Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Article

Inflammation Indexes PLR, SII, AISI, MLR, NLPR and MCVL in Peripartum Treated Thrombophilia Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section at Term-STROBE Compliant

Altmetrics

Downloads

174

Views

67

Comments

0

Submitted:

13 March 2024

Posted:

14 March 2024

You are already at the latest version

Alerts
Abstract
(1) Background: Thrombophilia is a tendency towards hypercoagulability, and it is increased by pregnancy, peaking around delivery. Research question: does thrombophilia stimulate the in-flammatory state of the patient, already suppressed by pregnancy? (2) Methods: Eighty thrombo-philia patients admitted for delivery between 1/10/2017 and 1/12/2021 were prospectively stud-ied, together with eighty age- and para-matched control patients. Patients were admitted for de-livery at term by means of cesarean section. The inflammation indexes from the complete blood count values analysis during both the 24 hours before and after labor—extracted from the hospi-tal’s medical records—were calculated and then correlated with uterine involution. (3) Results: Except for the PLR, most of the numerous inflammation indexes studied were not significantly different in treated thrombophilia patients, before and after delivery, compared to non-thrombophilia patients. Only when we split the patients, based on the uterine haematometra in the first 24-48 hours postpartum, we found out that the few treated thrombophilia patients with haematometra (14 with haematometra out of 79 with treated thrombophilia) had elevated SII and AISI antepartum. In pregnant patients treated for thrombophilia, MLR is higher in pa-tients without the Rh factor than in those with the Rh factor. In non-thrombophilia patients, MCVL and NLPR increased with age and before labor, while SII and AISI increased with age postpartum. (4) Conclusions: Thrombophilia did not stimulate the inflammatory state of the pa-tient, already suppressed by pregnancy.
Keywords: 
Subject: Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Obstetrics and Gynaecology

1. Introduction

Rationale: inflammation generates increased coagulation, but nobody studied if increased coagulation, that is thrombophilia, has an underlying inflammatory substrate. After treating thrombophilia, with anticoagulants, does this inflammatory state exist? Research question: does thrombophilia stimulate the inflammatory state of the patient, already suppressed by pregnancy [1,2,3]? Study aim: to determine which inflammation indexes are modified in treated thrombophilia patients, before and after delivery, compared to non-thrombophilia patients. Reason: Inflammation during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders [4,5] and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [6] and changes in the neuroimmune environment of offspring that persist into adulthood [4]. Systemic inflammation during pregnancy is also associated with shorter duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding [7].
Thrombophilia is a tendency towards hypercoagulability, and it is caused by genetic or acquired hemostasis conditions [2]. Pregnancy by itself favors hypercoagulability [9], which accelerates during pregnancy and reaches its highest point peripartum [10]. Thrombophilia alters pregnancy outcomes due to hypercoagulability, stasis, and placental modifications [11,12,13,14,15]. The administration of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is adapted to each pregnant patient. The treatment stops when labor pain occurs or 6 hours before the planned cesarean section, and it restarts after delivery [16]. They report a protective effect of LMWH on miscarriage in patients with a history of unexpected recurrent pregnancy losses due to thrombophilia [17,18,19,20]. Other studies contest it: high-dose thromboprophylaxis did prevent thrombosis antepartum; still, neonatal outcomes were worse among mothers with thrombophilia [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].
In a previous article [29], we demonstrated that postpartum uterine involution only correlated with postpartum neutrophil and postpartum platelet counts. Neutrophils and platelet originate from the same bone marrow [30]. Pathogen-induced platelet activation leads to systemic thrombosis [31]. Inflammation and coagulation are connected. Blood retention into the uterus may elicit inflammation, the more blood in the uterus, the higher risk of endometritis, even higher in cesarean sections than in vaginal deliveries [32]. High concentrations of citokines in pregnancy are associated with postpartum hemorrhage [33,34].
Therefore, we considered that there may be an underlying inflammatory state that persisted despite treatment, especially in patients with uterine haematometra, and we further analyzed it within the same group of patients. We calculated all the inflammation indexes that we could, derived from the routine haematological parameters. We considered that, when there are so many variables explored, the probability of getting some significance was very high. The inflammation indexes studied were the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, monocyte–lymphocyte ratio, platelet–lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammatory index, systemic inflammatory response index, aggregate index of systemic inflammation, mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio, and cumulative inflammatory index.

