1. Introduction

2. The Right to Access Crisis Terminology

3. 2023 Turkey Earthquake

In the World Risk Report 2022 (UNDRR 2022), Turkey ranks 30th out of 193 countries, with a score of 16.23% that considers factors such as exposure, vulnerability, susceptibility, coping capacities, and adaptive capacities (cf. Table 1).

Table 1. An Excerpt from the World Risk Report 2022.

Table 1. An Excerpt from the World Risk Report 2022.

A multilingual CInt, proficient in tur as the native language, deu as the second native language, and eng as a foreign language, proposed a Mediating Language (ML) approach. This solution aimed to bridge the terminology gap between (tur) oksijen tüpü (for (eng) oxygen tube) and its deu counterpart Sauerstofflasche, ultimately resulting in the US-eng term oxygen bottle (cf. Example 01/01).

4. Product Features

Table 2 categorises all the features within the CTermPort as online (+) or offline (-) functions. While consolidating all the features within a single application is the simpler approach, the features might be divided to separate applications for online and offline scenarios as well. Especially, a mobile application native to relevant devices designed for offline scenarios may be plausible to achieve maximum reachability, usability, and performance, while maintaining a secondary web application to provide the online features.

Table 2. CTermPort Features.

Table 2. CTermPort Features.

(With courtesy of Dr. Barış Tekin TEZEL and Dr. Can ATILGAN from the Department of Computational Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey).

5. The Design of the CTermPort for Crisis Settings

6. The Design Steps

6.1. Database Records and Data Categories of the CTermBank Collection

In alignment with the principles governing the construction of termbanks, the development of the CTerm collection necessitates adherence to a meticulously structured tripartite process, encompassing the following key stages:

1. 

Compilation: This process involves the identification, sourcing, and extraction of relevant terms, drawing from an array of authoritative linguistic resources and subject matter experts. The goal is to gather an extensive corpus of crisis-related terminology, encompassing a diversity of domains and languages, while prioritising the most frequently employed terms and expressions.

2. 

Storage: This stage entails the establishment of a structured and accessible repository that can effectively accommodate the extensive multilingual terminological assets. Specialised database management systems are employed to ensure the secure and systematic storage of terminological entries, including detailed definitions, contextual usage, and cross-lingual equivalents. The storage infrastructure is designed to facilitate efficient data retrieval and utilisation, both in online and offline contexts.

3. 

Retrieval: The retrieval stage includes the design of search functionalities, query capabilities, and navigation aids that enable rapid and precise access to terminological data. Furthermore, it accommodates features for real-time, context-specific retrieval, catering to the dynamic requirements of crisis management scenarios.

Firstly, in the initial phase of the compilation process, several pivotal decisions must be made to align with the overarching design and feasibility of the terminological collection, as delineated in established terminological principles (Cabré 1999). These decisions encompass three fundamental facets that lay the groundwork for the subsequent development of the CTermBank collection (Cabré 1999):

1. 

Source Material Considerations: The compilation process commences with the selection of source material, recognising that the foundation of terminological assets is rooted in textual content. Several critical determinations are essential within this domain:

a. 

Nature of the Material: Careful consideration is given to the thematic relevance of the material, specifying the subject matter that pertains to crisis scenarios. Additionally, the choice extends to the type of texts that should be included, taking into account the appropriateness of different textual genres and content types.

b. 

Material Location: The precise whereabouts of the source material are identified, along with the format in which it is accessible. This entails cataloguing the physical or digital repositories where the textual content resides.

c. 

Extraction Methodology: The methodology for extracting terminological entries from the selected texts is defined. This includes delineating the step-by-step process to transition from comprehensive texts to individual terms, along with the initial information associated with each term.

d. 

Text Selection Criteria: Criteria for the selection of texts are established, encompassing descriptions of text attributes, protocols for utilising these descriptions, and comprehensive manuals elucidating the criteria for assessing the suitability of textual materials.

e. 

