Preprint

Article

The Role of Ladder Training in Enhancing Athletic Performance: A Focus on Explosive Power and Speed in Adolescent Students

Altmetrics

Downloads

177

Views

100

Comments

This version is not peer-reviewed

Submitted:

29 January 2024

Posted:

30 January 2024

You are already at the latest version

Alerts

Abstract

This research delved into exploring the impact of ladder training on improving the athletic performance of adolescent students, particularly focusing on boosting explosive power and speed. The study involved thirty boys aged 15-17, selected randomly from an Indian school in Doha, Qatar. The variables measured were Explosive Power (EP) and speed (S). EP was assessed using the Standing Broad Jump (SBJ), while Speed (S) was gauged through the 50-yard dash. Divided into two groups - the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG), each consisting of fifteen students - the EG underwent dedicated ladder training for 12 weeks while the CG continued their routine. Analysis of pre-test and post-test results indicated significant enhancements in EP and speed within the EG, with notable shifts from 2.15±.27 to 2.40±.24and 7.52±.54to 6.97±.66, respectively, exhibiting significant 't' values (EP: -2.39; speed: 2.23) at P˂.05. Conversely, the CG showed minimal changes in EP (pre: 2.22±.22; post: 2.2±.21) and speed (pre: 7.51±.43; post: 7.58±.72), with 't' values of 0.295 and 0.842, respectively, failing to reach significance at P˂.05. These outcomes highlight the efficacy of ladder training in improving explosive power and speed among adolescent students, suggesting its potential as a safe and advantageous component in athletic training programs.

Keywords:

Subject: Social Sciences - Tourism, Leisure, Sport and Hospitality

Introduction

Agility ladders serve as athletic equipment utilized in exercise regimens and training routines aimed at enhancing speed and agility (Pramod & Divya, 2019)(Pandarwidi S et al., 2020). They are constructed with rungs and rails, creating spaces where athletes step, resembling regular ladders placed on the ground with rungs separated between opposing rail groups (Myrland, 1999). Athletes engage in various ladder training drills emphasizing different step rhythms, jumps, hops, bounds, or combinations to develop control over their center of gravity while in motion (Lennemann et al., 2013). These drills effectively contribute to improving an athlete's foot speed and reaction time (Ravi, 2023). There exist two types of previously mentioned agility ladders: the first generation features rails and rungs crafted from nylon webbing, while the second version has rails made from nylon webbing and rungs composed of hollow plastic tubes. When storing these ladders, their rails can be folded, and the rungs gathered; however, users encounter challenges as the ladders tend to twist and tangle during both storage and unfolding for use. Additionally, these previous models are prone to toppling over if a user steps on a rung or railing, demanding frequent ladder repositioning during use (Myrland, 1999).

Ladder training stands as a pivotal component in the realm of athletic development, particularly when enhancing explosive power and speed in adolescent students. Its significance in refining agility, coordination, and quickness cannot be overstated. As highlighted by renowned sports scientist (Verkhoshansky, 1996) ladder drills foster neuromuscular adaptation, refining the brain's ability to communicate with muscles for rapid, coordinated movement (Bompa & Carrera, 2005). This fundamental aspect underscores the importance of ladder training as a catalyst for honing athletic performance among young athletes (LaChance, 1995).

In the realm of adolescent athleticism, where agility and speed are paramount, ladder training emerges as a cornerstone methodology (Pramod & Divya, 2019), a respected authority in sports training, affirms that ladder drills improve an athlete's ability to perform high-speed footwork, which translates directly to enhanced on-field or court performance (Tabacchi et al., 2019). These drills engage the fast-twitch muscle fibers crucial for explosive movements (Ong et al., 2010), aligning with the developmental needs of adolescent athletes aiming to boost their speed and power on the field or court.

