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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
21 December 2023
Posted:
22 December 2023
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Species (Accepted Name) | Synonyms |
---|---|
Geijera balansae (Baill.) Schinz & Guillaumin | Zanthoxylum balansae |
Geijera cauliflora Baill. |
Dendrosma deplanchei Pancher & Sebert Geijera deplanchei (Pancher & Sebert) Däniker Geijera lateriflora Baill. ex Guillaumin |
Geijera linearifolia (DC.) J.M.Black |
Geijera parviflora var. crassifolia Benth. Eriostemon linearifolius DC. Geijera linearifolia Domin |
Geijera parviflora Lindl. |
Geijera pendula Lindl. Geijera parviflora var. parviflora Lindl. Zanthoxylum australasicum A.Juss. |
Geijera salicifolia Schott |
Geijera salicifolia var. augustifolia Maiden Geijera salicifolia Schott var. salicifolia Geijera salicifolia var. latifolia (Lindl.) Domin Geijera salicifolia var. angustifolia Maiden & Betche Geijera latifolia Lindl. Geijera salicifolia var. typica Domin Geijera floribunda Pancher ex Guillaumin |
Geijera tartarea T.G.Hartley ex Munzinger & Bruy | None |
(Key: G.p - G. parviflora, G.s – G. salicifolia) | ||||
Compound and Exact mass (Da) | Source | Method of identification | Reference | Reported pharmacological activity of compound (various sources) |
1 umbelliferone 162.0316 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | Melting point, IR and 1H NMR | Ritchie et al. 1968 [35] | Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anti-hyperglycaemic, antibacterial, antifungal, inhibition of DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide anion and ABTS radicals, molluscicide, antifeedant, anti-tumour, antimutagenic, fluorescent (sunscreen agent), bone-protective, anti-biofilm [36,37,38] |
2 geiparvarin 326.1154 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
Combustion analysis, chemical derivatization, UV, IR (G.p) IR and 1H NMR (G.s) |
Lahey and MacLeod 1967; Ritchie et al. 1968 [22,35] | Anti-cancer [39,40], monoamine oxidase B inhibitor [41] |
3 auraptene 298.1568 |
G. parviflora (fruit/seeds) | IR and 1H NMR | Dreyer and Lee 1972 [42] | Increases collagen I expression [43], anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, Antileishmanial, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant [44] |
4 marmin 332.1623 |
G. parviflora (fruit/seeds) | IR and 1H NMR | Dreyer and Lee 1972 [42] | No significant anti-inflammatory activity reported [45] |
5 6’-dehydromarmin 330.1467 |
G. parviflora (fruit/seeds) | IR and 1H NMR | Dreyer and Lee 1972 [42] | Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic [12] |
6 2’,3’-dihydrogeiparvarin 328.1310 |
G. parviflora (fruit/seeds) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
IR and 1H NMR | Dreyer and Lee 1972 [42] Padmawinata 1973 [46] |
Anti-cancer [46,47] |
7 G. parviflora (leaves) (R)-6-O-(4-geranyloxy-2-hydroxy) cinnamoylmarmin 630.3193 |
2D NMR | Banbury et al. 2015 [12] | Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory [12] | |
8 parvifloranine A 453.1787 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 2D NMR, ECD and MS | Shou et al. 2013 [48] | Anti-inflammatory [48] |
9 parvifloranine B 455.1692 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 2D NMR, ECD and MS | Shou et al. 2013 [48] | No significant anti-inflammatory activity reported [48] |
10 geijerin 260.1048 |
G. salicifolia (bark) G. parviflora (leaves) |
Chemical derivatization, UV, and IR Melting point, IR and 1H NMR |
Lahey and Wluka 1955 [49] Ritchie et al. 1968 [35] |
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [50] |
11 scoparone 206.0579 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2016 [23] | Antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic and hypolipidemic [51,52] |
12 suberosin 246.1256 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2016 [23] | Anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant [53,54] |
13 dehydrogeijerin 258.0892 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
Chemical derivatization, UV, and IR (G.p) IR and 1H NMR (G.s) |