Compilation Process Organisation: The overall organisation of the compilation process is carefully structured, encompassing considerations such as workforce allocation, priority setting, task identification, and task delegation.

2. 

Extraction Record Content: An integral aspect of the compilation process pertains to the extraction of pertinent information from texts, which subsequently forms the basis for the creation of extraction records. This information includes:

a. 

Term Description: A comprehensive description of each term encountered in the source texts is recorded, along with the contextual information that provides insights into the term's usage.

b. 

Reference Information: For each term, reference information is meticulously documented to enable cross-referencing and traceability. This reference information includes details pertaining to the source text, facilitating easy retrieval and validation.

c. 

Protocols for Use: Protocols and guidelines are established for the effective utilisation of extraction records, ensuring uniformity and consistency in their application.

3. 

Term Record Information: Furthermore, the identification and extraction processes extend to the assembly of term records according to ISO 16642:2017 (Terminological Markup Framework). Some of these records encompass:

a. 

Information Description: A detailed account of the information content to be included in the term records is outlined. This involves specifying the data to be encapsulated, the sources for augmenting extraction information, the representation format for each element, and the criteria for assessing the quality and accuracy of the information.

b. 

Work Procedures: Clear and standardised work procedures are defined for the identification and extraction phases, ensuring methodical and systematic execution.

The culmination of these deliberations and actions ends in the creation of comprehensive term records, which serve as the foundational building blocks of the CTermBank. These records are instrumental in facilitating effective communication and linguistic support in crisis management scenarios, underscoring the significance of a rigorous and well-structured compilation process.

Secondly, the storage phase of the terminological compilation process entails the meticulous organisation of extracted terms into structured database records, sourced from a diverse array of comparable and/or parallel texts that contain pertinent information about each entry. These database records are characterised by multiple fields, each designated to house distinct data categories. In line with established database conventions, these fields are typically endowed with specific field names for clear identification and differentiation. Terms, originating from the source texts, are amalgamated into these database entries, where comprehensive information pertaining to each term is systematically documented. These entries collectively constitute a repository of essential terminological data, and the structure of these records adheres to recognised terminological standards and principles (Cabré 1999; Karaman 2018; Sager 1990; Wright 1996).

The central component of a database record is the entry or entry term, commonly denoted as the headword. It represents the full and unaltered form of the term as extracted from domain-specific texts, preserving its grammatical correctness and alignment with accepted dictionary conventions. In concept-oriented termbanks, the headword may be preceded by the concept's definition, with associated terms grouped accordingly. This organisational approach necessitates nuanced decisions regarding term prioritisation, sequence, and potential designations of synonyms. Entries encompass a diverse range of terminological entities, which can be categorised into three distinct types:

a. 

Simple, compound, or complex terms.

b. 

Phrases.

c. 

Sentences (While ISO 1087:2019 and ISO 704:2022 affirm that a term corresponds to a single concept, there are scenarios, especially in languages like agglutinative versus inflecting, where a single term may encapsulate a concept paraphrased as a sentence in another language).

The entry or entry term serves as the foundational element around which the remaining fields are structured, embodying the core term extracted from Source Texts (STs). Its grammatical precision and contextual appropriateness are essential for ensuring the accuracy and utility of the compiled CTermBank collection. The categorisation of terms into the aforementioned types facilitates a comprehensive representation of terminological diversity within the database records, accommodating simple lexical units as well as more intricate and context-rich linguistic constructs.

The last stage of the CTermBank collection process focuses on retrieval mechanisms. Here, the goal is to create user-friendly tools and interfaces that empower CTIs to access and use the stored terminology effectively. This stage involves designing search functions, query capabilities, and navigation aids for quick and accurate access to terminological data. Additionally, it includes features for real-time, context-specific retrieval to meet the dynamic needs of crisis management scenarios.

