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A Collusion attack prevention (CAP) scheme for securing Mobile Adhoc Network

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20 December 2023

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22 December 2023

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Abstract
Due to the advancement and availability of internet in present age, device tend to become wireless as well. Mobile ad-hoc network is a wireless environment that consist of advanced agility of nodes and does not contain on any central administrative authority. As it does not contain any central administrative authority so being wireless environment, the network is vulnerable to security threats and suffers in performance as well. Security of MANET is the core issue in this era, meanwhile the data is sent over untrustworthy network. Several techniques were proposed to secure data over Mobile Adhoc Network though cryptography that is one of the most reliable techniques to protect data. In our proposed methodology a Secure Cryptographic technique for Mobile Adhoc Networks (SCTMA) we proposed A Collusion attack prevention (CAP) scheme with ElGamal key generator along with DNA encryption Algorithm is used to make it more secure. The proposed scheme protects the network against collusion attacks and improves the performance as well. Performance analysis will be measured on the basis of key generation time, response time, encryption time and decryption time. The proposed scheme also protects the network against collusion attacks.
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Subject: Computer Science and Mathematics  -   Computer Networks and Communications

1. Introduction

A mobile ad hoc network is a independent group of mobile devices (laptops, smart phones, sensors, etc.) that are unified with each other over wireless connections and collaborate in a scattered mode to perform the essential network functionalities in the absence of an immovable structure. In MANET mobile devices are connected to each other within their range and communicate to each other to exchange data and information between each other’s.
Security is the major concern in the communication channel in MANET technology. Attacker attacks on the network with the intention to destroy information or to hack the information. It is a serious concern for big organizations, military departments and educational institutes that have private information about departments. To provide enough security in MANET Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (EAACK) scheme was proposed [1] that further consists of three more schemes: ACK, SACK, and MRA. All techniques uses acknowledgement packets with data to provide more security while transmitting message over the network. All these schemes are acknowledgement packet based so it makes easy for the attacker to invade the security hence making the scheme vulnerable. In [2], to provide better security author proposed a Curve Based Cryptography scheme with CBSDV routing protocol for authentication of valid nodes. In CBSDV scheme, the data of every system ingoing a network or outgoing from the network are retained by the Credibility Check Table (CCT) and update automatically. CBSDV using curve-based cryptography scheme for encryption that is attacked by collusion attacks. An overview of collusion attack is shown in Figure 2:in this paper a secure encryption scheme with ElGamal key Generator is proposed to protect the MANET against collusion attack. To make it more secure we are used DNA encryption algorithm as well.
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Figure 1. Shows an overview of MANET.
Figure 1. Shows an overview of MANET.
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Figure 2. Overview of Collision Attack.
Figure 2. Overview of Collision Attack.
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The proposed scheme protects the network against collusion attacks and provides better performance by reducing the encryption and decryption with key generation time.

1.1. Novelty of Work

  • A much more interesting attack known as collision attack is prevented through a simple and efficient CAP algorithm.
  • A secured CAP algorithm is simple and comfortable in terms of cost and time consumption.

1.2. Contribution of Work

  • Proposed technique is tested over various input sizes to analyze security level.
  • Multiple literature techniques are collected and compared with the proposed CAP algorithm in terms of time consumption.

1.3. Organization

The rest of the paper is organized as: unit 2 describes literature review, unit 3 describes proposed methodology, whereas unit 4 explains result analysis, and in unit 5 conclusion is provided.