Moreover, the adaptability of ladder drills makes them a versatile tool for trainers and coaches working with adolescent athletes (LaChance, 1995). According to the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), ladder training can be modified to suit various skill levels and sports-specific requirements (Myrland, 1999), allowing for tailored training programs that cater to the individual needs of adolescent athletes. This adaptability underscores its relevance in optimizing athletic potential among students in their formative years, where foundational skills development plays a pivotal role in long-term athletic success

Athletic preparation, a term commonly recognized as sports training, encompasses the process of optimizing athletes for their peak performance (Bompa, 1999). In contemporary contexts, sports training transcends a mere notion; it stands as a pivotal subject influencing individuals engaged in physical activities or sports, be it for health and wellness objectives or involvement in competitions across diverse tiers (Siedentop & Van der Mars, 2022). Thus, sports training can be defined as the comprehensive grooming of an athlete or player, encompassing physical, technical, intellectual, psychological, and moral aspects through structured physical exercises (Singh, 1984).

Physical fitness and performance enhancement strategies continue to evolve in the realm of athletic training (Gopinathan, 2019). Among the myriad approaches, ladder training has emerged as a promising method to augment athletic prowess, particularly in fostering explosive power and speed among adolescent students. This study delves into the significant impact and efficacy of ladder training on enhancing specific aspects of athletic performance, offering valuable insights into its applicability within training regimens for young athletes.

Athletic performance enhancement stands as a multifaceted domain, encompassing various methodologies and techniques aimed at optimizing an athlete's abilities (Singh, 1991). One such method, ladder training, has garnered attention for its potential to boost explosive power and speed (Jovanovic et al., 2011). Underscore the importance of innovative training methodologies in their assertion that enhancing athletic performance requires comprehensive training strategies. Similarly,(RATHOD & PAWAR, 2019) emphasize the evolving nature of sports training, highlighting its relevance across diverse spectrums, from promoting general health and fitness to refining competitive abilities. This evolving landscape underscores the need to explore and ascertain the efficacy of novel training modalities, such as ladder training, specifically tailored for adolescent athletes (Ravi, 2023).

In the pursuit of refining athletic abilities, the focus on adolescent athletes becomes paramount due to their stage of physical development and potential for skill enhancement (Bompa, 1999). Delineates the holistic nature of sports training, emphasizing the importance of grooming athletes on physical, technical, intellectual, psychological, and moral levels (Harre, 1982). Integrating ladder training into the athletic developmental process for adolescent students aligns with this comprehensive approach, offering a specialized avenue to cultivate explosive power and speed (AMBROŻY et al., 2017). As such, this study aims to investigate the specific impact of ladder training on these facets of athletic performance among adolescent students, providing valuable insights into its potential as a targeted training methodology

Methodology

In this research endeavour, a cohort of thirty adolescent male students (N=30) from an Indian school in Doha, Qatar, within the age range of 15 to 17 years, was randomly selected. The primary aim was to investigate the effects of ladder training on two dependent variables, Explosive Power (EP) and speed (S). EP was assessed using the Standing Broad Jump (SBJ), while speed was evaluated through the 50-yard dash. The selected students were then equally and randomly divided into two distinct groups: the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG), each comprising fifteen (N=15) participants. Over a span of 12 weeks, participants in the ladder training group underwent a regimen consisting of three training sessions per week, spaced on alternate days. Consequently, each member of the experimental group underwent a total of 36 training sessions throughout the program duration. The training sessions commenced with a 20 to 25-minute warm-up routine, incorporating 10 to 15 minutes of jogging, followed by stretching and free-hand exercises. Subsequently, a 60-minute ladder drills workout session ensued, culminating in a 15 to 20-minute cooldown period. . In contrast, the CG participants were assigned to an active rest period for the same 12-week duration. All participants were explicitly instructed to refrain from engaging in any additional forms of exercise for the duration of the research study, while maintaining their regular dietary habits as advised. Following the completion of the ladder training intervention for the EG, both groups underwent a post-test similar to the pre-test conducted earlier to assess any changes in EP and speed. The data collected from these assessments were systematically analyzed using statistical methods, specifically utilizing the 't' ratio. Moreover, the predetermined level of statistical significance was set at P˂0.01 for all tests conducted. The comprehensive methodology applied in this study allowed for a structured examination of the impact of ladder training on the measured variables. The randomized selection of participants, the allocation into distinct groups, the duration and frequency of the training sessions, and the rigorous statistical analysis form the core components of this investigation, providing a systematic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of plyometric training on Explosive Power and speed among adolescent male students

Analysis of the Data

The table shows the analysis of pre and post-test data’s of CG and EG.

