PreprintArticleVersion 1Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari
Version 1
: Received: 30 December 2023 / Approved: 30 December 2023 / Online: 3 January 2024 (03:17:58 CET)
How to cite:
Balestra, C.; Leveque, C.; Mrackic-Sposta, S.; Vezzoli, A.; Wauthy, P.; Germonpré, P.; Tillmans, F.; Guerrero, F.; Lafère, P. Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari. Preprints2024, 2024010013. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0013.v1
Balestra, C.; Leveque, C.; Mrackic-Sposta, S.; Vezzoli, A.; Wauthy, P.; Germonpré, P.; Tillmans, F.; Guerrero, F.; Lafère, P. Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari. Preprints 2024, 2024010013. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0013.v1
Balestra, C.; Leveque, C.; Mrackic-Sposta, S.; Vezzoli, A.; Wauthy, P.; Germonpré, P.; Tillmans, F.; Guerrero, F.; Lafère, P. Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari. Preprints2024, 2024010013. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0013.v1
APA Style
Balestra, C., Leveque, C., Mrackic-Sposta, S., Vezzoli, A., Wauthy, P., Germonpré, P., Tillmans, F., Guerrero, F., & Lafère, P. (2024). Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0013.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Balestra, C., François Guerrero and Pierre Lafère. 2024 "Physiology of Deep Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) Mixed Gas Diving: Gas Emboli, Spirometry and Biological Changes during a Week-Long Liveaboard Safari" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0013.v1
Abstract
Diving decompression theory hypothesizes inflammatory processes as a source of micronuclei which could increase related risks. Therefore, we tested 10 healthy, male divers. They performed 6-8 dives with a maximum of two dives per day at depths ranging from 21 to 122 msw with CCR mixed gas diving. Post-dive VGE were counted by echocardiography. Saliva and urine samples were taken before and after each dive to evaluate to evaluate inflammation: ROS production, lipid peroxidation (8-iso-PGF2), DNA damage (8-OH-dG), cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, and neopterin). VGE exhibits a progressive reduction followed by an increase (p<0.0001) which parallels in-flammation responses. Indeed, ROS, 8-iso-PGF2, IL-6 and neopterin increases from 0.19 ± 0.02 to 1.13 ± 0.09 μmol.min−1 (p<0.001); 199.8 ± 55.9 to 632.7 ± 73.3 ng.mg-1 creatinine (p<0.0001); 2.35 ± 0.54 to 19.5 ± 2.96 pg.ml-1 (p<0.001); and 93.7 ± 11.2 to 299 ± 25.9 μmol·mol−1 creatinine (p=0.005), respectively. The variation after each dive was held constant around 158.3 ± 6.9% (p = 0.021); 151.4 ± 5.7% (p <0.0001); 176.3 ± 11.9% (p<0.0001); and 160.1 ± 5.6% (p<0.001), respectively. When oxy-inflammation reaches a certain level, it exceeds hormetic coping mechanisms allowing second-generation micronuclei substantiated by an increase of VGE after an initial continuous decrease consistent with a depletion of “first generation” pre-existing micronuclei.
Keywords
Decompression physiology; Venous gas emboli (VGE); Human; Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Oxidative stress; Inflammation; DCS; Hormesis; Acute Phase Reactants
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Other
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.