The structured progression through these three stages ensures the systematic construction and efficient utilisation of the CTermBank collection, equipping CTIs and other stakeholders with a robust linguistic resource to navigate the intricate linguistic challenges encountered during crises, ultimately contributing to effective communication and response efforts.

This systematic structuring of database records, marked by meticulous attention to detail and adherence to recognised terminological principles, forms the bedrock of the CTermBank compilation, ultimately contributing to the provision of precise and reliable terminological support in crisis management scenarios.

The structuring of database records within terminological collections encompasses a multifaceted array of fields or data categories, each meticulously tailored to fulfil specific roles in ensuring the precision and comprehensiveness of the terminological content. These fields, defined in accordance with established terminological practices (Sager 1990), collectively constitute a comprehensive record that serves as a valuable resource in crisis management and communication scenarios. The following delineates these key fields or blocks of fields:

a. 

The Information Source: This field serves as a coded representation of the origin or source of the terminological information. It aids in tracking the provenance of the data, allowing users to discern the contextual context of each term.

b. 

Semantic/Conceptual Data: This field encompasses a rich array of semantic and conceptual information related to the term. It includes essential details such as the term's definition, its association with specific subject fields, indications of its applicability in various domains, and cross-references to related concepts. Additionally, this field may denote the sense-type of the term, providing valuable insights into its nuanced meanings and usage contexts.

c. 

Linguistic Data: The linguistic data category encapsulates crucial linguistic attributes of the term. This includes information regarding the term's part of speech, facilitating its grammatical categorisation. It also specifies the language in which the term is recorded, adhering to ISO language and regional codes. Audio recording of pronunciation, variants of the term (including parallel data categories to the entry term), compression of existing LSP forms, full synonyms, and other sense types and their relations are meticulously documented. These synonyms, varying in their usage, context, and occasionally subject field, are considered as viable substitutes for the entry term, enhancing the terminological scope. Additionally, this category encompasses collocational information, shedding light on the typical word associations and co-occurrences involving the term.

d. 

Non-linguistic Data: Inclusion of non-linguistic elements enriches the terminological database by incorporating visual aids and graphical representations. This category accommodates illustrations, drawings, symbols, graphics, charts, and other visual assets that enhance the user's understanding of the term, particularly when dealing with complex or specialised concepts.

e. 

Pragmatic, Normative, and Sociolinguistic Data: The pragmatic and sociolinguistic dimension is covered within this field, offering valuable insights into the term's contextual usage. It includes information on the term's collocational patterns, usage notes, quality labels that indicate the correctness and reliability of the term, field of usage, connotations associated with the term, deprecated forms, and other sociolinguistic nuances.

f. 

Equivalents in Other Languages: This field is pivotal for facilitating cross-linguistic understanding and communication. Initially, it focuses on Category 1, 2, and 3 languages, encompassing terms that are equivalent to the entry term in multiple languages. As the terminological collection expands, future projects may extend coverage to additional languages, broadening the scope of multilingual support.

g. 

Administrative Data: The administrative data category encompasses essential metadata associated with the database record. It includes information regarding the author of the record, recording date, any subsequent changes made, and justifications for modifications. This administrative metadata aids in maintaining the accuracy and reliability of the terminological content while providing valuable insights into its history and evolution.

In sum, the meticulous structuring of database records into these distinct fields ensures that the CTermBank collection is a robust and comprehensive resource, tailored to the diverse needs of crisis management and communication. These fields collectively contribute to the precision, clarity, and usability of the terminological data, ultimately enhancing its effectiveness in multilingual crisis settings.

In conjunction with the core database records, a comprehensive termbank typically incorporates ancillary files that play a crucial role in organising, contextualising, and managing the terminological content. These ancillary files, comprising distinct data categories, contribute to the overall structure and functionality of the termbank. The following outlines these fundamental ancillary files:

1. 

Term File: The term file serves as the cornerstone of the termbank, housing the primary entries or terms that constitute the core of the terminological collection. These terms are presented in their grammatically appropriate form and are meticulously linked to the corresponding database records. The term file is the principal point of reference for users seeking to access and comprehend the terminology.

2. 

Source File: The source file functions as a vital reference, cataloguing the origins and sources of the terminological information. Each term is associated with specific source materials or texts, providing users with valuable insights into the contextual context of the term's usage and its provenance.

3. 

Subject Field File: The subject field file categorises terms into specific subject fields or domains, offering a structured taxonomy that aids in the organisation and retrieval of terminological data. This categorisation ensures that terms are aligned with relevant domains, facilitating their use in specialised contexts.

4. 

Grammatical Category File: This file classifies terms based on their grammatical attributes, including their part of speech. By categorising terms according to their linguistic characteristics, this file enhances the user's ability to navigate and employ the terminology effectively.

5. 

Status Label File: The status label file plays a pivotal role in indicating the quality and reliability of each term. It includes labels or markers that denote the correctness and validity of the term, ensuring that users can make informed decisions regarding its usage.

6. 

Author File: The author file contains essential metadata related to the authors or contributors responsible for creating and maintaining the terminological content. It records information such as the author's identity and the dates of record creation and modification. This administrative data serves as a valuable reference for maintaining the integrity and credibility of the termbank.

These ancillary files, in conjunction with the core database records, constitute a comprehensive termbank that is not only rich in terminological content but also meticulously organised and structured to meet the diverse needs of users. They play a critical role in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and usability of the terminological data, ultimately enhancing its utility in various linguistic and subject-specific contexts.

The comprehensive compilation of CTermBank necessitates the inclusion of an array of essential data categories, both in the SL and in the TL(s). These data categories serve as the foundational elements that underpin the terminological content, ensuring its accuracy, accessibility, and usability. The following outlines the imperative data categories to be incorporated into the CTermBank compilation (cf. Cabré 1999):

• Entry Nr./Nr. of Record
• Entry/Full Form of the Term
• Article/Gender
• Compressed Form of the Entry Term
• Reference(s)/Source(s)
• Grammatical Category/Part of Speech
• Status/Reliability Code
• ISO 639-3 Language Code
• Orthographical Variation(s)
• Audio Recording of Pronunciation
• Definition
• Reference(s)/Source(s) (for Definition)
• Cross-References/Full Synonyms
• Reference(s)/Source(s) for Comparative/Parallel Text(s)
• Contextual Fragments/Phraseological Information
• Popularised Term
• Equivalents
• Reference(s)/Source(s) (for Equivalents)
• Special Subject Field(s)/Domain(s) and Sub-Domain(s)
• Illustration(s)
• Author of Record
• Author’s Working Group
• Date of Record
• Date of Update/Modification

Among these imperative data categories some deserve explanation:

4. 

Compressed Form of the Entry Term: Abbreviations, initialisms, acronyms, or clippings of the entry term, if available, constitute its compressed form.

11. 

Definition: Considering the inadequacy and dispersion of terminological records in the CTerm domain, characterised by diverse interfaces and language combinations, there is a need to compile a consolidated termbank specifically designed for crisis settings. Rather than creating authentic definitions it is advisable to gather definitions from existing resources, because compiling definitions independently is resource-heavy and demands subject expertise for creation and approval, along with training to avoid pitfalls like circularity, overbroadness, narrowness, or intensional-extensional mix-ups.

The definition of the SL term should not be translated into its TL equivalent, because translating definitions carries risks, as potential disparities across languages exist, where concepts may not perfectly align across languages, especially with intensional definitions. Comparing definitions in each language can guide the determination of equivalence or close matches. Risk levels may vary across domains; even in technical fields, national standards might differ, like the composition of (eng) aluminium in DIN and BSI. A databank with a conceptual organisation needs to be advocated, preventing the treatment of homonyms/polysemes as a single entry with multiple definitions and distinguishing synonyms as separate entries but sharing the same definition, since the approach is concept oriented.