Lahey and MacLeod 1967; Ritchie et al. 1968 [22,35] | Anti-inflammatory activity, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [50,55] |
14 6-(methoxyl) geiparvarin 356.1260 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 13C and 1H NMR | Banbury et al. 2015 [12] | Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic [12] |
15 osthole 244.1099 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, osteogenic, cardiovascular protective, antimicrobial, antiparasitic [56,57] |
16 angelicin (isopsoralen) 186.0317 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Anti-cancer [58], pro-osteogenic, antiviral, pro-chondrogenic, anti-inflammatory, erythroid differentiating, anti-periodontitis [59] |
17 xanthyletine 228.0786 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Antimicrobial, fungicide [60,61] |
18 luvangetin 258.0892 |
G. balansae (leaves) |
UV, IR, 1H NMR, MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] | Antiulcer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial [62,63] |
19 xanthoxyletin 258.0892 |
G. balansae (bark) |
UV, IR, 1H NMR, MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] | Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, anti-malaria, histone Lysine Methyltransferase G9a inhibitor [64,65] |
(Key: G.b – G. balansae G.p - G. parviflora, G.s – G. salicifolia) | ||||
Compound and Exact mass (Da) | Source | Method of identification |
Reference | Reported pharmacological activity of compound (various sources) |
20 11’-hexadecenoyl anthranilic acid 373.2617 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | HRESI-MS, IR, UV, 13C and 1H NMR | Shou et al. 2014 [66] |
Antibacterial vs Gram positive bacteria [66] |
21 9’-hexadecenoyl anthranilic acid 373.2617 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | HRESI-MS, IR, UV, 13C and 1H NMR | Shou et al. 2014 [66] |
Antibacterial vs Gram positive bacteria [66] |
22 7’-hexadecenoyl anthranilic acid 373.2617 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | HRESI-MS, IR, UV, 13C and 1H NMR | Shou et al. 2014 [66] |
Antibacterial vs Gram positive bacteria [66] |
23 9,12,15-octadecatrienoyl anthranilic acid 383.2460 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | HRESI-MS, IR, UV, 13C and 1H NMR | Shou et al. 2014 [66] |
Did not show significant antibacterial activity [66] |
24 hexadecanoyl anthranilic acid 375.2773 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | HRESI-MS, IR, UV, 13C and 1H NMR | Shou et al. 2014 [66] |
Antibacterial vs Gram positive bacteria [66] |
25 dictamnine 199.2090 |
G. balansae (wood/bark) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular, antiplatelet, antiosteoporosis, anti-anaphylactoid [68] |
26 skimmianine 259.0845 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. balansae (wood/bark) |
IR, melting point (G.s) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) |
Johns and Lamberton 1966; Mitaku et al. 1985 [28,67] |
Anti-inflammatory [69], acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [70], anti-cancer [71] |
27 γ-fagarine 229.0739 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. balansae (wood/bark) |
IR , melting point (G.s) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) |
Johns and Lamberton 1966; Mitaku et al. 1985 [28,67] |
Antileishmanial [72] |
28 platydesmine 259.1208 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. balansae (leaves) |
Melting point, combustion analysis, chemical degradation, IR, UV and 1H NMR (G.s) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) |
Johns and Lamberton 1966; Mitaku et al. 1985 [28,67] |
Antifungal [73] |
29 platydesmine acetate 301.1314 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | Combustion analysis, chemical degradation, IR and 1H NMR | Johns and Lamberton 1966 [67] |
No activity reported to date. |
30 flindersine 227.0946 |
G. parviflora (fruit/seeds) G. balansae (leaves) |
IR and melting point (G.p) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) |
Dreyer and Lee 1972; Mitaku et al. 1985 [28,42] |
Anti-inflammatory [12], collagen III suppression [43] antibacterial, antifungal [74] |