2. Materials and Methods

We studied 160 pregnant patients. There were 80 pregnant treated thrombophilia patients in the study group, and we chose another 80 patients who had similar age and parity. Patients were referred to our hospital for delivery at term by means of cesarean section between 1/10/2017 and 1/12/2021. Hospital policy required that patients already diagnosed with thrombophilia will be provided cesarean section at 38 weeks gestational age. So were the study group patients. This was a prospective study. All thrombophilia patients already had their diagnosis established. Treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin is ongoing. Our hospital cannot supply thrombophilia screening tests; thus, the control group had their blood sent for screening to specialized laboratories, yielding negative results. The exclusion criteria are as follows: patients suffering from thrombocytopenia (n=2), patients with deep vein thrombosis (n=0), and patients with cerebral thrombosis (n=0) [29].
Table 1. Thrombophilia mutations identified in the study group [29].
Table 1. Thrombophilia mutations identified in the study group [29].
Thrombophilia mutations identified in the study group Number Percent
Gene MTHFR 43 53.75%
Factor V Leiden 17 21.25%
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 11 13.75%
Protein C 4 5.00%
Prothrombin G20210A 3 3.75%
Lupus anticoagulants 1 1.25%
Antithrombin 1 1.25%
TOTAL 80 100%
MTHFR = methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase.
Table 2. Thrombophilia mutations in the control group [29].
Table 2. Thrombophilia mutations in the control group [29].
Thrombophilia mutations identified in the control group Number Percent
Gene MTHFR 0 0%
Factor V Leiden 0 0%
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 0 0%
Protein C 0 0%
Prothrombin G20210A 0 0%
Lupus anticoagulants 0 0%
Antithrombin 0 0%
Protein S 0 0%
Factor XIII V34L 0 0%
Anticardiolipin antibodies 0 0%
Antibeta-2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies 0 0%
Antiphospholipid antibodies 0 0%
TOTAL 0 0%
MTHFR = methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase.
Table 3. Patients’ characteristics: mean, median, standard deviation and quartiles 1 and 2 values [29].
Table 3. Patients’ characteristics: mean, median, standard deviation and quartiles 1 and 2 values [29].
Patients Thrombophilia patients
(n = 80)		 Non-thrombophilia patients
(n =80)		 Significance, p
Age (years) 30 (±5)
30 (27–34)		 30 (±5)
30 (27–34)		 0.944
Gestation (number) 3 (±1)
3 (2–3)		 2 (±1)
2 (1–2)		 < 0.001
Parity (number) 2 (±1)
2 (1–2)		 2 (±1)
2 (1–2)		 0.213
The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons.
There were no thrombophilia mutations identified in the control group (Table 2).
Every patient received a sonogram during the first 1-2 days after cesarean section, and the uterine evaluation was interpreted with the use of the PUUS scale (Postpartum Uterine Ultrasonographic Scale). This scale [35,36] counts the quarters of missing uterine vacuum lines, which could be due to blood or debris presence, as follows:
In grade 0, the uterine cavity is completely empty.
In grade 1, there is a small amount of blood or debris occupying less than one-quarter of the vacuum line.
In grade 2, there is a slightly larger amount of blood or debris occupying less than two-quarters of the vacuum line.
In grade 3, there is a large amount of blood or debris occupying less than three-quarters of the vacuum line.
In grade 4, there is a large amount of blood or debris occupying more than three-quarters of the vacuum line [35,36].
In these cases, debris means that there could be blood or retained trophoblastic tissue. Blood is mobile and has no Doppler signal, while retained trophoblastic tissue is not mobile, is delineated in one or more areas and has Doppler signal. In this group of patients, we had no one with retained trophoblastic tissue. We further referred to these debris as “uterine haematometra”.
In a previous study [29] on the same group of patients, we presented the demographic, maternal and fetal outcomes.
The values and characteristics of the patients’ blood following analysis were extracted from the hospital’s medical records. For this study, the complete blood count values—the first count is obtained postpartum and the last count is obtained antepartum—were considered. Hospital policy requires blood analyses both 24 hours before and after labor [29]. From these values, we calculated inflammation indexes NLR, dNLR, MLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, AISI, MCVL, NLPR, and IIC as follows:
NLR= number of neutrophils/number of lymphocytes. MLR= number of monocytes/number of lymphocytes. PLR= number of platelets/number of lymphocytes. dNLR= number of neutrophils/difference between the number of white blood cells and number of neutrophils. SII= number of neutrophils x number of platelets/number of lymphocytes. SIRI= number of neutrophils x number of monocytes/number of lymphocytes. AISI= number of neutrophils x number of monocytes x number of platelets/number of lymphocytes. MCVL= mean corpuscular volume/number of lymphocytes. IIC= mean corpuscular volume x width of erythrocyte distribution x number of neutrophils/one thousand times the number of lymphocytes. NLPR= neutrophils/ (number of lymphocytes x number of platelets) [37].
We performed the blood analysis using MAN-HEMATO Laboratory Equipment.
We performed the data analysis via SPSS version 18 (PASW Statistics for Windows, Chicago: SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). We determined mean and median values, standard deviations, and quartiles. We also used the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation. We considered p<0.05 as significant [29].

3. Results

One patient with thrombophilia had incomplete data; thus, she was removed from this study, leaving 79 patients with thrombophilia and 80 patients without thrombophilia; all pregnant patients were at term.

3.1. Inflammation indexes in Pregnant Patients and the Postpartum Period

The PLR index is significantly higher in healthy, non-thrombophilia patients compared to treated thrombophilia patients. The other inflammatory indexes are not significantly different between the two groups of treated thrombophilia or non-thrombophilia patients, either pregnant or postpartum.
Still, some patients had uterine haematometra within the first 24 hours postpartum, while others had not. We further analyzed the situation via the postpartum uterine ultrasonographic scale (PUUS).

3.2. Inflammation Indexes in Different PUUS Categories of Patients

In thrombophilia patients, because there are only 14 thrombophilia patients with a PUUS of 1-4 and 65 patients with PUUS 0, we divided the patients into two groups: PUUS=0 (without uterine haematometra) and PUUS ≥1 (with uterine haematometra, in various degrees). Moreover, we compared the inflammation indexes among them (Table 4). The same was carried out for non-thrombophilia patients. Because there were only 11 non-thrombophilia patients with a PUUS of 1-4 and 69 patients with PUUS 0, we divided the patients into two groups: PUUS=0 (without uterine haematometra) and PUUS ≥1 (, with uterine haematometra, in various degrees).
In pregnant treated thrombophilia patients, the patients with uterine haematometra within the first 24-48 hours (PUUS≥1) had significantly higher SII and AISI inflammation indexes than those without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0). (Table 5)
In postpartum treated thrombophilia patients, as well as in non-thrombophilia patients, pregnant or postpartum, there was no significant difference in the inflammation indexes of patients with uterine haematometra within the first 24-48 hours (PUUS≥1) compared to those without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0).

3.3. Correlations between Inflammation Indexes and Age

There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and age before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients. In non-thrombophilia patients, there was a correlation in pregnant patients between MCVL and age and also between NLPR and age. There was a correlation between P SII and age and also between P AISI and age in postpartum non-thrombophilia patients. (Table 6)

3.4. Correlations between Inflammation Indexes and Blood Groups (ABO and Rh Factor)

There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and ABO blood groups before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients, nor in non-thrombophilia patients. There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and the Rh blood factor before or after birth in non-thrombophilia patients.
In pregnant treated thrombophilia patients, MLR is higher in patients without Rh factor (Rh-negative patients) than in those with the Rh factor (Rh-positive patients): median (1.30 versus .72) and mean values (1.14 versus .83). (Table 7)

3.5. Correlations between Inflammation Indexes and Maternal Features (Height, Weight, BMI)

There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and maternal features (height, weight, BMI) before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients, nor was in non-thrombophilia patients. Still, there was a close to significant (p=0.51) correlation between postpartum dNLR and BMI in treated thrombophilia patients. (Table 8)

3.6. Correlations between Inflammation Indexes and Fetal Features (Weight, Apgar Score)

There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and fetal features (weight, Apgar score) before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients, nor was in non-thrombophilia patients.