Figure 1. Analysis of pre and post-test data’s of Control Group and Experimental Group.

Table 1. Analysis of pre and post-test data’s of Control Group and Experimental Group.

Dependent Variables	Group	Test	Mean± SD	MD	‘t’ Value	P-Value
Explosive Power	C G N =15	Pre-test	2.22±0.28	0.02	0.295	0.3984
	C G N =15	Post-test	2.2±0.21	0.02	0.295	0.3984
	E G N =15	Pre-test	2.15±0.27	0.25	-2.39	0.01125
	E G N =15	Post-test	2.40±0.24	0.25	-2.39	0.01125
Speed	C G N =15	Pre-test	7.51±0.43	0.04	0.842	0.2083
	C G N =15	Post-test	7.55±0.72	0.04	0.842	0.2083
	E G N =15	Pre-test	7.52±0.54	0.45	2.23	0.0067
	E G N =15	Post-test	6.97±0.66	0.45	2.23	0.0067

Results and Discussions

The provided table displays the descriptive analysis results concerning the pre-test and post-test outcomes for both the Control Group (CG) and the Experimental Group (EG), focusing on variables related to Explosive Power (EP) and speed. According to the data presented, the mean score and standard deviation for Explosive Power in the pre-test and post-test for the Control Group (CG) were 2.22±28 and 2.2±.21, respectively. This suggests a minimal change in the mean score from the pre-test to the post-test within the Control Group.

On the other hand, the Experimental Group (EG) exhibited different trends in Explosive Power. The mean score and standard deviation for the pre-test and post-test of the Experimental Group (EG) were 2.15±.27 and 2.40±.24, respectively. These results suggest an increase in the mean score from the pre-test to the post-test within the Experimental Group, indicating a positive shift in Explosive Power levels following the intervention.

Moving to the analysis of Explosive Power (EP), the comparison of pre-test and post-test scores in the CG indicated a 't' value of 0.2597 and a 'p' value of 0.3984. These findings suggest that the changes observed in EP within the CG were not statistically significant (P˂.05). However, in the EG, the comparison between pre and post-test scores for EP displayed a 't' value of -2.39 and a 'p' value of 0.01125. This outcome implies a statistically significant difference (P˂.05), indicating that there were substantial changes in EP within the EG after the intervention. Findings of this study supported by (Srinivasan, 2016) (Ravi, 2023).

The standard deviations indicate the variability or spread of the data points around the mean score. In both groups, the standard deviation values are relatively small, implying that the data points tend to be closer to the mean, signifying a more clustered distribution of scores.

The analysis conducted on the data comparing pre and post-tests of control group (CG) and experimental group (EG) in terms of speed variables revealed interesting findings. In the CG, the mean speed variable scores were 7.51±.43 in the pre-test and slightly increased to 7.55±.72 in the post-test. However, the differences observed were not statistically significant with a 't' value of 0.8245 and a 'p' value of 0.2083, indicating that the change in speed within the CG was not meaningful in the context of statistical significance (P˂.05).

On the other hand, when examining the EG, the mean speed variable scores were 7.52±.54 in the pre-test and decreased to 6.97±.66 in the post-test. Surprisingly, the comparison between these pre and post-test scores revealed a statistically significant difference with a 't' value of 2.23 and a 'p' value of 0.0066, indicating that the changes in speed within the EG were substantial and significant (P˂.05). the current results is supported by (Sankar, n.d.) (Pandarwidi S et al., 2020) (Pramod & Divya, 2019) through their research study.