31 4’-hydroxy-3’,4’-dihydroflindersine 245.1052 |
G. balansae (leaves) | Chemical synthesis/derivatization, 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
No activity reported to date. |
32 cis- 3’, 4’- dihydroxy-3’,4’-dihydroflindersine 261.1001 |
G. balansae (leaves) | Chemical synthesis/ derivatization, 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
No activity reported to date. |
33 zanthobungeanine 271.1208 |
G. balansae (leaves) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Leishmanicidal activity on Leishmania Viannia panamensis intracellular amastigotes (EC₅₀: 8.7 µg/ml) and promastigotes (EC₅₀: 14.3 µg/ml), respectively. [75] |
34 8-(methoxyl)-flindersine 257.1052 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | UV, IR, 2D NMR and MS | Banbury et al. 2015 [12] |
No activity reported to date. |
35 N-(acetoxymethyl) flindersine 299.1158 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | UV, IR, 2D NMR and MS | Banbury et al. 2015 [12] |
Anti-inflammatory [12], collagen III suppression [43] |
36 haplaphine 229.1103 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. balansae (bark) |
UV, IR, 2D NMR and MS (G.p) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) |
Banbury et al. 2015; Mitaku et al. 1985 [12,28] |
Anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic [12] |
37 4-methoxy N-methyl-2-quinolone 189.0790 |
G. balansae (bark) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Antimicrobial against MRSA, IC50 8.0 µM [76] |
38 geibalansine 259.1208 |
G. balansae (leaves) | Chemical synthesis/ derivatization, 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Ahond et al. 1979 [27] |
Antispasmodic [77] |
39 O-acetyl geibalansine 301.1314 |
G. balansae (leaves) | Chemical derivatization, 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Ahond et al. 1979 [27] |
No activity reported to date. |
40 geijedimerine 470.2206 |
G. balansae (leaves) | Chemical derivatization, 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
No activity reported to date. |
41 hordenine 165.1154 |
G. balansae (leaves) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Ahond et al. 1979 [27] |
Diuretic, disinfectant, antihypotensive agent. Used for treatment of dysentery. Antifeedant for grasshoppers. [65] |
(Key: G.l – G. linearifolia G.p - G. parviflora, G.s – G. salicifolia) | ||||
Compound and Exact mass (Da) | Source | Method of identification | Reference | Reported pharmacological activity of compound (various sources) |
42 (E)-β-ocimene 136.1252 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Anticonvulsant, antifungal, antitumor, plant pest resistance and attraction of plant pollinators (semiochemical) [79] |
43 (Z)-β-ocimene 136.1252 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS |
Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Anticonvulsant, antifungal, antitumor, plant pest resistance and attraction of plant pollinators (semiochemical) [79] |
44 myrcene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-tumour, antioxidant, psychotropic, antibiotic, antimutagenic [80,81] |
45 limonene 136.1252 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Anxiolytic, anti-carcinogenic [80] |
46 α-terpinene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, sedative [81,82] |
47 γ-terpinene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Antioxidant, antimicrobial, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory [82,83,84] |
48 terpinolene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS |
Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, larvicide, insecticide [82,85] |
49 α-pinene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
Chemical derivatization (G.p) GC-MS (G.s) |
Penfold 1930 [20] Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour [80] |
50 β-pinene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour [80] |
51 camphene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | Chemical derivatization | Penfold 1930 [20] | Antioxidant [86] |
52 sabinene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [87,88] |