The establishment of the CTermBank aims for a unified comprehension of terms, emphasising the creation of a comprehensive English definition to serve as the base for translating into TL terms. Where available, utilising reliable English definitions with proper attribution is encouraged. Alternatively, compiling primary English definitions for translation into other languages is viable. If a definition for a particular term does not exist, crafting definitions according to plain language principles is crucial, as this aims to enhance accessibility for individuals with lower reading proficiency or those who lack subject expertise, thereby making the content more user-friendly.

14. 

Comparative/Parallel Text(s): English comparative texts will be collected in the initial stage of gathering crisis terms, focusing on domains like civil engineering (construction), emergency medicine, and search and rescue equipment. Extracting crisis terms in English from these texts will precede their rendition into corresponding TL equivalents.

15. 

Contextual Fragments/Phraseological Information: Not all terms necessitate contextual information; while some benefit from indicating collocations, others require context for better comprehension and illustrative usage. Deciding to include or exclude context details can be optional. The relevance of context should be determined based on the individual term's characteristics.

16. 

Popularised Term: Popularised terms emerge from an LSP term and transition into an LGP expression. Designating a distinct data category for these terms in the CTermBank aims to improve accessibility for non-expert users like crisis victims and vulnerable citizens. This categorisation ensures their ease of understanding. Collaboration with dialectologists is crucial for identifying popularised equivalents if needed.

17. 

Equivalents: Entry term equivalents in line with ISO 25964-1: 2011and ISO 25964-2: 2013.

20. 

Illustration(s): Illustrations are the visual representation(s) of the entry term. This can include photographs, graphics, etc. Devoting significant project time to discern the primary illustration could be labour-intensive. We will consider prioritising the assessment of reliability among various sources—perhaps the URL could offer valuable clues. Developing a concise protocol for project officers to evaluate sources efficiently and consistently might prove beneficial. Testing this protocol iteratively could help streamline the process. Alternatively, inputting the URL directly into the relevant record field could be a feasible option. Ultimately, the decision hinges on the allocation of labour budget to this task.

The following Table 3 outlines the essential data categories that should be integrated into the CTermBank collection for comprehensive terminological coverage and accessibility. These data categories play a crucial role in facilitating accurate and multilingual communication in crisis situations (cf. Cabré 1999; Karaman 2015a; Karaman 2018; Sager 1990). Table 3 represents a conceptual outline of a possible data record for the CTermBank, serving as an abstract model. Please note that, the numbers in each data category without an apostrophe indicate the Source Language (SL), whereas numbers with an apostrophe indicate the Target Language (TL):

Table 3. CTermBank Data Categories.

Table 3. CTermBank Data Categories.

These meticulously defined data categories collectively form the comprehensive foundation of the CTermBank compilation, facilitating precise, reliable, and accessible terminological resources for a wide range of users and linguistic contexts.

7. Results

Table 4 represents a conceptual outline of a possible data record for the CTermBank, serving as an abstract model. Please note that, the numbers in each data category without an apostrophe indicate the Source Language (SL), whereas numbers with an apostrophe indicate the Target Language (TL):

Table 4. CTermBank Term Record.

Table 4. CTermBank Term Record.

Within the CTermBank collection, specific data points can be located through searches utilising either the SL term or one of the TLs featuring equivalent designations, as outlined in reference (Cabré 1999). In cases where the precise term remains elusive, but the concept is understood through its definition, recourse to thematic vocabularies and visual dictionaries, as expounded upon in Section 4. Product Features under the heading CTermVisio: Visual Dictionaries, can facilitate the attainment of the desired concept.

8. Discussion

8.2. End-Users/Target User Groups

To effectively disseminate the proposed CTIng smartphone application, a comprehensive strategy is essential. This strategy will target citizens or local communities (e.g. communication teams; medical teams; fire fighters, paramedics, SAR teams), practitioners (e.g. first and second responders, such as medical teams, NGOs, government agencies; i.e. international disaster response agencies, and humanitarian aid organisations), and local or regional authorities (regional emergency management agencies, city councils, regional tourism boards, local police departments, fire departments, and military units etc.), to ensure broad awareness and adoption.