4. Discussion

Thrombophilia did not stimulate the inflammatory state of the patient, already suppressed by pregnancy. Except for the PLR, most of the numerous inflammation indexes studied were not significantly different in treated thrombophilia patients, before and after delivery, compared to non-thrombophilia patients. The PLR index was significantly higher in healthy, non-thrombophilia patients compared to treated thrombophilia patients. This is in accordance with other authors who observed that patients with a non-immunological disease had an increased PLR baseline value [38].
Only when we split the patients, based on the uterine haematometra in the first 24-48 hours postpartum, we found out that the few treated thrombophilia pregnant patients with haematometra (14 with haematometra out of 79 with treated thrombophilia) had elevated SII and AISI antepartum. SII and AISI increase relative to inflammation and infection according to many studies: SII and SIRI are more reliable biomarkers than other inflammation parameters in hidradenitis suppurativa patients [39]. The SII index showed high accuracies for the prediction of deep neck infection complications [40]. The SII value was significantly higher in non-survivors than that of survivors, and it was identified as an independent predictor of sepsis mortality [41]. In children presenting with abdominal pain, high SIRI and SII values alone support the diagnosis of acute appendicitis at a rate of 95% [42]. The systemic immune inflammation index was significantly higher in the severe COVID-19 and pregnant patient group than in the mild COVID-19 and pregnant patient group [43]. SII proved to be a good predictor of inflammation and abortion in those with ongoing pregnancy [44,45]. An inflammatory state was observed in cases of late uterine involution [46]. This proved our working hypothesis: there is an underlying inflammatory state, which persisted despite treatment in few patients, therefore the uterine haematometra within the first 24-48 hours. There was no reason for increased SII and AISI antepartum found in the hospital records, therefore we considered thrombophilia as a possible cause.
As for AISI, in patients with COVID-19, increased values upon admission predict severe or fatal evolution [47]; therefore, determining the AISI value upon admission can help triage the patients with a bad prognosis [48]. In patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, the aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) was also an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality [49]. After aortic valve replacement, AISI was a statistically significant independent factor associated with in-hospital death [50]. This also proved our working hypothesis: there is an underlying inflammatory state, and it persisted despite treatment in some patients. Moreover, in adults with hypertension, elevated AISI levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [51]. This means that a cardiovascular factor may also be involved in the delay in uterine involution in few treated thrombophilia patients.
In other studies [52], in women at risk for venous thrombosis and thromboprophylaxis, postpartum hemorrhage was common and higher doses of thromboprophylaxis may increase obstetric bleeding complications, therefore they are not recommended. [53] We do not report postpartum hemorrhage. LWMH thromboprophylaxis was recommended only in women with high-risk thrombophilia or in women with low risk thrombophilia and previous venous thrombosis, as stated in the literature [54,55]
In postpartum treated thrombophilia patients, there was no significant difference between the postpartum inflammation indexes in patients with uterine haematometra within the first 24-48 hours (PUUS≥1) compared to those without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0). This is reasonable because, as discovered in [56], only a few patients had severe complications after cesarean section, and delays in eliminating uterine haematometra are not a complication.
In pregnant and postpartum non-thrombophilia patients, there was no significant difference between the inflammation indexes in patients with uterine haematometra within the first 24-48 hours (PUUS≥1) compared to those without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0). Other factors that may have been involved primarily include the following: number of gestations, number of parity, etc.
There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and age before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients. In non-thrombophilia patients, there was a correlation between MCVL and age in pregnant patients. This correlation has not been reported before. There was also a correlation between NLPR and age in non-thrombophilia pregnant patients. Nor has this correlation been reported before. There was also a correlation between postpartum SII and age and between postpartum AISI and age in postpartum non-thrombophilia patients. These findings have not been previously reported.
Patients with group O blood (a blood group with lower baseline levels of von Willebrand factor) have a lower risk of COVID-19 infection and disease severity compared to other ABO blood groups [57]; therefore, coagulation characteristics and early fibrinogenesis may vary between ABO groups [58]. There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and ABO blood groups before or after birth in treated thrombophilia patients or non-thrombophilia patients. This means that thrombophilia treatment was appropriate.
In pregnant treated thrombophilia patients, MLR is higher in patients without the Rh factor than in those with the Rh factor. There was no correlation between inflammation indexes and the Rh blood factor before or after birth in non-thrombophilia patients. MLR may serve as a potential indicator for predicting the progression of hematoma after cerebral contusion [59]. The MLR was significantly higher in the HELLP group than in the normal pregnant patient control group at the delivery time [60]. The monocyte value and monocyte/lymphocyte value (MLR) were significantly higher in the cesarean pregnancy group than in the control group [61]. There have been no reports of higher MLR values in pregnant Rh-negative treated thrombophilia patients so far.
The main limitation of this study is the small number of patients treated in this research topic. The second limitation is that we did use the blood parameters data that we already gathered for the previous article, without calculating the sample size specifically for the inflammation indexes. The third limitation is that we could not apply a multivariable model analysis, since the major covariates of interest did not exist (There were no intraoperative complications, no postpartum hemorrhage, no Hayman or B-Lynch sutures required, no peripartum fever reported, no chorionoamnionitis reported, no COVID-19 infection reported, all the COVID-19 positive patients were admitted to deliver in a separate building and were not performed examination by PUUS scale, few chronic illnesses and very few with type 2 diabetes) and the output was normal (all children were in normal range of weight, normal Apgar score).