53 α-phellandrene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antinociceptive, hyperthermic, promotes immune response, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, fungicide, pesticide [89] |
54 β-phellandrene 136.1252 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, antifungal, expectorant [90,91] |
55 p-cymene 134.1096 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial [92] |
56 citronellyl acetate 196.1619 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Pro-apoptotic activity in HepG2, fungicide, larvicide, bactericide, insect repellent/insecticide, antinociceptive [93] |
57 geranyl acetate 196.1463 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-cancer, antifungal [94,95] |
58 neryl acetate 196.1463 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Fragrance and flavouring agent, strengthens skin barrier function [65,96] |
59 nerol 154.1357 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antimicrobial [97] |
60 geraniol 154.1357 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antimicrobial [97] |
61 linalool 154.1357 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anxiolytic [98], antibacterial [99], anti-inflammatory [100] |
62 α-terpineol 154.1357 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antioxidant, anti-cancer, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, antihypertensive, antinociceptive, enhances skin penetration, insecticidal properties [101] |
63 terpinen-4-ol 154.1357 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-inflammatory [102], antifungal [103], anti-cancer [104,105], antibacterial [106] |
64 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) 154.1357 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-inflammatory [107], antioxidant, analgesic [108], antifungal [103] |
65 camphor 152.1201 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticoccidial, antinociceptive, anti-cancer, antitussive, skin penetration enhancer [109] |
66 borneol 154.1357 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Enhances membrane permeability, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, choleretic, acesodyne, sedative [110,111] |
67 azulene 128.0626 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | Chemical derivatization | Penfold 1930 [20] | Anti-inflammatory [112] |
68 pregeijerene 162.1408 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
Chemical derivatization, degradative analysis, and UV | Jones and Sutherland 1968 [113] | Antifeedant, oviposition deterrence [114] |
69 cogeijerene 162.1408 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
Chemical derivatization, degradative analysis, and UV (G.s) Chemical derivatization, degradative analysis, IR, and UV (G.p) |
Jones and Sutherland 1968 [113] Gough et al. 1961 [115] |
No activity reported to date. |
70 geijerene 162.1408 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
Combustion analysis, chemical derivatization, degradative analysis, IR (G.p) GC-MS (G.s) |
Penfold 1930 [20] Sutherland 1964 [116] Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] |
Antifeedant, oviposition deterrence [114] |
71 viridiflorene (ledene) 204.1878 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antifungal [117] |
72 α-selinene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | No activity reported to date. |
73 β-selinene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | No activity reported to date. |
74 selina-3, 7(11)-diene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | No activity reported to date. |
75 germacrene B 204.1878 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Antimicrobial activity against Gram negative bacteria [118] |
76 germacrene D 204.1878 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] |
Anti proliferative, scavenging activity towards the ABTS radical, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, repels herbivores, attracts pollinators [119,120] |
77 bicyclogermacrene 204.1878 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Larvicidal activity [121] |
78 α-bergamotene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antifeedant [122] |