Overall, the findings imply that while the Control Group displayed minimal changes in Explosive Power and speed from the pre-test to the post-test, the Experimental Group experienced a notable increase in Explosive Power and speed (Hendrawan Koestanto et al., 2017) following the designated intervention period due to ladder training. These results suggest that the ladder training conducted with the Experimental Group (Nawir & Jamaluddin, 2020) might have positively influenced and improved their Explosive Power (Hidayat, 2019) compared to the Control Group

In my research, I have focused on enhancing speed, and explosive power through a series of exercises performed on a ladder-shaped grid (Booth & Orr, 2016). It has been shown that ladder training can significantly improve speed and explosive power (Kusnanik & Rattray, 2017) due to several key factors. Firstly, the repetitive and precise footwork required in navigating the ladder helps athletes develop neuromuscular coordination, enhancing the brain's ability to communicate with muscles more effectively (Thomas et al., 2009). This improved coordination translates to quicker and more efficient movements, enabling athletes to accelerate and change directions rapidly. Additionally, ladder drills engage fast-twitch (Viswejan, 2017) muscle fibers, crucial for explosive movements, contributing to an increase in overall speed. Moreover, the varied patterns and sequences within ladder drills challenge athletes to improve their proprioception and spatial awareness (Meng et al., 2014), refining their ability to anticipate and react swiftly to different movement patterns. Combined, these factors foster a notable enhancement in speed, making ladder training an effective method for athletes aiming to optimize their agility and quickness on the field or court.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the ladder training intervention positively impacted Explosive Power in the Experimental Group, indicating that this specific training regimen might be instrumental in enhancing Explosive Power compared to conventional methods. However, the unexpected decrease in speed within the Experimental Group warrants further investigation into the possible factors influencing this contrary outcome.

The outcomes emphasize the potential effectiveness of ladder training in enhancing Explosive Power but also underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding of its impact on different physical performance parameters, especially in sports or fitness contexts.

Funding

The exploration into "The Role of Ladder Training in Enhancing Athletic Performance: A Focus on Explosive Power and Speed in Adolescent Students" was independently conducted without any financial support from external funding organizations. This manuscript constituted a chapter within the Doctor of Philosophy project undertaken by Research Scholar Mr. Pramod R, under the guidance of Dr. K Divya, Assistant Professor at Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.

Acknowledgments

The researchers extend their gratitude to the students who participated in this study. Additionally, the authors wish to acknowledge the support received from various individuals and organizations during the research. This study was conducted as a part of a research project at the Alagappa university college of physical education, under the supervision and guidance of Dr. K. Divya, Assistant Professor at Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. The authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Ethical Declarations

Ethical clearance and participant consent were obtained from the Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India, for the project titled "The Role of Ladder Training in Enhancing Athletic Performance: A Focus on Explosive Power and Speed in Adolescent Students" on December 15, 2018. The development of this paper adhered to the WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Guidelines for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Written consent was acquired from all individuals involved in the research, and all procedures strictly followed relevant regulations and guidelines.