2. Literature Review

Data security is the main concern in Mobile Adhoc Networks. There are so many vulnerabilities to destroy the security of Mobile Adhoc networks. A detailed literature review is discussed here, where various techniques that have been studied explained. Figure 3 illustrates an overview of all techniques that will be discussed below:
In this paper [1] researchers used hashing functions for secure encryption. In this research [2] the researcher proposed EAACK and it includes ACK, SACK and MAR schemes. It is concluded that collusion is not found in the network when hash functions are used [3]. SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) shows that slide attacks occur on Hash function. In research [4], researchers proposed EAACK technique which is the combination of SHA and DSA and it is also vulnerable to slide attacks. In [5], an evaluation of Boolean function is used to prove that differential attack can occur if SHA-3 is used. In [6], the researchers proposed a methodology by using Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) based key generation that suffer from birthday attack and computation cost is also very high using CRT technique.. In [7], authors showed that the birthday attacks have easily occurred on CRT technique when the private and public key is very small. It has also shown that CRT can be broken down easily. In [8], the researchers proposed a technique by using CRT). Researcher briefly describes in [9] that Chinese remainder theorem based techniques suffer from vulnerabilities of computationally hiding commitments. In this research [10] researcher proposed a lightweight Elliptic curve based cryptography scheme for the security of nodes in MANET. ECC is an efficient technique for security issue. it is noticed that collision search attack possible to occur on the proposed procedure and study has verified to reduce the time of breaking ECC in [11]. In this research [12] researcher proposed Distributed Public key Infrastructure using Shamir Secret Sharing methodology which permits the nodes to share their private key among other nodes in MANET. Communication is done by using the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA). The TEA can be infected by key equivalence attack [12]. This attack is done by using a known plain/cipher text pair of any unknown key (K). In the proposed methodology researchers also used the Diffie Hellman Key exchange algorithm which is less secured, because it has low-security performance that is verified/proven by the researchers in [13]. In paper [14], the researchers proposed a new technique, recognized as QOS secure encryption (QASEC), to reach better throughput by securing end-to-end communication in MANETs. In paper [15] researchers focused on secure intrusion detection system using RSA to provide security to physical devices in mobile ad hoc networks against attackers. However, RSA has some drawbacks[16]. RSA algorithm is attackable by some sort of mathematical attacks, small private key attacks, small public key attacks, implementation attacks, and elementary attack. In [17], researchers concentrate on some malicious activities in Manet. They proposed an Adaptive Approach Detection using KDS with a shuffling algorithm. This scheme minimizes the effect of key management-based authority certificates and minimizes acceptance level without disturbing the nodes. In this paper researchers proposed Cooperative Bait Detection Scheme (CBDS), which has some drawbacks. the drawbacks of CBSD technique were increased computational overhead and reduced efficiency [18]. In [19], researchers proposed a technique named as TRIM in which three nodes are referee nodes. Proposed methodology used hashing function. However, it is concluded that it is difficult to find collusion and slide attacks in the network while using hash function [3]. In [20], researchers proposed a new cryptography scheme that is Letter to Shape Encryption for providing security among nodes in the Manet. This method exchanges different shapes for letters in a message that will be transmitted. This scheme is harmless in contradiction of man in the middle attack. Researcher proved in [21], that this technique has too much simpler algorithm, the attacker can easily break the security. Data security in WSN is very difficult due to sensor nodes limited lifetime. An efficient approach for data security in WSN is given in [22]. This research approach gives a decent amount of data security, yet it does not reduce sensor node lifetime. [23] used an efficient genetic based security algorithm with ElGamal key generation method to secure data in WBAN. The Robust Cluster Based Routing Protocol (RCBRP) is described in this study [24] in order to pinpoint the routing paths that use the least amount of energy and so extend the life of the network. For the purpose of examining ow and communication, the design is provided in six phases. We suggest the following two algorithms: (i) an energy-efficient clustering and routing method (and (ii) a distance and energy consumption calculation technique. Clustering the smart devices allows the system to use less energy while balancing the load. With a focus on data security challenges across many clouds, this paper [25] suggests the Proficient Security over Distributed Storage (PSDS) technique. The data is separated into two categories by PSDS: normal and sensitive, with the latter category being further broken into two portions. While the typical data is uploaded on a single cloud in encrypted form, each component is encrypted and dispersed over multiple clouds. Sensitive data is combined from many clouds during the decryption stage. The PSDS has been put to the test against a number of attacks, and it has been determined that it is resistant to related key attacks, pollution attacks, chosen ciphertext attacks, and well-known plain text assaults. Building upon the foundational work laid out in [24,25,26,27,28,29,30], our proposed Collusion Attack Prevention (CAP) scheme for securing Mobile Adhoc Networks represents a significant advancement in the field. The techniques and methodologies introduced in [31,32,33,34] provide a solid basis for understanding the challenges in ad hoc networks, while the innovative approaches outlined in [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59] inform and inspire our design choices for effective collusion attack prevention.