79 δ-cadinene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Acaricidal, antiproliferative and apoptotic [123,124] |
80 β-elemene 204.1878 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-cancer, antineoplastic, reproductive toxicity [125,126] |
81 γ-elemene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Larvicidal activity [127] |
82 α-caryophyllene (humulene) 204.1878 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic [128,129,130] |
83 β-caryophyllene 204.1878 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-tumour [80,131] |
84 α-santalene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Insect repellent, semiochemical [122] |
85 aromadendrene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] |
Antibacterial (MRSA and drug resistant pathogens) [132] |
86 (E,E)-α-farnesene 204.1878 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Semiochemical, antibacterial, anticariogenic anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal [133,134] |
87 (E,E)-farnesol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS |
Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antibacterial [135], antifungal [136] |
88 guaiol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Insecticide, antimicrobial, acaricidal, anti-cancer, [137,138,139] |
89 elemol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antifungal [140] |
90 palustrol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Semiochemical [141] |
91 ledol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | Antifungal, toxic CNS effects, antitussive, expectorant [142,143] |
92 globulol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antimicrobial [144] |
93 epi-globulol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antimicrobial, semiochemical [145] |
94 τ-cadinol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antitrypanosomal, smooth muscle relaxant, inhibits effects of cholera toxins [146,147] |
95 α-eudesmol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Antitrypanosomal, anti-cancer, anti-neurogenic inflammation[148,149,150] |
96 β-eudesmol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-cancer, sedative, hepatoprotective, anti- inflammatory, diuretic, inhibits platelet aggregation, insect repellent, anti-allergy [65,149,151,152,153,154] |
97 γ-eudesmol 222.1983 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-cancer [149] |
98 viridiflorol 222.1983 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant [155] |
99 (E,E)-farnesal 220.1827 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Semiochemical [156] |
100 caryophyllene oxide 220.1827 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] | Anti-cancer, analgesic [131] |
101 caryophylla-4(12), 8(13)-dien-5-ol 220.1827 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] | No activity reported to date. |
102 spathulenol 220.1827 |
G. linearifolia (leaves) G. parviflora (leaves) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] |
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimycobacterial, antimicrobial [157,158] |
103 eremophilone 218.1670 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] |
Cytotoxic, insecticidal, insect repellent, antifeedant (against termites)[159,160] |
104 cyclocolorenone 218.1670 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Sadgrove et al. 2014 [24] |
Antifeedant, antimicrobial, allelopathic, anti-inflammatory, insect repellent [161] |
105 β-sitosterol 414.3861 |
G. salicifolia (leaves) | Melting point and IR | Ritchie et al. 1968 [35] |
Anti-cancer [162], anthelminthic, antimutagenic [163] |
(Key: G.l – G. linearifolia G.p - G. parviflora, G.s – G. salicifolia) | ||||
Compound and Exact mass (Da) | Source | Method of identification | Reference | Reported pharmacological activity of compound (various sources) |
106 brevifolin (xanthoxylin) 196.0735 |
G. parviflora (leaves) G. balansae (bark) G. salicifolia (leaves) |
GC-MS (G.p) 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS (G.b) Melting point (G.s) |
Brophy and Goldsack 2005 [18] Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] Penfold 1930 [20] |
Antioxidant, hepatoprotective [164] antibacterial, antifungal, antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and antispasmodic [165] |
107 elemicin 208.1099 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | [11] | Psychotropic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, antiviral [11,166,167] |
108 3,5,8,4’-tetrahydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone 346.0689 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 1H and 13C NMR | [12] | No activity reported to date. |
109 2-phenylethyl isobutyrate 192.1150 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 1H and 13C NMR | [12] | Odorant [168] |
110 isoamyl isovalerate 172.1463 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | 1H and 13C NMR | [12] | Flavouring/odorant [169] |
111 cis-jasmone 164.1201 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | [24] | Semiochemical [170] |
112 methyl eugenol 178.0993 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | [24] | Attracts pollinator insects (semiochemical) [171] |
113 phthalic acid 166.0266 |
G. parviflora (leaves) | GC-MS | [24] | Endocrine disruptor [172] |
114 vanillin 152.0473 |
G. balansae (wood) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Flavouring, pharmaceutical excipient, antioxidant, inhibits lipid peroxidation [65] |
115 methyl syringate 212.0685 |
G. balansae (wood) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Anti-diabetic, TRPA1 agonist [173,174] |
116 methyl ferulate 208.0736 |
G. balansae (wood) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Inhibits COX-2 expression, blocks p-p38 and p-JNK in primary bone marrow derived-macrophages [175,176] |
117 ethyl ferulate 222.0892 |
G. balansae (wood) | 1H NMR, IR, UV, and MS | Mitaku et al. 1985 [28] |
Antioxidative, antiapoptotic, antirheumatic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory [177,178] |
Type of activity | No. compoundso in Geijera | No. compounds in G. balansae | No. compounds in G. parviflora | No. compounds in G. salicifolia | No. compounds in G. linearifolia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition | 7 | 1 | 6 | 6 | - |
Anti-cancer | 41 | 4 | 32 | 26 | 13 |
Anticonvulsant | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Antifungal | 25 | 5 | 16 | 13 | 9 |
Antimicrobial | 45 | 9 | 29 | 19 | 12 |
Antioxidant | 20 | 4 | 15 | 11 | 2 |
Increase of membrane permeability | 3 | - | 2 | 3 | - |
Monoamine oxidase B inhibition | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Muscle relaxant | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Osteogenic | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
Plant pest resistance/semiochemical/ insecticide |
26 | 1 | 21 | 14 | 9 |
Psychoactive | 3 | - | 3 | 2 | - |
Reduction of anxiety | 7 | - | 5 | 5 | 2 |
Reduction of inflammation |
38 | 7 | 28 | 17 | 6 |
Reduction of pain | 12 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 3 |
(Sources: P – G. parviflora, S – G. salicifolia, L – G. linearifolia, B – G. balansae) | |||
umbelliferone 1 S | xanthoxyletin 19 B | sabinene 52 P,S | β-caryophyllene 83 P,S,L |
6’-dehydromarmin 5 P | dictamine 25 B | α-phellandrene 53 P | (E,E)-α-farnesene 86 P,S,L |
(R)-6-O-(4-geranyloxy-2-hydroxy) cinnamoylmarmin 7 P | skimmianine 26 S,B | citronellyl acetate 56 L | α-eudesmol 95 P,S,L |
parvifloranine A 8 P | flindersine 30 P,B | linalool 61 P,S,L | β-eudesmol 96 P,S,L |
scoparone 11 P | N-(acetoxymethyl) flindersine 35 P | α-terpineol 62 P,S | viridiflorol 98 P |
suberosin 12 P | haplaphine 36 P,B | terpinen-4-ol 63 P,S | caryophyllene oxide 100 P,S,L |
dehydrogeijerin 13 P,S | myrcene 44 P,S | 1,8 cineole 64 P,S | spathulenol 102 P,S,L |
6-(methoxyl) geiparvarin 14 P | γ-terpinene 47 P,S | camphor 65 P,S | cyclocolorenone 104 P |
osthole 15 P | α-pinene 49 P,S | borneol 66 S | brevifolin (xanthoxylin) 106 P,S,B |
angelicin (isopsoralen) 16 P | β-pinene 50 P,S | azulene 67 P | methyl ferulate 116 B |
luvangetin 18 B | p-cymene 55 P,S | α-caryophyllene (humulene) 82 S | ethyl ferulate 117 B |
(Sources: P – G. parviflora, S – G. salicifolia, L – G. linearifolia, B – G. balansae) | |||
