moisture management throughout the supply chain plays a vital role in enhancing combustion efficiency, minimizing transportation costs, and maximizing the economic viability of utilizing wood-based biomass for energy generation. Proper harvesting techniques, efficient local transportation, and effective storage and drying methods are essential in reducing moisture content and ensuring the quality of the biomass. Additionally, optional thermal drying can further enhance the combustion efficiency and overall performance of the wood-based biomass. By implementing strategies that address moisture-related challenges, stakeholders can optimize the supply chain and contribute to the sustainable and economically viable use of wood biomass as a renewable energy resource. This is particularly significant in the context of Nigeria's commitment to increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources. Continued research, collaboration among industry experts, and the implementation of best practices are essential for refining and improving the results of the wood biomass supply chain. By doing so, stakeholders can contribute to a more sustainable and efficient energy generation process while maximizing the economic benefits for Nigeria. In addition to the collection of stubs and branches from conventional logging, the biomass of harvested wood may not be sufficient to meet the demands for wood biomass. As a result, additional measures, such as the distinct thinning of woodlands, may be necessary. The thinning of forests for biomass harvesting not only provides a supplemental source of wood biomass but also brings about a positive side effect—an improvement in the growth of the forests themselves. Thinning involves the selective removal of trees or vegetation to create spacing and reduce competition among trees. This process allows the remaining trees to have access to more resources, including sunlight, water, and nutrients, resulting in improved growth and overall forest health. Thinning also serves as a forest management practice by promoting biodiversity, reducing the risk of forest fires, and enhancing the resilience of the ecosystem. By incorporating the thinning of forests into the biomass harvesting process, stakeholders can ensure a sustainable and balanced approach. This method not only meets the demands for wood biomass but also contributes to the long-term health and productivity of the forests. It aligns with the principles of sustainable forestry management, which seek to maximize the ecological, social, and economic benefits of forest resources. Implementing thinning practices as part of the wood biomass supply chain can have positive environmental impacts while supporting the renewable energy goals of Nigeria. It is essential to consider the specific ecological characteristics of the forests and engage in responsible and well-planned thinning activities to maintain the integrity and biodiversity of the ecosystems. The amount of moisture present during harvesting is unaffected by the harvester's efforts and is always high. Because of this, it is not possible to measure the amount of moisture present throughout the harvesting process.

The cut wood needs to be stacked into manageable sections before it can be transported within the immediate area.

It is not possible to measure the amount of moisture present during motions that are local.

Reducing the amount of moisture in the wood is best accomplished by first storing it locally and then drying it. This stage is quite inexpensive. Once the wood has been collected, it is either hauled, put into larger heaps, and left to air dry for at least three summer months or for an extended period of time overall. These bigger piles are located in areas that are reachable by larger trucks for the purpose of subsequent delivery to a power plant. A tarpaulin is used to cover the huge heaps in order to promote more efficient air drying. Additionally, there must be adequate ventilation below the pile in order for it to be considered complete. The construction of the pile ensures that any precipitation will flow off of it. The moisture content of the wood must be reduced to a point where it can be burned as fuel before this step can be considered complete. However, because there are so many heaps that need to be measured, traditional methods of moisture assessment are not frequently organized. It does not appear that the advantages of measures outweigh the disadvantages. Should the process of air drying be carried out appropriately, the level of moisture is anticipated to be satisfactory.

At the location, there are plans in place to chip wood for local storage and drying. The chipping machine sends the chips straight to the waiting trucks for transport. When it comes to the burning process, one of the most crucial parameters to consider is the moisture level of the wood chips. In addition, a high percentage of moisture contributes to a rise in the needless expenditures of transporting water. During chipping, however, moisture content is often not monitored since it is not relevant to the process.

Transporting wood chips often involves the use of vehicles that have weight-based maximum load constraints of up to 38 tonnes. The capacity of each truck is between 100 and 140 m3. The amount of moisture present has a considerable bearing on the expenses of transportation.