5. Conclusions

Thrombophilia did not stimulate the inflammatory state of the patient, already suppressed by pregnancy. Except for the PLR, most of the numerous inflammation indexes studied were not significantly different in treated thrombophilia patients, before and after delivery, compared to non-thrombophilia patients.
Only when we split the patients, based on the uterine haematometra in the first 24-48 hours postpartum, we found out that the few treated thrombophilia pregnant patients with haematometra (14 with haematometra out of 79 with treated thrombophilia) had elevated SII and AISI antepartum.
In pregnant treated thrombophilia patients, the MLR is higher in patients without the Rh factor than in those with the Rh factor. In non-thrombophilia patients, there was a correlation between MCVL and age, and another correlation between NLPR and age in pregnant patients. There was also a correlation between postpartum SII and age and between postpartum AISI and age in postpartum non-thrombophilia patients.
STROBE Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of case-control studies.
STROBE Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of case-control studies.
Page No Recommendation
Title and abstract 1 (a) Indicate the study’s design with a commonly used term in the title or the abstract
(b) Provide in the abstract an informative and balanced summary of what was done and what was found
Introduction
Background/rationale 2 Explain the scientific background and rationale for the investigation being reported
Objectives 2 State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypotheses
Methods
Study design 3 Present key elements of study design early in the paper
Setting 3 Describe the setting, locations, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment, exposure, follow-up, and data collection
Participants 3 (a) Give the eligibility criteria, and the sources and methods of case ascertainment and control selection. Give the rationale for the choice of cases and controls
(b) For matched studies, give matching criteria and the number of controls per case
Variables 3 Clearly define all outcomes, exposures, predictors, potential confounders, and effect modifiers. Give diagnostic criteria, if applicable
Data sources/ measurement 3 For each variable of interest, give sources of data and details of methods of assessment (measurement). Describe comparability of assessment methods if there is more than one group
Bias 12 Describe any efforts to address potential sources of bias
Study size 3 Explain how the study size was arrived at
Quantitative variables 4 Explain how quantitative variables were handled in the analyses. If applicable, describe which groupings were chosen and why
Statistical methods 4 (a) Describe all statistical methods, including those used to control for confounding
(b) Describe any methods used to examine subgroups and interactions
(c) Explain how missing data were addressed
(d) If applicable, explain how matching of cases and controls was addressed
(e) Describe any sensitivity analyses
Results
Participants 4-10 (a) Report numbers of individuals at each stage of study—eg numbers potentially eligible, examined for eligibility, confirmed eligible, included in the study, completing follow-up, and analysed
(b) Give reasons for non-participation at each stage
(c) Consider use of a flow diagram
Descriptive data 4-10 (a) Give characteristics of study participants (eg demographic, clinical, social) and information on exposures and potential confounders
(b) Indicate number of participants with missing data for each variable of interest
Outcome data 4-10 Report numbers in each exposure category, or summary measures of exposure
Main results 4-10 (a) Give unadjusted estimates and, if applicable, confounder-adjusted estimates and their precision (eg, 95% confidence interval). Make clear which confounders were adjusted for and why they were included
(b) Report category boundaries when continuous variables were categorized
(c) If relevant, consider translating estimates of relative risk into absolute risk for a meaningful time period
Other analyses 4-10 Report other analyses done—eg analyses of subgroups and interactions, and sensitivity analyses
Discussion
Key results 10 Summarise key results with reference to study objectives
Limitations 12 Discuss limitations of the study, taking into account sources of potential bias or imprecision. Discuss both direction and magnitude of any potential bias
Interpretation 10-12 Give a cautious overall interpretation of results considering objectives, limitations, multiplicity of analyses, results from similar studies, and other relevant evidence
Generalisability 10-12 Discuss the generalisability (external validity) of the study results
Other information
Funding 12 Give the source of funding and the role of the funders for the present study and, if applicable, for the original study on which the present article is based
*Give information separately for cases and controls. Note: An Explanation and Elaboration article discusses each checklist item and gives methodological background and published examples of transparent reporting. The STROBE checklist is best used in conjunction with this article (freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine at http://www.plosmedicine.org/, Annals of Internal Medicine at http://www.annals.org/, and Epidemiology at http://www.epidem.com/). Information on the STROBE Initiative is available at http://www.strobe-statement.org.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Catalina Filip and Roxana Covali; Data curation, Ioana Sadyie Scripcariu and Tudor Butureanu; Formal analysis, Ingrid Andrada Vasilache; Funding acquisition, Catalina Filip; Investigation, Mona Akad and Gabriela Dumachita-Sargu; Methodology, Alexandru Carauleanu; Project administration, Razvan Socolov; Software, Lucian Vasile Boiculese; Supervision, Razvan Socolov; Validation, Demetra Socolov and Alina Melinte; Visualization, Mona Akad; Writing—original draft, Catalina Filip and Roxana Covali; Writing—review & editing, Demetra Socolov and Alexandru Carauleanu.All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Elena Doamna Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital (approval number 9 from September 17, 2017).

Informed Consent Statement

Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data from this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