umbelliferone 1 S | zanthobungeanine 33 B | nerol 59 L | guaiol 88 P,S |
auraptene 3 P | 4-methoxy N-methyl-2-quinolone 37 B | geraniol 60 L | elemol 89 P,S |
scoparone 11 P | hordenine 41 B | linalool 61 P,S,L | ledol 91 P |
osthole 15 P | (E)-β-ocimene 42 P,S,L | α-terpineol 62 P,S | globulol 92 P |
angelicin (isopsoralen) 16 P | (Z)-β-ocimene 43 P,S,L | terpinen-4-ol 63 P,S | epi-globulol 93 P |
xanthyletine 17 P | myrcene 44 P,S | 1,8 cineole 64 P,S | τ-cadinol 94 L |
luvangetin 18 B | α-terpinene 46 P,S | camphor 65 P,S | α-eudesmol 95 P,S,L |
xanthoxyletin 19 B | γ-terpinene 47 P,S | borneol 66 S | viridiflorol 98 P |
11’-hexadecanoyl anthranillic acid 20 P | terpinolene 48 P,S | viridiflorene (ledene) 71 L | spathulenol 102 P,S,L |
9’-hexadecenoyl anthranillic acid 21 P | camphene 51 P | germacrene B 75 S | cyclocolorenone 104 P |
7’-hexadecanoyl anthranillic acid 22 P | sabinene 52 P,S | germacrene D 76 P,S,L | brevifolin (xanthoxylin) 106 P,S,B |
hexadecanoyl anthranillic acid 24 P | α-phellandrene 53 P | α-caryophyllene (humulene) 82 S | elemicin 107 P |
dictamnine 25 B | β-phellandrene 54 P,S | β-caryophyllene 83 P,S,L | ethyl ferulate 117 B |
γ-fagarine 27 S, B | p-cymene 53 P,S | aromadendrene 85 P,S,L | |
platydesmine 28 S,B | citronellyl acetate 54 L | (E,E)-α-farnesene 86 P,S,L | |
flindersine 30 P,B | geranyl acetate 57 L | (E,E)-farnesol 87 L |
(Sources: P – G. parviflora, S – G. salicifolia, L – G. linearifolia, B – G. balansae) | |||
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
Anxiolytics and sedatives |
Muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants |
Psychoactive compounds |
geijerin 10 P,S | osthole 15 P | xanthoxyletin 19 B | geiparvarin 2 P,S |
dehydrogeijerin 13 P,S | myrcene 44 P,S | geibalansine 38 B | myrcene 44 P,S |
skimmianine 26 S,B | limonene 45 S | (E)-β-ocimene 42 P,S,L | elemicin 107 P |
α-terpinene 46 P,S | α-terpinene 46 P,S | (Z)-β-ocimene 43 P,S,L | |
γ-terpinene 47 P,S | linalool 61 P,S,L | myrcene 44 P,S | |
β-phellandrene 54 P,S | borneol 66 S | α-terpineol 62 P,S | |
elemicin 107 P | β-eudesmol 96 P,S,L | borneol 66 S | |
τ-cadinol 94 L | |||
brevifolin (xanthoxylin) 106 P,S |
(Sources: P – G. parviflora, S – G. salicifolia, L – G. linearifolia, B – G. balansae) | |||
umbelliferone 1 S | dictamnine 25 B | p-cymene 55 P,S | β-caryophyllene 83 P,S,L |
geiparvarin 2 P,S | skimmianine 26 S, B | citronellyl acetate 56 L | (E,E)-α-farnesene 86 P,S,L |
auraptene 3 P | haplaphine 36 P,B | geranyl acetate 57 L | guaiol 88 P,S |
6’dehydromarmin 5 P | (E)-β-ocimene 42 P,S,L | α-terpineol 62 P,S | α-eudesmol 95 P,S,L |
2’,3’- dihydrogeiparvarin 6 P,S | (Z)-β-ocimene 43 P,S,L | terpinen-4-ol 63 P,S | β-eudesmol 96 P,S,L |
(R)-6-O-(4-geranyloxy-2-hydroxy) cinnamoylmarmin 7 P | myrcene 44 P,S | camphor 65 P,S | γ-eudesmol 97 P,S,L |
scoparone 11 P | limonene 45 S | germacrene D 76 P,S,L | caryophyllene oxide 100 P,S,L |
6-(methoxyl) geiparvarin 14 P | α-pinene 49 P,S | δ-cadinene 79 P | spathulenol 102 P,S,L |
osthole 15 P | β-pinene 50 P,S | β-elemene 80 P,S,L | eremophilone 103 P |
angelicin (isopsoralen) 16 P | α-phellandrene 53 P | α-caryophyllene (humulene) 82 S | β-sitosterol 105 S |
xanthoxyletin 19 B |
(Sources: P – G. parviflora, S – G. salicifolia, L – G. linearifolia, B – G. balansae) | |||
Insecticides | Semiochemicals | Antifeedants | Oviposition deterrents |
terpinolene 48 P,S | (E)-β-ocimene 42 P,S,L | umbelliferone 1 S | pregeijerene 68 S |
α-phellandrene 53 P | (Z)-β-ocimene 43 P,S,L | hordenine 41 B | geijerene 70 S,P |
citronellyl acetate 56 L | α-santalene 84 P | pregeijerene 68 S | |
α-terpineol 62 P,S | (E,E)-α-farnesene 86 P,S,L | geijerene 70 S,P | |
camphor 65 P,S | palustrol 90 L | α-bergamotene 78 P | |
germacrene D 73 P,S,L | epi-globulol 93 P | eremophilone 103 P | |
bicyclogermacrene 77 P,S,L | β-eudesmol 96 P,S,L | cyclocolorenone 104 P | |
δ-cadinene 79 P | (E,E)-farnesal 99 L | ||
γ-elemene 81 P,S | cis-jasmone 111 P | ||
guaiol 88 P,S | methyl eugenol 112 P | ||
β-eudesmol 96 P,S,L | |||
eremophilone 103 P |
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