After it has been transported, wood bio-mass may be dried using thermal methods if there is affordable extra energy available. The best time of year to perform this kind of drying is during the summer, when there is a surplus of energy available from various industrial activities. During the colder months, it makes more sense to put this surplus of energy toward heating homes in the surrounding area. However, thermal drying is often not done since the burning procedures are typically optimized to use wood bio-mass with a moderate moisture content. This means that wood bio-mass with a moderate moisture content can be burned.

Burning methods are generally optimized to make use of wood bio-mass that has a moisture content of between 40 and 50 percent. Normal procedures for controlling moisture content involve analyzing samples collected from incoming cargoes of wood chip material. Because the analysis of moisture takes around twelve hours, the feedback mechanism is quite sluggish from the point of view of the burning processes. On the other hand, the creation of quick online measurement systems is now underway.

Equation (1) used to determine the fuel value of wood Where,

LHV is the lower heating value.

LHVa is the lower heating value on arrival

LHVd is the lower heating value for dry wood.

M is the moisture content on arrival

Hvap is the enthalpy of vaporisation = 2.442MJ/Kg.

The lower heating value (LHV) of a fuel refers to the amount of heat energy released when the fuel undergoes complete combustion. In the context of wood, LHVA represents the lower heating value on arrival, which takes into account the moisture content of the wood when it arrives at its intended destination.

The term LHVD in the equation represents the lower heating value for dry wood. This value refers to the heat energy released when one unit of completely dry wood is burned. Dry wood typically has a very low moisture content, usually around 0-5%

Now, let's focus on the term (1-M) in the equation. M represents the moisture content on arrival, expressed as a percentage. When wood is harvested or transported, it often contains a certain amount of moisture. The term (1-M) calculates the dry weight fraction of the wood. For example, if the moisture content is 10%, the dry weight fraction would be 1 - 0.10 = 0.90, indicating that 90% of the weight of the wood consists of dry material

The second part of the equation involves the enthalpy of vaporization (Hvap). This term represents the amount of heat energy required to convert one kilogram of water into vapor. In the context of wood, it signifies the heat energy needed to evaporate the moisture present in the wood. The value 2.442 MJ/kg is the specific enthalpy of vaporization for water, which is a constant value.

Multiplying the enthalpy of vaporization (Hvap) by the moisture content (M) gives the heat energy required to vaporize the moisture in the wood. By subtracting this from the lower heating value for dry wood (LHVD), the equation accounts for the heat loss due to the evaporation of moisture during combustion.

In summary, equation (1) allows for the adjustment of the lower heating value of wood by considering the moisture content. It calculates the lower heating value on arrival (LHVA) by subtracting the heat energy required to evaporate the moisture from the lower heating value for dry wood (LHVD). This equation is important for accurately assessing the fuel value and energy potential of wood as it takes into account the moisture content, which can significantly affect the available heat energy during combustion.

In actuality, the elements of wood that burn are coal and hydrogen. In the same way that the moisture absorbed in the input wood results in a lower overall efficiency when hydrogen burns, water is produced when hydrogen burns. This requires energy for vaporization. A common value is LHV D = 19.4 MJ/kg, according to Johnic green renewable energy. The computations employ this value, which takes into account this phenomenon.

Table 1 summarizes how moisture affects the actual fuel value of wood. Equation (1) has been used to calculate the values in Table 1 in the manner previously indicated. The term "well-dried" refers to wood with a moisture content of less than 30 w-%.