3. Methodology

Security is the major issue in mobile ad hoc network. The communication over mobile ad hoc network, suffer from difficulties against confidential data. Attackers attack on network to destroy data and information. For securing mobile ad hoc network various cryptographic schemes were provided in previous research work. In [2], the researcher proposed acknowledgement packet based scheme with hashing function for securing mobile ad hoc network and it is also proved by the researcher in [3], that while using hash function, it is difficult to find collusion attacks over Manet. Here, the proposed methodology provide security against collusion attacks. An overview of proposed methodology is explained below in Figure 4.

3.1. Encryption Process

In the encryption process, initially data is converted into their ASCII values. Then ASCII values are converted into binary values by binary converter. Then compute the values from S-Box using the binary values as input, resultant values from S-Box are then combined with the generated key values using merge operation. Then applied DNA sequence coding algorithm and converted into cipher text. Figure 5 demonstrates the whole proposed key generation and encryption process, how key will be generated and then how DNA encryption algorithm will be worked to convert plaintext into cipher text.

3.2. Decryption Process

In the decryption process initially DNA sequence coding algorithm applied on cipher text in reverse. Then the resultant values from DNA will be divided into two halves’, the first half’s four bits are extracted from S-Box and then second half’s bits will be extracted from S-Box. Then resultant eight bits will be converted to ASCII values and then converted into plaintext. Figure 6 Briefly describes decryption process of the proposed methodology that how cipher text will be converted into plaintext on the receiving side:

3.3. ElGamal Key Generation Algorithm

There are two types of key generation algorithms, symmetric key generation algorithms and Asymmetric key generation algorithms. In symmetric key generation, only one key value is used for the both encryption side and decryption side. In Asymmetric key generation methods two keys are generated for encryption and decryption processes, one public key and second is private key. Here proposed scheme uses ElGamal key generation algorithm for encryption and decryption processes. ElGamal key generation algorithm is symmetric key generation algorithm. Table 11 consists of all steps of ElGamal key generation algorithm in detail. The algorithm works as it takes 3 public keys and 1 private key p, g an x respectively as prime numbers on the sender node. Node will have to choose values of p, g and x randomly then it will have to calculate the value of Y. The computation formula for y is given. The value of Y will be the key Value K.
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Table 2 consists of all steps of DNA digital coding encryption process. DNA takes 8-bit binary value and first divide them into pairs each consists of two bits 0 and 1. Then from DNA digital sequence table take an Alphabet for each pair and the receiving stream of alphabets called cipher text.
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Substitution-Box is an elementary module of symmetric key algorithms which is used to perform substitution. In block ciphers, they are usually used to unintelligible the relationship between the key and the cipher text that is not understandable by the attacker. S-box takes some input bits, m, and transforms them into some output bits, n, where n is not essentially equal to m. The calculation of m×n S-box can be applied as a lookup table with 2m words of every n bits. Table 13 shows an S-Box, which will be used by the proposed scheme:
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Table 5 has detailed description of all encryption steps of the proposed ‘A CAP (Collusion attack prevention) Cryptography Technique’. The methodology will be works as, it first takes 8-bit plaintext Pt, covert each character/letter into its ASCII value then convert these ASCII values into binary value refer as V. Then take 8-bit k key value generated by ElGamal key generator. System substitutes values of V and K from S-Box and then receiving two set of 4-bit values will be merge as a new 8-bit value. Then system will apply DNA encryption algorithm on the bits to form cipher text. The process will be stopped after this:
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The Table 5 explain the algorithm of encryption.
Step 1: In first step, the system will take character by character from plaintext and then convert into their equivalent ASCII values.
Step 2: Then each ASCII values n converted into Binary values B
Step 3: In step 3 random 8-bit key value K1 is generated using ElGamal key generator.
Step 4: system will take first 4 bits from key value K1 and denotes it by V1 and then apply substitution Box on them.
Step 5: system will take last 4 bits from key value K1 and denotes it by V2 and then apply substitution Box on them.
Step 6: in step 6 the merge operation is applied to combine the values V1 and V2, received by system after Substitution process and give it name as Z
Step 7: In last step system will apply DNA digital coding scheme on values of Z and convert it into Cipher text.
Table 6 consists of decryption process of the proposed methodology. Decryption procedure will be works in reverse of encryption procedure.
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Table 6 explains decryption process. In decryption process the system decrypts the cipher text into original plaintext step by step. Detailed process shown below:
Step 1: In the first step the reverse DNA digital coding scheme will apply on each character of Cipher text. The output will be in 8-bit value.
Step 2: In this step divide operation is applied and 8-bit value will be converted into two equivalent halves of 4-bits V1 and V2.
Step 3: In this step the system extracts values of V1 from S-Box. The output will be in binary numbers.
Step 4: In this step the system extracts values of V2 from S-Box. The output will be in binary numbers.
Step 5: In this step covert the resultant binary values, from step 4, into ASCII values.
Step 6: In last step system converts it into original plaintext and stop processing.

3.4. Math metical Modelling

P is the plaintext which sender wants to transmit over the network. AC denote ASCII converter, equation 1 presents original text conversion in ASCII code.
P → A C   .
Equation 2 shows that Y is temporarily generated variable that store and convert ASCII generated code into binary version.
Y = A C   →   B C
Y1 is the updated variable that applies S-box values over the binary converted data in equation 3.
Y 1 = B C   →   S   b o x
While equation 4, combine s-box generated bits with the key generated by the ElGamal key generation algorithm to make 8-bits of data and store it in Y2.
Y 2 = ( S b o x )   U   ( K )
Y 3 = D N A .
Y 4 = C
Y3 store DNA encoding data which is ciphertext and is denoted with the C which is equal to Y4.

4. Result and Analysis

This unit analyses the results on the bases of encryption time, decryption time, response time and communication time. Results are also studied for some security perspectives
Computational Time:
Computational time is the total amount of time taken by an algorithm to complete a specific amount of time. The table explains the time of key generation, response time, encryption time and decryption time for altered lengths and sizes of data:
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4.1. Encryption Time Complexity

Encryption time means the time taken to convert plaintext into the cipher text during communication over the network. The encryption time consumed by the proposed scheme is shown in Figure 7 below for different length of data. The time is shown in seconds.

4.2. Decryption Time Complexity

Decryption is the time required to convert cipher text into plain text. The encryption time taken by the proposed technique is shown in Figure 8 below for different data size. The time is shown in seconds.

4.3. ElGamal Key Generation Algorithm

The key generation time is the time which is taken by the algorithm for the generation of secret key while communication, on networks. The Figure 9 shows the key generation time of the proposed scheme:

4.4. Comparative Analysis

The proposed CAP scheme is compared with existing Algorithms [1,4,15] on the basis of encryption and decryption time. The encryption time of the proposed scheme for the data file size of 10 bytes is 55 second and the decryption time is 45 seconds whereas existing algorithms [1,4,15], were taken 105 second for encryption of the file size of 10 bytes and 67 seconds are taken for decryption. This property will make proposed scheme less time consuming. The comparative results are shown in figures 10 and 11 below:
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Figure 10. Shows Encryption Time Comparison Analysis.
Figure 10. Shows Encryption Time Comparison Analysis.
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Figure 11. Shows Decryption Time Comparison Analysis.
Figure 11. Shows Decryption Time Comparison Analysis.
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4.5. Response Time

The response time is calculated to check how much time taken by the algorithm in communication over the network. In Figure 12, we provided response time of our proposed scheme. The response time increases as the amount of data increases. The values are calculated in seconds.

V. SECURITY

There are several parameters, calculated in order to check the protection of algorithm against multiple attacks. While performing cryptography, several attacks can destroy the network, which requires security mechanisms to protect the Network against these vulnerabilities. In [10], the researcher proposed Elliptic curve cryptography technique which enough security for manet but in another research article [11] the researcher proves that Elliptic curve cryptography technique can be attacked by collusion attack, so here our proposed cryptography technique provides security to manet against collusion attacks.

5.1. Collision Attack

The Collusion attack is kind of network attacks in which a node deliberately makes a private agreement with an attacker. The attacker can collect secret information from the system, and then attacks on the system in sophisticated ways by misusing wrong data inoculation through one or more cooperated node. The proposed CAP (Collusion attack prevention) scheme secures manet against collusion attacks. The situation of collusion attack presented in Figure 13:

5.2. Man-In-Middle Attack

Man-in-the-middle attack contains three actors. There is the attacker, the entity with which the attacker is trying to connect, and the “man in the middle,” who is exploiting the victim’s communications. In Figure 14, a clear picture of how this attack is not conceivable in proposed algorithm is given. Since man in the middle attack is conceivable, whenever the attacker recognized the private conversation between two connecting parties. The present situation is, if the attacker can collect the data being sent between the two parties, the acquired data will be encrypted. The encrypted data can only be decrypted if the key and the encryption algorithm is recognized. Meanwhile the private and the public key theory is used for the generation of keys, it is very tough to recognize the key because the private key is never sent over the network. If the key is not recognized, it becomes very challenging for an illegal person to recover the data. Symmetric key is shared over the network, where the attacker can find the key and can use it to recover the data. On the other side Asymmetric approach does not need the key to be sent above the network, which makes this strategy more protected against man in the middle attack.

5. Conclusions

Previous security schemes are intelligent to identify several security attacks, but they did not analytically detect collusion attack. As proved with the authentic references, some sophisticated collusion attacks can occur in the presence of these schemes. This paper provides the CAP (collusion attack Prevention) technique for the protection of data in mobile ad hoc network. Proposed technique consists of ElGamal key generation scheme and DNA encryption algorithm. It provides 98% better encryption and decryption time as compared to the Base paper (RSA, CBSDV, ECC and Acknowledgement packet based) techniques, also provides enough security for data over mobile ad hoc networks against collusion attacks.

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Figure 3. Overview of techniques.
Figure 3. Overview of techniques.
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Figure 4. Overview of Proposed Methodology.
Figure 4. Overview of Proposed Methodology.
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Figure 5. Overview of Proposed Encryption Technique.
Figure 5. Overview of Proposed Encryption Technique.
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Figure 6. Overview of Proposed Decryption Technique.
Figure 6. Overview of Proposed Decryption Technique.
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Figure 7. Shows an overview of Encryption Time.
Figure 7. Shows an overview of Encryption Time.
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Figure 8. Shows an overview of Decryption Time.
Figure 8. Shows an overview of Decryption Time.
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Figure 9. Shows an overview of Key Generation Time.
Figure 9. Shows an overview of Key Generation Time.
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Figure 12. Shows an overview of CAP Response Time.
Figure 12. Shows an overview of CAP Response Time.
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Figure 13. Shows an overview of Collison Attack.
Figure 13. Shows an overview of Collison Attack.
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Figure 14. Shows an overview of MAN-in-MIDDLE Attack.
Figure 14. Shows an overview of MAN-in-MIDDLE Attack.
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