None

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Yull, S.; Shafiei, S.; Park, C.B.; Kazemi, P.; Tiemann, E.B.; Pagé, M.G.; Dufort, D. Uterine Nodal expression supports maternal immunotolerance and establishment of the FOXP3+ regulatory T cell population during the preimplantation period. Front Immunol. 2023 Oct 30;14:1276979. [CrossRef]
  2. Liu, J.; Deng, Y.; Wang, A.; Liu, B.; Zhou, X.; Yin, T.; Wang, Y.; Tang, T.; Qiu, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, J. Investigation into the role of the MITA-TRIM38 interaction in regulating pyroptosis and maintaining immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. Cell Death Dis. 2023 Nov 28;14(11):780. [CrossRef]
  3. Chen, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Kwak-Kim, J.; Wang, W. Memory regulatory T cells in pregnancy. Front Immunol. 2023 Oct 26;14:1209706. [CrossRef]
  4. Tamayo, J.M.; Osman, H.C.; Schwartzer, J.J.; Pinkerton, K.E.; Ashwood, P. Characterizing the neuroimmune environment of offspring in a novel model of maternal allergic asthma and particulate matter exposure. J Neuroinflammation. 2023 Nov 2;20(1):252. [CrossRef]
  5. Usui, N.; Kobayashi, H.; Shimada, S. Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 13;24(6):5487. [CrossRef]
  6. Nielsen, T.C.; Nassar, N.; Shand, A.W.; Jones, H.F.; Han, V.X.; Patel, S.; Guastella, A.J.; Dale, R.C.; Lain, S.J. Association between cumulative maternal exposures related to inflammation and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2023 Nov 27. [CrossRef]
  7. Keyes, M.; Andrews, C.; Midya, V.; Carrasco, P.; Guxens, M.; Jimeno-Romero, A.; Murcia, M.; Rodriguez-Dehli, C.; Romaguera, D.; Santa-Maria, L.; Vafeiadi, M.; Chatzi, L.; Oken, E.; Vrijheid, M.; Valvi, D.; Sen, S. Mediators of the association between maternal body mass index and breastfeeding duration in 3 international cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Jul;118(1):255-263. [CrossRef]
  8. Dautaj, A.; Krasi, G.; Bushati, V.; Precone, V.; Gheza, M.; Fioretti, F.; Sartori, M.; Costantini, A.; Benedetti, S.; Bertelli, M. “Hereditary Thrombophilia.” Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parmensis, vol. 90, no. 10-S, Sept. 2019, pp. 44–46. DOI.org (CSL JSON). [CrossRef]
  9. Pham, H.N., Huynh, N.X., Pham, P.N.H., Dang, D.N.Y., Cao, L.T., Huynh, D.M., Thoi, H.T.T., Le, O.H., Beaupha, S.M.C. Reference intervals of complete blood count and coagulation tests in Vietnamese pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Nov 11;23(1):788. 7: 11;23(1). [CrossRef]
  10. Samfireag, M.; Potre, C.; Potre, O.; Tudor, R.; Hoinoiu, T.; Anghel, A. Approach to Thrombophilia in Pregnancy—A Narrative Review. Medicina, vol. 58, no. 5, May 2022, p. 692. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 May. [CrossRef]
  11. Hilali, C.; Aboulaghras, S.; Lamalmi, N. Pathophysiological, Immunogenetic, Anatomopathological Profile of Thrombophilia in Pregnancy. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol. 30, no. 3, Aug. 2023, pp. 360–67. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  12. Mihai, B.M.; Salmen, T.; Cioca, A.M.; Bohîlţea, R.E. The Proper Diagnosis of Thrombophilic Status in Preventing Fetal Growth Restriction. Diagnostics, vol. 13, no. 3, Jan. 2023, p. 512. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  13. Iordache, O.; Anastasiu-Popov, D.M.; Anastasiu, D.M.; Craina, M.; Dahma, G.; Sacarin, G.; Silaghi, C.; Citu, C.; Daniluc, R.; Hinoveanu, D.; Feciche, B.; Bratosin, F.; Neamtu, R. A Retrospective Assessment of Thrombophilia in Pregnant Women with First and Second Trimester Pregnancy Loss. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 24, Dec. 2022, p. 16500. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  14. Samfireag, M.; Potre, C.; Potre, O.; Moleriu, L.C.; Petre, I.; Borsi, E.; Hoinoiu, T.; Preda, M.; Popoiu, T.A.; Anghel, A. Assessment of the Particularities of Thrombophilia in the Management of Pregnant Women in the Western Part of Romania. Medicina, vol. 59, no. 5, Apr. 2023, p. 851. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  15. Voicu, D.I.; Munteanu, O.; Gherghiceanu, F.; Arsene, L.V.; Bohîlţea, R.E.; Gradinaru, D.M.; Cîrstoiu, M.M. Maternal Inherited Thrombophilia and Pregnancy Outcomes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, May 2020. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 May. [CrossRef]
  16. Kobayashi, T. Clinical Guidance for Peripartum Management of Patients with Hereditary Thrombophilia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 47, no. 9, Sept. 2021, pp. 3008–33. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  17. Novak, P.; Novak, A.; Šabović, M.; Kozak, M. Prophylactic Dose of Dalteparin in Pregnant Women With History of Venous Thromboembolisms and/or Thrombophilia: Real-World Data. Angiology, vol. 74, no. 8, Sept. 2023, pp. 783–89. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  18. Scarrone, M.; Canti, V.; Vanni, V.S.; Bordoli, S.; Pasi, F.; Quaranta, L.; Erra, R.; De Lorenzo, R.; Rosa, S.; Castiglioni, M.T.; Candiani, M.; Rovere-Querini, P. Treating Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Based on Lessons Learned from Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Inherited Thrombophilia: A Propensity-Score Adjusted Retrospective Study. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, vol. 154, Dec. 2022, p. 103760. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  19. Iordache, O.; Anastasiu, D.M.; Kakarla, M.; Ali, A.; Bratosin, F.; Neamtu, R.; Dumitru, C.; Olaru, F.; Erdelean, I.; Gherman, A.; Avram, C.R.; Stelea, L. Influence of Antiphospholipid Antibody-Associated Thrombophilia on the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 12, no. 16, Aug. 2023, p. 5316. [CrossRef]
  20. Lambert, J.R.; Ueno, J.; Fernandes, C.E.; Pompei, L.M. Prophylactic Low-molecular-weight Heparin in Women with Thrombophilia Undergoing in Vitro Fertilization. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, July 2023, p. ijgo.15005. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 July. [CrossRef]
  21. Intzes, S.; Symeonidou, M.; Zagoridis, K.; Stamou, M.; Spanoudaki, A.; Spanoudakis, E. Hold Your Needles in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Losses with or without Hereditary Thrombophilia: Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction, vol. 50, no. 4, Apr. 2021, p. 101935. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  22. Quenby, S.; Booth, K.; Hiller, L.; Coomarasamy, A.; de Jong, P.; Hamulyák, E.; Scheres, L.; van Haaps, T.; Ewington, L.; Tewary, S.; Goddijn, M.; Middeldorp, S.; ALIFE2Block Writing Committee; ALIFE2 Investigators. Heparin for Women with Recurrent Miscarriage and Inherited Thrombophilia (ALIFE2): An International Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, vol. 402, no. 10395, July 2023, pp. 54–61. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  23. Dugalić, S.; Todorović, J.; Macura, M.; Vrzić Petronijević, S.; Petronijević, M.; Gojnić, M.; Sengul, D.; Sengul. I.; Pelikán, A.; de Arruda Veiga, E.C. A Point of View on Hereditary Thrombophilia and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Incorporating the Management in Pregnancy and Involving Thyroidology. Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira, vol. 69, no. 9, 2023, p. e20230735. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  24. Bremme, K.; Lannemyr, A.; Tyni, L.; Chaireti, R. Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women Treated with High-Dose Thromboprophylaxis: A Retrospective, Single-Center Study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, vol. 34, no. 10, May 2021, pp. 1641–44. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  25. Varlas, V.N.; Bors, R.G.; Plotogea, M.; Iordache, M.; Mehedintu, C.; Cîrstoiu, M.M. Thromboprophylaxis in Pregnant Women with COVID-19: An Unsolved Issue. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 20, no. 3, Jan. 2023, p. 1949. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  26. Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Socolov, R.; Pavaleanu, I.; Carauleanu, A.; Akad, M.; Boiculese, V.L.; Adam, A.M. Complete Blood Count Peculiarities in Pregnant SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients at Term: A Cohort Study. Diagnostics, vol. 12, no. 1, Dec. 2021, p. 80. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  27. Socolov, R.; Akad, M.; Pavaleanu, M.; Popovici, D.; Ciuhodaru, M.; Covali, R.; Akad, F.; Pavaleanu, I. The Rare Case of a COVID-19 Pregnant Patient with Quadruplets and Postpartum Severe Pneumonia. Case Report and Review of the Literature. Medicina, vol. 57, no. 11, Nov. 2021, p. 1186. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  28. Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Pavaleanu, I.; Carauleanu, A.; Boiculese, V.L.; Socolov, R. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Susceptibility of Pregnant Patients at Term Regarding ABO and Rh Blood Groups: A Cohort Study. Medicina, vol. 57, no. 5, May 2021, p. 499. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 May. [CrossRef]
  29. Filip, C.; Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Carauleanu, A.; Tanasa, I.A.; Scripcariu, I.S.; Ciuhodaru, M.; Butureanu, T.; Pavaleanu, I.; Akad, M.; Boiculese, L.V.; Socolov, R. The Postpartum Uterine Ultrasonographic Scale in Assessment of Uterine Involution after Cesarean Section in Treated Thrombophilia Pregnant Patients at Term. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, vol. 36, no. 9, Sept. 2022, p. e24645. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  30. Guven, A.T.;Şener, Y.Z., Özdede, M. Psoriatic inflammation-induced atypically located venous thromboembolism: A case of immuno-thrombosis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2023 Sep;26(9):1396-1398. [CrossRef]
  31. Cox, D. Sepsis - it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol. 2023 Jun 7;14:1210219. [CrossRef]
  32. Taylor, M.; Jenkins, S.M.; Pillarisetty, L.S. Endometritis. 2023 Oct 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 31985918.
  33. Gallo, D.M.; Romero, R.; Bosco, M.; Chaiworapongsa, T.; Gomez-Lopez, N.; Arenas-Hernandez, M.; Jung, E.; Suksai, M.; Gotsch, F.; Erez, O.; Tarca, A.L. Maternal plasma cytokines and the subsequent risk of uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. J Perinat Med. 2022 Jun 21;51(2):219-232. [CrossRef]
  34. Jiang, H.; Shi, H.; Chen, L.; Yang, J.; Yuan, P.; Wang, W.; Pang, Y.; Wei, Y.; Zhao, Y. Is there a relationship between plasma, cytokine concentrations, and the subsequent risk of postpartum hemorrhage? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jun;226(6):835.e1-835.e17. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Socolov, R.V.; Akad, M. Postpartum Uterine Ultrasonographic Scale: A Novel Method to Standardize the Assessment of Uterine Postpartum Involution. Journal of Medicine and Life, vol. 14, no. 4, Aug. 2021, pp. 511–17. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  36. Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Carauleanu, A.; Pavaleanu, I.; Akad, M.; Boiculese, L.V.; Socolov, R.V. The Importance of the Novel Postpartum Uterine Ultrasonographic Scale in Numerical Assessments of Uterine Involution Regarding Perinatal Maternal and Fetal Outcomes. Diagnostics, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2021, p. 1731. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  37. Filip, C.; Covali, R.; Socolov, D.; Akad, M.; Carauleanu, A.; Vasilache, I.A.; Scripcariu, I.S.; Pavaleanu, I.; Dumachita-Sargu, G.; Butureanu, T.; Boiculese, L.V.; Melinte, A.; Socolov, R. The Influence of Climate on Critically Ill Pregnant COVID-19 Patients, as Revealed by the Inflammation Indexes, in Spring versus Autumn 2021 Infection. Balneo and PRM Research Journal, no. Vol.14, 3, Sept. 2023, p. 571. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  38. Song, S.Y.; Lan, D.; Wu, X.Q.; Ding, Y.C.; Ji, X.M.; Meng, R. Clinical Characteristics, Inflammation and Coagulation Status in Patients with Immunological Disease-Related Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency. Annals of Translational Medicine, vol. 9, no. 3, Feb. 2021, pp. 236–236. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  39. Utlu, Z. Evaluation of Systemic Immune and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 27, no. 19, Oct. 2023, pp. 9267–72. DOI.org (CSL JSON). [CrossRef]
  40. Treviño-Gonzalez, J.l.; Acuña-Valdez, F.; Santos-Santillana, K.-M. Prognostic Value of Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Serological Biomarkers for Deep Neck Infections. Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 2020, pp. 0–0. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  41. Liu, C.; Wu, X.; Deng, R.; Xu, X.; Chen, C.; Wu, L.; Zhang, W.; Yang, H.; Fei, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhou, S.; Fang, B. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Combined with Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score for Predicting Mortality in Sepsis Patients. Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 9, Sept. 2023, p. e19526. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  42. Siki, F.Ö.; Sarikaya, M.; Gunduz, M.; Sekmenli, T.; Korez, M.K.; Ciftci, I. Evaluation of the Systemic Immune Inflammation Index and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Index as New Markers for the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis in Children. Annals of Saudi Medicine, vol. 43, no. 5, Sept. 2023, pp. 329–38. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  43. Gündüz, Ö.; Seven, B.; Ozgu-Erdinc, A.S.; Ayhan, S.G.; Sahin, D.; Tekin, O.M.; Keskin, H.L. Correlation of Systemic Inflammation Biomarkers and Disease Severity in Pregnant Women with COVID-19. Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira, vol. 69, no. 6, 2023, p. e20221614. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  44. Soysal, C.; Sari, H.; Işikalan, M.M.; Özkaya, E.B.; Ulaş, Ö.; Taşçi, Y.; Keskine, N. Role of the Systemic immune-inflammation Index in Threatened Abortion Patients and Predicting of Abortion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 49, no. 7, July 2023, pp. 1723–28. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 July. [CrossRef]