References

AMBROŻY, T., KISZCZAK, L., OMORCZYK, J., OZIMEK, M., PAŁKA, T., MUCHA, D., STANULA, A., & MUCHA, D. (2017). Influence of experimental training with external resistance in a form of “kettlebell” on selected components of women’s physical fitness. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 9(1), 28–36. [CrossRef]
Bompa, T. O. (1999). Power Training For Sports (Pliometrics For Maximun Power Develoment): Mosby. Collage Publishing.
Bompa, T. O., & Carrera, M. (2005). Periodisation training for sports: Human Kinetics. Champaign, IL.
Booth, M. A., & Orr, R. (2016). Effects of plyometric training on sports performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(1), 30–37. [CrossRef]
Gopinathan, P. (2019). Effect of circuit training on speed, agility and explosive power among inter collegiate handball players. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 4(1), 1294–1296.
Harre, D. (1982). Principles of sports training based on experience and scientific research in the German Democratic Republic. Berlin: Sportverl.
Hendrawan Koestanto, S., Setijino, H., & Mintarto, E. (2017). Model Comparison Exercise Circuit Training Game and Circuit Lad-der Drills to Improve Agility and Speed History Article. Health and Sport Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport, 4(2), 78–83. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jpehs.
Hidayat, A. (2019). Effect of agility ladder exercises on agility of participants extracurricular futsal at Bina Darma University. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1402(5). [CrossRef]
Jovanovic, M., Sporis, G., Omrcen, D., & Fiorentini, F. (2011). Effects of speed, agility, quickness training method on power performance in elite soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1285–1292.
Kusnanik, N. W., & Rattray, B. (2017). Effect of Ladder Speed Run and Repeated Sprint Ability in Improving. Acta Kinesiologica, 11(1), 19–22.
LaChance, P. (1995). Plyometric Exercise. In Strength and Conditioning Journal (Vol. 17, Issue 4, p. 16).
Lennemann, L. M., Sidrow, K. M., Johnson, E. M., Harrison, C. R., Vojta, C. N., & Walker, T. B. (2013). The influence of agility training on physiological and cognitive performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(12), 3300–3309. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddf06. [CrossRef]
Meng, H. C., Low, J., & Lee, F. (2014). Effects of Agility Ladder Drills on Dynamic Balance of Children. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 3(1), 68–74. https://ojs.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JSSPJ/article/view/656.
Myrland, W. (1999). Agility training ladder. 1(12). https://patents.google.com/patent/US6447427B1/en.
Nawir, N., & Jamaluddin. (2020). The Effect of Ladder Exercises Varies on the Increase in Athlete’s Foot Agility. 481(Icest 2019), 206–209. [CrossRef]
Ong, P. U. I. L. A. M. W., Haouachi, A. N. I. S. C., Hamari, K. A. C., Ellal, A. L. D., & Isloff, U. L. W. (2010). E p c m s h -i i t p s p. 24(3), 653–660.
Pandarwidi S, A., Siantoro, G., & Khamidi, A. (2020). The Effects of Zigzag Ladder Exercise Crossover Shuffle, In Out Shuffle and Ali Shuffle Against Speed and Agility. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(8), 109. [CrossRef]
Pramod, R., & Divya, K. (2019). The effects of ladder training on speed of Egyptian high school boys student ’ s The effects of ladder training on speed of Egyptian high school boys student ’ s in Qatar. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 6(January), 18–22.
RATHOD, Y., & PAWAR, D. R. M. (2019). Effect of Six Week Ladder Skill Training on Vital Capacity of Kabaddi Players. Think India Journal, 22(13), 843–849.
Ravi, P. (2023). POTENTIAL ROLE OF CIRCUIT TRAINING AND LADDER TRAINING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANAEROBIC POWER AND EXPLOSIVE. 14(02), 1783–1793.
Sankar, A. (n.d.). Enhancement of Sprint Performance and Selected Criterion Variables through Ladder Training and Plyometric Training Capsules among Engineering College Male Athletes. Research-Chronicler.Com, 9(12), 478–483. www.research-chronicler.com.
Siedentop, D., & Van der Mars, H. (2022). Introduction to physical education, fitness, and sport. Human kinetics.
Singh, H. (1984). Sports training: general theory & methods. Netaji Subhas. Nat. Inst. of Sports.
Singh, H. (1991). Science of sports training. New Delhi: DVS Publication, 5.
Srinivasan, M. (2016). Effect of ladder training on selected physical fitness variables on school volleyball players. 1(1), 39–40.
Tabacchi, G., Sanchez, G. F. L., Sahin, F. N., Kizilyalli, M., Genchi, R., Basile, M., Kirkar, M., Silva, C., Loureiro, N., Teixeira, E., Demetriou, Y., Sturm, D. J., Pajaujene, S., Zuoziene, I. J., Gómez-López, M., Rada, A., Pausic, J., Lakicevic, N., Petrigna, L., … Bianco, A. (2019). Field-based tests for the assessment of physical fitness in children and adolescents practicing sport: A systematic review within the ESA program. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(24). [CrossRef]
Thomas, K., French, D., & Hayes, P. R. (2009). The effect of two plyometric training techniques on muscular power and agility in youth soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 332–335. [CrossRef]
Verkhoshansky, Y. V. (1996). Quickness and Velocity in Sports Movements. New Studies in Athletics, 11, 29–37.
Viswejan, U. (2017). Impact of Ladder Training on Agility Balance and Coordination Among School Students. 229–231.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.