In the complex context of multilingual crisis settings, effective communication relies on the integration of a neural, statistical, or hybrid Automated Translation and Interpreting (ATI) tool. This application serves as a means for rapid communication among three key groups:

1. 

Qualified Communicators/Communication Mediators: CTIs, community interpreters, and professional tourguides (PTGs) fall within this category. They play a crucial role in facilitating communication between humanitarian aid workers and the affected population (CTermBank, CTermVisio, CTermPharma, CTermTrans, CTermInt, and CTermLive).

2. 

Expert Groups: This group encompasses a diverse range of professionals, including SAR team members, medical practitioners (such as doctors, paramedics, nurses, dentists, and veterinarians), engineers, technicians, fire brigade officers, miners, military personnel, peace-keeping forces, and international long-term humanitarian aid workers (CTermBank, CTermVisio, CTermPharma and CTermInt).

3. 

Laypersons: This group consists of individuals directly impacted by the disaster, including victims (incl. vulnerable citizens), field hospital patients, refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants. These individuals often rely on effective communication to access essential services and support during crisis situations (CTermBank, CTermVisio, and CTermInt).

The CTermPort, with its CTermBank, CTermVisio, CTermPharma, CTermTrans, CTermInt, and CTermLive features, primarily serves qualified communicators, such as CTIs, but also practitioners such as first and second responders (FSRs), who play a pivotal role in facilitating expert-to-expert and expert-to-layperson communication. CTIs interpreting specialised content for expert-to-expert communication require a compilation of frequently used crisis terminology. Conversely, those involved in expert-to-layperson communication require a more limited set of data categories, including popularised terms and illustrations (see Example 04/01). CTIs often need to rephrase terms lacking equivalents in the TL, popularising and interpreting complex concepts during expert-to-layperson communication. Successful execution of this task relies on accessing information not readily available in conventional sources but accessible through termbanks, as demonstrated in Example 06/01 below:

In certain instances, sensitive terms can be substituted with illustrations, as seen when women in Dohuk favoured illustrative information over direct personal interaction (CLEAR Global 2022). Conversely, alternative references, such as euphemisms, accompanied by additional information, may better address gender-specific requirements for certain sensitive terms.

Furthermore, various expert groups participate in humanitarian aid efforts during and after disasters, including SAR teams, paramedics, medical professionals, fire brigade officers, military personnel, and engineers, etc. They rely on CTIs for expert-to-expert and expert-to-layperson communication, particularly during immediate response phases. For this group, the CTermBank, CTermVisio, CTermPharma, and CTermInt would be particularly relevant resources.

Moreover, the CTermBank, CTermVisio, and CTermInt should accommodate both monolingual and multilingual laypersons, including disaster victims, vulnerable individuals, refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants. Specifically, CTermInt would serve as a valuable tool for laypersons seeking automated interpreting features, akin to those provided by platforms like Amazon, Babylon, Bing Microsoft, DeepL, Google, IBM Watson, MarsCAT, MarsCrowd, Microsoft, ModernMT, Omniscien Technologies, Smartcat, Systran, Unbable, Yandex, etc. Given the increasing frequency of climate-related and human-induced disasters, including severe weather events and crises, the importance of crisis communication tools like CTermPort is evident. These events result in displacement, epidemics, food shortages, and other challenges, particularly impacting vulnerable populations, including elderly, those with disabilities, and children (UNICEF 2023). CTerm, therefore, plays a crucial role in cross-border emergencies, where language differences can impede coordination, especially in regions lacking established civil protection partnerships (Coppola 2015; cf. Alexander and Pescaroli 2020).

9. Conclusions

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