  45. Akad, M.; Socolov, R.; Furnica, C.; Covali, R.; Stan, C.D.; Crauciuc, E.; Pavaleanu, I. Kisspeptin Variations in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—A Prospective Case Control Study. Medicina, vol. 58, no. 6, June 2022, p. 776. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  46. Falomo, M. E., Del Re, B.; Rossi, M.; Giaretta, E.; Da Dalt, L.; Gabai, G. Relationship between Postpartum Uterine Involution and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Clinically Healthy Mares (Equus Caballus). Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 4, Apr. 2020, p. e03691. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  47. Zinellu, A.; Paliogiannis, P.; Mangoni, A. Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI), Disease Severity, and Mortality in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 12, no. 14, July 2023, p. 4584. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  48. Ercan, Z., Evren Öztop, K.; Pinar, M.; Varim, C.; Dheir, H.; Karacaer, C.; Yaylaci, S.; Bilal Genç, A.; Ҫekiç, D; Nalbant, A.; Cihad Genç, A. The Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation May Predict Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 27, no. 8, Apr. 2023, pp. 3747–52. DOI.org (CSL JSON). [CrossRef]
  49. Chen, X.; Wang, S.; Yang, J.; Wang, X.; Yang, L.; Zhou, J. The Predictive Value of Hematological Inflammatory Markers for Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality in Adults with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Retrospective Analysis of 585 Patients. International Immunopharmacology, vol. 122, Sept. 2023, p. 110564. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  50. Shvartz, V.; Sokolskaya, M.; Ispiryan, A.; Basieva, M.; Kazanova, P.; Shvartz, E.; Talibova, S.; Petrosyan, A.; Kanametov, T.; Donakanyan, S.; Bockeria, L.; Golukhova, E.et al. The Role of «Novel» Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in the Development of Early Hospital Events after Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Stenosis. Life, vol. 13, no. 6, June 2023, p. 1395. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  51. Xiu, J.; Lin, X.; Chen, Q.; Yu, P.; Lu, J.; Yang, Y.; Chen, W.; Bao, K.; Wang, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, X.; Pan, Y.; Tu, J.; Chen, K.; Chen, L. The Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI): A Novel Predictor for Hypertension. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 10, May 2023, p. 1163900. DOI.org (Crossref). 20 May. [CrossRef]
  52. Cox, S; Eslick, R.; McLintock, C. Effectiveness and safety of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin for prevention of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2019 Jul;17(7):1160-1170. [CrossRef]
  53. Croles, F.N.; Nasserinejad, K.; Duvekot, J.J.; Kruip, M.J.; Meijer, K.; Leebeek, F.W. Pregnancy, thrombophilia, and the risk of a first venous thrombosis: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017 Oct 26;359:j4452. [CrossRef]
  54. Middeldorp, S.; Naue C, Köhler C. Thrombophilia, Thrombosis and Thromboprophylaxis in Pregnancy: For What and in Whom? Hamostaseologie. 2022 Feb;42(1):54-64. [CrossRef]
  55. Gulino, F.A.; Capriglione, S.; Fauzia, M.; Di Gregorio, L.M., Di Stefano, A.; Musmeci, G.; Angioli, R.; Palumbo, M.A. Which are the most common thrombophilic genetic nucleotide polymorphisms in infertile women undergoing an IVF cycle? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016 Nov;32(11):896-899. [CrossRef]
  56. Leonard, P.; Crouse, D.; Boudreau, J.; Gupta, N.; McDonald, J. Provider Volume and Maternal Complications after Caesarean Section: Results from a Population-Based Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 20, no. 1, Dec. 2020, p. 37. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  57. Mei, Z.W.; van Wijk, X.; Pham, H.; Marine M. Role of von Willebrand Factor in COVID-19 Associated Coagulopathy. The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, vol. 6, no. 5, Sept. 2021, pp. 1305–15. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  58. Valenti, L.; Tripodi, A.; La Mura, V.; Pelusi, S.; Bianco, C.; Scalambrino, E.; Margarita, S.; Malvestiti, F.; Ronzoni, L.; Clerici, M.; D’Ambrosio, R.; Fraquelli, M.; Carpani, R.; Prati, D.; Peyvandi, F. Clinical and Genetic Determinants of the Fatty Liver–Coagulation Balance Interplay in Individuals with Metabolic Dysfunction. JHEP Reports, vol. 4, no. 12, Dec. 2022, p. 100598. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  59. Zhang, H.; Duan, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhuang, G.; Cao, D.; Meng, W.; Yan, M.; Qi, W. Association Between Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Hematoma Progression After Cerebral Contusion. Neurocritical Care, Oct. 2023. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  60. İpek, G.; Tanaçan, A.; Ağaoğlu, Z.; Peker, A.; Şahine, D. Can SIRI or Other Inflammatory Indices Predict HELLP Syndrome in the First Trimester? Journal of Reproductive Immunology, vol. 159, Sept. 2023, p. 104126. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
  61. Dogru, S.; Atci, A.A.; Akkus, F.; Erdogan, A.C.; Acar, A. Predictability of Hematological Parameters in the Diagnosis of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, vol. 15, no. 03, Sept. 2023, pp. 425–30. DOI.org (Crossref). [CrossRef]
Table 4. Inflammation indexes: mean numbers in the first row and median numbers in the second row. In brackets: standard deviation in the first row and quartiles 1 and 3 in the second row of every index for pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term compared to pregnant non-thrombophilia patients at term.
Table 4. Inflammation indexes: mean numbers in the first row and median numbers in the second row. In brackets: standard deviation in the first row and quartiles 1 and 3 in the second row of every index for pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term compared to pregnant non-thrombophilia patients at term.
Inflammation indexes and median (mean) values Pregnant Treated thrombophilia patients at term
n=79		 Pregnant Non-thrombophilia patients at term
n=80		 Significance,
P
NLR 2.23 (±.98)
2.08 (1.62, 2.85)		 2.34 (±.93)
2.35 (1.69, 2.78)		 .375
dNLR 1.3 (±.69)
1.23 (.83, 1.68)		 1.31 (±.59)
1.23 (.94, 1.63)		 .623
MLR .87 (±.46)
.73 (.59, 1.06)		 .95 (±.72)
.75 (.50, 1.15)		 .762
PLR 100.9 (±35.61)
96.36 (78.66, 117.08)		 109.27 (±29.66)
103.64 (89.42, 130.85)		 .031
SII 571.61 (±289.67)
518.65 (360.40, 777.72)		 620.24 (±276.87)
598.64 (429.60, 735.26)		 .224
SIRI 4.53 (±2.47)
3.98 (3.01, 5.31)		 4.98 (±4.11)
4.00 (2.74, 5.92)		 .888
AISI 1152.24 (±748.28)
990.62 (684.06, 1399.34)		 1321.89 (±1103.44)
1017.99 (618.54, 1517.14)		 .586
MCVL 33.53 (±8.64)
32.23 (26.70, 36.95)		 34.81 (±10.9)
33.77 (27.81, 40.67)		 .507
IIC 2.534 (±1.018)
2.372 (1.9, 3.238)		 2.645 (±1.056)
2.623 (1.968, 3.055)		 .446
NLPR 0.0089 (±0.0043)
0.0084 (0.0056, 0.0108)		 0.0091 (±0.0041)
0.0087 (0.0062, 0.0116)		 .705
NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; dNLR: derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory index; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; MCVL: mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; IIC: cumulative inflammatory index; NLPR: neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio.
Table 5. Inflammation indexes: mean numbers in the first row and median numbers in the second row. In brackets: standard deviation in the first row and quartiles 1 and 3 in the second row of every index for pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0) or with uterine haematometra (PUUS≥1).