The relationship between moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the total weight (W-%), and the lower heating value (LHVa) of the fuel in terms of megajoules per kilogram (MJ/Kg). The table shows the progressive decrease in fuel value as moisture content increases. At a moisture content of 30% (W-%), the fuel's lower heating value is 14.9 MJ/Kg (LHVa). This indicates that for every kilogram of fuel, there is a release of 14.9 megajoules of energy when combusted. As the moisture content increases to 35% (W-%), the lower heating value decreases to 13.8 MJ/Kg (LHVa), representing a reduction in fuel value. At 40% (W-%) moisture content, the lower heating value further decreases to 12.8 MJ/Kg (LHVa). This reduction in energy content is attributed to the presence of additional moisture, which requires energy to evaporate during combustion, consequently reducing the available energy released. As moisture content continues to rise to 45% (W-%), the lower heating value decreases to 11.7 MJ/Kg (LHVa). The increased moisture content leads to a further decrease in the available energy content of the fuel, making it less efficient and valuable for energy generation. When the moisture content reaches 50% (W-%), the lower heating value drops to 10.6 MJ/Kg (LHVa). This substantial decrease in energy content highlights the significant impact that moisture has on the overall fuel value. Higher moisture content not only reduces the available energy but also increases the energy required for moisture evaporation during combustion. At the highest moisture content in the table, 55% (W-%), the lower heating value is reduced to 9.5 MJ/Kg (LHVa). This emphasizes the substantial negative effect of excessive moisture on the fuel's energy content. As moisture content increases, the energy potential of the fuel diminishes significantly, thereby impacting its efficiency and overall value as an energy source. This table's results illustrate the importance of minimizing moisture content in fuel sources to maximize energy efficiency. By ensuring lower moisture levels, the available energy content of the fuel can be preserved, leading to more effective and efficient energy generation processes.

Table 2 provides an estimate of the number of truckloads of wood chips needed to produce the 30 000 GWh/a for wood bio-mass that is the national energy production objective. The calculations take into account the fuel values (LHV A) for biomass made from wood at various moisture percentages, as shown in Table 1. The calculations make use of a 40-ton weight assumption for a truck load. The quantity of additional dry wood needed to offset the detrimental effects of moisture is referred to as "additional wood%." The additional truck loads needed to deliver the extra timber are the additional loads. Using equation (2), one may determine how many truck loads are necessary.

The quantity of truck loads may be calculated by dividing the total energy capacity of 25,000 gigawatt-hours (GWh) by the lower heating value of the fuel (LHVA) converted to megajoules per megawatt-hour (MJ/MWh), and then dividing that by 3.6

Table 2 showcases the relationship between moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the total weight (W-%), the additional percentage of wood required (% Additional -wood), the number of truck loads required (# Loads of truck), and the percentage increase in the number of truck loads (% Additional truck loads). At a moisture content of 30% (W-%) and no additional wood required, the table indicates that 194,467 truck loads are necessary. This serves as the baseline for comparison as moisture content increases and additional wood is introduced. As the moisture content rises to 35% (W-%), a 1% increase in additional wood is necessary. This leads to 210,148 truck loads, representing a 9% increase compared to the baseline. When the moisture content reaches 40% (W-%), a 4% increase in additional wood is required. Consequently, the number of truck loads increases to 219,741, representing a 20% increase compared to the baseline. At 45% (W-%) moisture content, an additional 6% of wood is needed, resulting in 251,142 truck loads. This represents a 32% increase in the number of truck loads compared to the baseline. When the moisture content reaches 50% (W-%), an additional 8% of wood is required. This leads to a substantial increase in the number of truck loads, totaling 278,654. The percentage increase in the number of truck loads compared to the baseline is 47%. At the highest moisture content in the table, 55% (W-%), an additional 10% of wood is needed. Consequently, the number of truck loads required increases to 304,252, representing a 65% increase compared to the baseline. The data in Table 2 demonstrates the significant impact of moisture content on the quantity of wood and corresponding truck loads required. As moisture content increases, the additional wood needed to compensate for the moisture also increases, resulting in a higher number of truck loads. This emphasizes the importance of managing moisture levels to optimize transportation and logistics efficiency. Proper moisture control can help minimize the additional wood needed and subsequently reduce the number of truck loads, leading to potential cost savings and improved transportation logistics for wood-based biomass

Table 3 showcases the incremental yearly transportation expenses required to meet the country's energy output target due to elevated moisture levels in wood biomass. It is important to note that, according to Johnic Green Renewable Energy (2022), a 40-ton truck typically receives a compensation of #2,000 /km. Assuming an average transit route of 80 km, the cost of a truckload would amount to 2 * 80 km * #2000/km, resulting in a total of #320,000,00. By considering these transportation costs in relation to the moisture content of the wood biomass, stakeholders can better understand the economic implications and plan accordingly. Optimal moisture management throughout the supply chain can minimize these additional expenses and contribute to the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of utilizing wood biomass for energy generation. It is worth mentioning that while this example illustrates the cost calculation for a truckload, additional factors such as the number of truckloads required and the specific transportation logistics need to be considered for a comprehensive analysis. These considerations will aid in developing strategies to optimize transportation costs and improve the economic viability of wood biomass as a renewable energy resource.

Table 3 further provides insights into the price of additional raw materials required to compensate for moisture and meet the country's energy production targets. The estimates presented in the table are based on a pricing level of #20,000,00 /MWh for raw materials. To calculate the extra expenditure for raw materials, equation (3) can be utilized, taking into account the moisture content and its impact on energy production. By factoring in the costs associated with obtaining additional raw materials, stakeholders can gain a comprehensive understanding of the economic implications of moisture in wood biomass. This analysis allows for informed decision-making and the development of strategies to optimize raw material procurement and minimize expenses. It's important to note that equation (3) provides a tool for estimating the extra expenditure, but specific calculations may vary depending on the unique circumstances of each situation. By utilizing this equation alongside Table 3, stakeholders can accurately assess the financial impact of moisture content and devise effective approaches to achieve the country's energy production targets efficiently.

Additional cost: Additional cost for raw material National goal: 30,,000 GWh LHVA: The lower heating value on arrival (fuel value) Additional wood %: Additional dry wood required (from Table 2) Price level: #20,000.00/MWh"

Table 3 displays the relationship between moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the total weight (W-%), the additional transportation costs, the additional cost for raw materials, and the total additional cost. At a moisture content of 30% (W-%), there are no additional transportation costs or additional costs for raw materials, resulting in a total additional cost of 0. As the moisture content increases to 35% (W-%), there is a 6% increase in transportation costs and a corresponding 7% increase in raw material costs. The total additional cost amounts to 13. At 40% (W-%) moisture content, the additional transportation costs rise to 12%, while the additional cost for raw materials increases to 15%. The total additional cost reaches 27. When the moisture content reaches 45% (W-%), the additional transportation costs rise further to 19%, and the additional cost for raw materials increases to 24%. This leads to a total additional cost of 43. At 50% (W-%) moisture content, the additional transportation costs increase to 27%, and the additional cost for raw materials rises to 34%. The total additional cost reaches 63. At the highest moisture content in the table, 55% (W-%), there is a substantial increase in both the additional transportation costs and the additional cost for raw materials. The transportation costs rise to 39%, while the cost for raw materials increases to 49%. The total additional cost reaches 88. The data in Table 3 demonstrates the impact of moisture content on transportation costs and raw material costs. As the moisture content increases, the additional transportation costs and the cost for raw materials also increase, resulting in a higher total additional cost. Proper moisture control is essential to minimize these additional costs. By reducing moisture content, transportation costs can be optimized due to the decreased weight and volume of the material. Moreover, lower moisture content reduces the need for additional raw materials, which can help lower costs and improve overall economic efficiency. Understanding and managing moisture content in the supply chain is crucial for minimizing additional costs associated with transportation and raw materials. By implementing effective moisture control strategies, such as proper drying techniques and storage practices, businesses can mitigate these additional expenses and improve their overall financial performance.

The actual amount of moisture ranges from 35 to 50 percentage percent. According to Table 3, the total extra expenditures for moisture content of 50 w% are 55 M more than those for 35 w%. The largest potential effect of moisture in Nigeria is 55 M. Using the market price of 20,000,00/MWh for wood bio-mass, the market value for the national target of 30 000 GWh is 500 M. The calculations therefore demonstrate that, contrary to popular belief, the importance of moisture is only 10% of the overall market value of wood biomass.

Moisture measurement is crucial for process optimization since raw material moisture content affects burning. It would be beneficial to develop measurement methods that would make it possible to monitor moisture levels in real time. There are many actors involved in the supply chain. The cost of raw materials among actors depends on the amount of moisture of the wood.

The figure represents the components and processes involved in a biomass gasification power plant system, which converts biomass into syngas (synthetic gas) that can be used to generate electricity or heat. 1. Boiler: The boiler is a crucial component where the biomass feedstock, such as wood chips or agricultural residues, is combusted or burned. It produces heat that is used to generate steam. 2. Syngas Ignition Chamber: The syngas ignition chamber is where the syngas produced from biomass gasification is ignited and burned. This combustion process releases thermal energy. 3. Economizer: The economizer is a heat exchanger that recovers waste heat from the flue gas. It preheats the feedwater or air, improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. 4. 2 Gasifiers: Gasifiers are reactors where the biomass feedstock is converted into syngas through a thermochemical process called gasification. Gasification involves subjecting the biomass to high temperatures and limited oxygen supply to produce a mixture of combustible gases, primarily carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), along with other trace gases. 5. Stack: The stack, also known as a chimney, is a vertical structure that releases the exhaust gases and smoke from the combustion process safely into the atmosphere. 6. ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator): The electrostatic precipitator is an emission control device that removes particulate matter or fly ash from the flue gas. It helps reduce air pollution and ensures compliance with environmental regulations. 7. Syngas: Syngas refers to the mixture of gases, primarily carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), produced during biomass gasification. It is a valuable energy source for power generation or other industrial processes. 8. Fuel Handling System: The fuel handling system is responsible for the storage, handling, and delivery of the biomass feedstock to the gasifiers. It ensures a consistent and controlled supply of biomass for the gasification process. In summary, Figure 5 illustrates the key elements of a biomass gasification power plant system. It includes components such as the boiler, syngas ignition chamber, economizer, gasifiers, stack, ESP, and fuel handling system. The system converts biomass into syngas through the gasification process, which is then utilized for power generation, producing electricity or heat.

The figure represents the interconnected processes and components involved in the generation of biomass through solar energy, specifically focusing on the relationship between bioenergy, photosynthesis, and key elements such as water, glucose, radiant energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen. 1. Bioenergy: Bioenergy refers to the energy derived from biomass, which is organic matter such as plants, crops, or agricultural residues. Biomass can be converted into biofuels or used directly for various energy purposes. 2. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy. It occurs in the presence of chlorophyll and involves the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the release of oxygen (O2). 3. Water: Water is one of the essential components for photosynthesis. It is absorbed by plants through their roots and transported to the leaves, where it plays a crucial role in the conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy. 4. Glucose: Glucose is a simple sugar produced during photosynthesis. It serves as a primary source of energy for plants and is utilized in various metabolic processes. 5. Radiant energy: Radiant energy refers to the energy carried by electromagnetic waves, particularly in the form of sunlight. It is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis, driving the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. 6. Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide is a gas present in the atmosphere and is crucial for photosynthesis. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and use it as a raw material in the process of converting radiant energy into chemical energy. 7. Oxygen: Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and is released into the atmosphere. It plays a critical role in supporting life and serves as the primary component for respiration. In summary, Figure 6 illustrates the relationship between solar energy, bioenergy, and photosynthesis. It highlights the key elements involved, including water, glucose, radiant energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Photosynthesis, driven by radiant energy, converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, which contributes to the biomass formation. The understanding of these processes is essential in harnessing solar energy and utilizing biomass as a renewable and sustainable source of energy

Nigeria's commitment to increasing the utilization of wood biomass aligns with global efforts to enhance the use of renewable energy sources. However, the moisture content in wood biomass plays a significant role in both its combustion efficiency and transportation feasibility. This study takes a comprehensive approach by considering each step of the wood biomass supply chain, including wood acquisition, drying, transportation, and burning. By conducting calculations and economic analysis, the monetary impact of moisture content in different segments of the supply chain is examined. The findings highlight the importance of managing moisture content effectively to optimize the economic viability of wood biomass. Planned air drying emerges as a cost-effective solution to reduce transportation expenses and enhance combustion efficiency. Large-scale power plants can benefit from utilizing air-dried wood biomass with a moisture content ranging from 18% to 36% by weight. By implementing strategies that address moisture-related challenges, Nigeria can harness the full potential of wood biomass as a renewable energy resource. This not only supports the country's sustainable energy goals but also contributes to the global transition towards cleaner and greener energy sources. Continued research and collaboration among stakeholders are essential to further refine and implement moisture management practices in the wood biomass supply chain. Through these efforts, Nigeria can pave the way for a more sustainable and economically viable utilization of wood biomass for energy generation. this study provides valuable insights into the chain of distribution for wood-based biomass, encompassing several crucial steps. These steps include harvesting, local transportation of the wood, local storage and drying of the wood, chipping, conveying the woodchips to the place of use, optional thermal drying, and combustion. Understanding and optimizing each step in the wood biomass distribution chain is essential for ensuring the economic viability and sustainability of utilizing wood-based biomass for energy generation. Moisture content, as examined in this study, emerges as a key factor that significantly affects the efficiency and cost-effectiveness throughout this chain. Efforts to improve the distribution process should focus on implementing efficient harvesting techniques, optimizing local transportation to reduce costs and environmental impact, and employing effective storage and drying methods to minimize moisture content. Additionally, considering optional thermal drying can further enhance the combustion efficiency of the wood biomass. By addressing these aspects, stakeholders in Nigeria's wood biomass industry can enhance the overall economics and feasibility of utilizing this renewable energy source. Furthermore, these findings can contribute to the global understanding of optimizing wood biomass distribution chains and promoting sustainable practices in the renewable energy sector. It is vital to continue research and collaboration among researchers, industry experts, and policymakers to further refine and implement best practices in the distribution of wood-based biomass. This will facilitate the realization of Nigeria's commitment to renewable energy and foster a greener and more sustainable energy future. In further exploration, the findings of this study reveal that when supplied to a power plant, wood biomass typically contains a moisture level ranging from 30 to 45% by weight (w%). The research indicates that utilizing wood biomass with a moisture content of 45% w% instead of 30% w% results in a significant increase in yearly expenditures for moisture content in Nigeria, amounting to approximately $50 million more. Transportation costs contribute prominently to this rise, as the increased moisture content adds weight and bulk to the biomass, necessitating more resources for transportation. The higher moisture content also leads to a deterioration of burning efficiency, accounting for the remaining portion of the increased expenses. To mitigate these economic challenges, it becomes crucial for stakeholders to focus on optimizing moisture management strategies throughout the wood biomass supply chain. This may involve implementing advanced drying techniques, such as planned air drying or optional thermal drying, to reduce moisture content before transportation and combustion. By addressing these factors, including transportation costs and burning efficiency, Nigeria can effectively manage the economic implications associated with moisture content in wood biomass. This will contribute to the country's commitment to utilizing renewable energy sources and foster a sustainable and economically viable biomass energy sector. Continued research, collaboration among industry stakeholders, and the implementation of efficient moisture management practices are essential for realizing these benefits. Additionally, policymakers can consider incentivizing and supporting initiatives that promote the adoption of optimal moisture content in wood biomass, resulting in a more sustainable and cost-effective energy generation process. The overall market value of wood biomass will be $500 million when the country reaches its bioenergy objective. The calculations therefore demonstrate that, contrary to popular belief, the importance of moisture is only 10% of the overall market value of wood biomass.

Bioenergy players should be aware that only tiny power plants, which are unable to use moist raw materials, may truly benefit from wood moisture. Larger power plants may normally use air-dried wood-based biomass with moisture contents of 30% to 50 w%. The moisture content should, however, stay at a fairly steady level. Monitoring the amount of moisture continuously would make it easier to optimize the combustion process. The easiest and least expensive way to reduce the cost of transportation and increase combustion is through well organized drying with air.