Table 5. Inflammation indexes: mean numbers in the first row and median numbers in the second row. In brackets: standard deviation in the first row and quartiles 1 and 3 in the second row of every index for pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term without uterine haematometra (PUUS=0) or with uterine haematometra (PUUS≥1).
Inflammation indexes and median (mean) values PUUS≥1 PUUS=0 Significance,
P
NLR 2.52 (±.73)
2.54 (1.93, 3.11)		 2.17 (±1.02)
2.07 (1.589, 2.81)		 .103
dNLR 1.42 (±.48)
1.38 (.94, 1.80)		 1.27 (±.73)
1.20 (.78, 1.68)		 .180
MLR .79 (±.25)
.79 (.59, 1.00)		 .88 (±.49)
.73 (.60, 1.18)		 .964
PLR 112.49 (±29.51)
107.91 (85.97, 125.83)		 98.40 (±36.51)
92.93 (78.30, 111.73)		 .070
SII 716.47 (±280.34)
680.79 (480.61, 861.16)		 540.41 (±284.12)
488.82 (346.65, 719.35)		 .036
SIRI 5.39 (±2.47)
5.03 (3.61, 6.12)		 4.34 (±2.45)
3.88 (2.97, 4.83)		 .074
AISI 1388.84 (±595.12)
1382.85 (903.55, 1593.69)		 1101.28 (±771.74)
913.78 (645.32, 1274.79)		 .025
MCVL 34.51 (±11.94)
31.51 (25.46, 43.86)		 33.32 (±7.85)
32.23 (28.14, 36.85)		 .748
IIC 2.923 (±.846)
2.987 (2.152, 3.604)		 2.450 (±1.038)
2.244 (1.831, 3.116)		 .081
NLPR 0.0098 (±0.0045)
0.0088 (0.0065, 0.0119)		 0.0091 (±0.0042)
0.0086 (0.0059, 0.0119)		 0.532
NLR: neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; dNLR: derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory index; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; MCVL: mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; IIC: cumulative inflammatory index; NLPR: neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio.
Table 6. Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation between inflammation indexes and age in pregnant non-thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum non-thrombophilia patients.
Table 6. Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation between inflammation indexes and age in pregnant non-thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum non-thrombophilia patients.
Inflammation indexes in pregnant non-thrombophilia patients Correlation
(Significance 2-tailed)		 Inflammation indexes in postpartum non-thrombophilia patients Correlation
(Significance 2-tailed)
NLR 0.093 (0.409) P NLR -0.122 (0.304)
dNLR 0.067 (0.552) P dNLR -0.145 (0.221)
MLR 0.008 (0.942) P MLR
 -0.050 (0.672)
PLR 0.014 (0.900) P PLR -0.160 (0.177)
SII -0.169 (0.131) P SII -0.260 (0.027)
SIRI -0.097 (0.391) P SIRI -0.186 (0.116)
AISI -0.216 (0.054) P AISI -0.243 (0.039)
MCVL 0.396 (< 0.01) P MCVL 0.227 (0.054)
IIC 0.045 (0.687) P IIC -0.134 (0.259)
NLPR 0.304 (< 0.01) P NLPR 0.059 (0.625)
NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; dNLR: derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory index; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; MCVL: mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; IIC: cumulative inflammatory index; NLPR: neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio. P NLR: postpartum neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P dNLR: postpartum derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P MLR: postpartum monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; P PLR: postpartum platelet–lymphocyte ratio; P SII: postpartum systemic inflammatory index; P SIRI: postpartum systemic inflammatory response index; P AISI: postpartum aggregate index of systemic inflammation; P MCVL: postpartum mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; P IIC: postpartum cumulative inflammatory index; P NLPR: postpartum neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio.
Table 7. Comparisons (Mann-Whitney test) between inflammation indexes grouped by Rh blood factor in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum treated thrombophilia patients.
Table 7. Comparisons (Mann-Whitney test) between inflammation indexes grouped by Rh blood factor in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum treated thrombophilia patients.
Inflammation indexes in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients Significance (2-tailed) Inflammation indexes in postpartum treated thrombophilia patients Significance (2-tailed)
NLR 0.740 P NLR 0.525
dNLR 0.413 P dNLR 0.925
MLR 0.049 P MLR 0.142
PLR 0.478 P PLR 0.680
SII 0.793 P SII 0.492
SIRI 0.284 P SIRI 0.057
AISI 0.700 P AISI 0.096
MCVL 0.459 P MCVL 0.959
IIC 0.988 P IIC 0.719
NLPR 0.677 P NLPR 0.430
NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; dNLR: derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory index; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; MCVL: mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; IIC: cumulative inflammatory index; NLPR: neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio. P NLR: postpartum neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P dNLR: postpartum derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P MLR: postpartum monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; P PLR: postpartum platelet–lymphocyte ratio; P SII: postpartum systemic inflammatory index; P SIRI: postpartum systemic inflammatory response index; P AISI: postpartum aggregate index of systemic inflammation; P MCVL: postpartum mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; P IIC: postpartum cumulative inflammatory index; P NLPR: postpartum neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio.
Table 8. Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation between inflammation indexes and maternal BMI in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum treated thrombophilia patients.
Table 8. Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation between inflammation indexes and maternal BMI in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients at term and postpartum treated thrombophilia patients.
Inflammation indexes in pregnant treated thrombophilia patients Correlation (Significance 2-tailed) Inflammation indexes in postpartum treated thrombophilia patients Correlation (Significance 2-tailed)
NLR -0.078 (0.496) P NLR -0.190 (0.102)
dNLR -0.094 (0.410) P dNLR -0.226 (0.051)
MLR 0.008 (0.944) P MLR 0.004 (0.976)
PLR 0.049 (0.671) P PLR -0.088 (0.451)
SII -0.103 (0.366) P SII -0.196 (0.091)
SIRI -0.045 (0.692) P SIRI -0.120 (0.307)
AISI -0.078 (0.496) P AISI -0.094 (0.421)
MCVL -0.001 (0.993) P MCVL -0.109 (0.351)
IIC -0.050 (0.659) P IIC -0.144 (0.219)
NLPR -0.038 (0.742) P NLPR -0.179 (0.123)
NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; dNLR: derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory index; SIRI: systemic inflammatory response index; AISI: aggregate index of systemic inflammation; MCVL: mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; IIC: cumulative inflammatory index; NLPR: neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio. P NLR: postpartum neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P dNLR: postpartum derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; P MLR: postpartum monocyte–lymphocyte ratio; P PLR: postpartum platelet–lymphocyte ratio; P SII: postpartum systemic inflammatory index; P SIRI: postpartum systemic inflammatory response index; P AISI: postpartum aggregate index of systemic inflammation; P MCVL: postpartum mean corpuscular volume–lymphocyte ratio; P IIC: postpartum cumulative inflammatory index; P NLPR: postpartum neutrophils-to-lymphocytes and platelets ratio.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated