Introduction

Properties of 2D Materials for Optical Polarizers

2D-Material-Based Optical Polarizers in Different Device Platforms

Spatial-Light Devices

Spatial-light optical polarizers allow for the selection of light polarization states in free-space environments. They are featured by high polarization selectivity across a specific wavelength range and robust environmental stability. Spatial-light optical polarizers can be realized based on various schemes with different device configurations. For instance, wire-grid polarizers utilize finely spaced metallic wires to selectively absorb light in one polarization while allowing the transmission of the other [79]. For sheet polarizers, polarization selection is achieved by absorbing one polarization state more efficiently than the other [80]. In prism polarizers, birefringent materials are employed to refract and separate light in different polarization states [81]. Brewster-Angle polarizers operate by reflecting light at a specific angle to isolate a particular polarization state [82]. As compared to conventional spatial-light optical polarizers based on bulk materials, the incorporation of 2D materials in spatial-light optical polarizers could yield broader OBWs and flexible polarization selection through thermal or electrical tuning methods. In addition, 2D materials have a high mechanical flexibility to maintain their functionality when subject to bending, twisting, or compression. In Figure 3, we summarize typical spatial-light optical polarizers incorporating 2D materials.

As mentioned in the previous section, graphene can effectively interact with light at THz wavelengths. This has motivated many studies on THz graphene optical polarizers. In 2012, Bludov et al. first proposed a THz graphene spatial-light optical polarizer and theoretically analyzed its performance. In such device, a graphene layer was sandwiched between two dielectric media and a prism was placed on top of them (Figure 3a) [83]. Polarization selection was realized by leveraging the resonant coupling between transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized light waves and graphene surface plasmons, where TM-polarized waves were absorbed at resonance, and transverse electric (TE)-polarized waves were reflected. By adjusting the voltage applied to graphene, it was possible to modulate the degree of polarization change and achieve 100% reflection of the TE-polarized waves. This could also enable the transition between circular and linear polarizations.

Metasurfaces consisting of 2D arrays of elements have been widely used for manipulating anisotropic propagation of light waves [84,85,86]. By incorporating graphene layers into metallic metasurfaces [20,26] or utilizing purely graphene-based metasurfaces [27,87,88], tunable THz polarizers have been realized.

In 2017, Kim et al. experimentally demonstrated effective polarization manipulation of THz waves by incorporating a graphene layer into chiral metasurfaces composed of subwavelength metallic building blocks (Figure 3b) [20]. In such a device, the gate voltage applied to graphene selectively adjusted the transmission of right-handed circularly polarized light without impacting the transmission of left-handed circularly polarized light, allowing for large-intensity modulation depths (> 99%) at a low gate voltage of ~2 V. In contrast to the device in Figure 3b where the graphene sheet spanned the entire area of metallic metasurface, Meng et al. experimentally demonstrated a tunable THz spatial-light optical polarizer based on a graphene-metal metasurface with graphene wire grids positioned over a metallic metasurface (Figure 3c) [26]. Metal patterns were first fabricated to deposit Ti/Au layers, followed by transferring graphene onto the metal arrays via a wet transfer process and etching to form the wire-grid structure via oxygen plasma etching. The device with interleaved graphene and metal elements enhanced the THz wave-plasmon resonant coupling, enabling tunable PER from ~3.7 to ~10.3 dB by adjusting the gate voltage.

Although the light-graphene interaction can be enhanced by using metallic metastructures, they also face limitations, such as complicated fabrications and high costs. To address this issue, some THz optical polarizers based on pure graphene metasurfaces were investigated. A THz optical polarizer was proposed by placing an array of rectangular or L-shaped graphene patches on top of a dielectric layer to form metasurfaces (Figure 3d) [87]. Owing to the strong plasmonic behavior of graphene, the rectangular graphene patches facilitated the conversion of linearly polarized waves into circular or elliptical polarization during transmission, while the L-shaped graphene patches enabled the conversion of linearly polarized waves into their cross-polarized counterparts during reflection. In addition, a tunable THz optical polarizer with adjustable operating frequency within 1.81-3.81 THz was theoretically investigated (Figure 3e) [27], where a graphene ribbon array on silicon substrate passed TM-polarized light and blocked the TE polarization due to the surface plasmon resonance of graphene. By employing a double-stage graphene layered structure in such a device, an optimized PER up to ~30 dB was achieved. Similarly, a THz graphene wire-grid optical polarizer was proposed by utilizing the surface plasmon resonance in graphene ribbons to select TM-polarized light [88]. Simulation results showed that an average PER of ~30 dB and a low IL of ~2 dB over a broad frequency range of 0.8–2.5 THz was achieved.

Apart from graphene, other 2D materials have also been employed in spatial-light optical polarizers. A mid-infrared (MIR) spatial-light optical polarizer formed by periodic GO ribbons was demonstrated (Figure 3f) [89], achieving a high PER (~20 dB) as well as adjustable operational wavelengths in the MIR region. The device was designed based on the guided-mode resonance theory to allow more efficient coupling between TE-polarized light and the GO film as compared to TM-polarized light. In addition, Ti₃C₂T_z MXene films with anisotropic optical conductivity were used in a wire-grid configuration to effectively manipulate the polarization of THz radiation (Figure 3g) [66]. The devices were made by spinning a water-based mixture of Ti₃C₂T_z nanosheets onto a photolithographically patterned THz-transparent base before soaking in acetone. Experimental results showed that the polarizer achieved a PER of ~6 dB over the spectral range from ~0.3 to ~2.0 THz.

An optical polarizer based on 2D perovskites was also demonstrated, which enabled the conversion of deep ultraviolet incident light into polarized photoluminescence of the 2D perovskite at visible wavelengths (Figure 3h) [75]. The polarizer was consisted of a periodic sub-30-nm 2D BA₂MA₂Pb₃Br₁₀ perovskite line pattern, which was fabricated by nanoimprinting a precursor film of the 2D perovskite via spin coating on a silicon substrate with a topographically prepatterned hard PDMS mold. A thin aluminum metal layer was deposited on the perovskite nanopattern to enhance the transmission of linearly polarized light perpendicular to the line direction. The patterned 2D perovskite films with the narrow pitch size of 30 nm significantly improved the optical anisotropy, where the maximum PER was ~1.5 times higher than the pitch size of 100 nm over the spectral range of 200 ‒ 600 nm. In addition, a BP reflective optical polarizer was demonstrated (Figure 3i) based on mode interference in a multilayered system [90]. The polarizer consisted of an anisotropic BP layer atop a multilayer SiO₂/Si substrate, where the BP layer and the bottom substrate form a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity. By adjusting the thickness of the BP layer with a high optical anisotropy, a PER of ~9 dB was achieved at visible wavelengths.

Figure 3. Schematic illustrations of spatial-light optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A THz optical polarizer based on a graphene layer sandwiched between two dielectric media and with a prism on top of them. b. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on graphene incorporated into chiral metasurfaces. c. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on graphene-metal metasurfaces. d. A THz optical polarizer based on metasurfaces formed by L-shaped graphene patches. e. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on a graphene nanoribbon array on a silicon substrate. f. A mid-infrared graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer. g. A THz MXene wire-grid optical polarizer. h. A perovskite optical polarizer working at visible wavelengths. i. A black phosphorus (BP) optical polarizer working at visible wavelengths. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [83] Copyright 2012 AIP Publishing. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [20] Copyright 2017, AAAS. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [26] Copyright 2019 OSA Publishing. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [87] Copyright 2016 OSA Publishing. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [27] Copyright 2021 OSA Publishing. f is reprinted with permission from ref. [89] Copyright 2021 RSC Pub. g is reprinted with permission from ref. [66] Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [75] Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [90] Copyright 2018 OSA Publishing.

Figure 3. Schematic illustrations of spatial-light optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A THz optical polarizer based on a graphene layer sandwiched between two dielectric media and with a prism on top of them. b. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on graphene incorporated into chiral metasurfaces. c. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on graphene-metal metasurfaces. d. A THz optical polarizer based on metasurfaces formed by L-shaped graphene patches. e. A tunable THz optical polarizer based on a graphene nanoribbon array on a silicon substrate. f. A mid-infrared graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer. g. A THz MXene wire-grid optical polarizer. h. A perovskite optical polarizer working at visible wavelengths. i. A black phosphorus (BP) optical polarizer working at visible wavelengths. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [83] Copyright 2012 AIP Publishing. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [20] Copyright 2017, AAAS. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [26] Copyright 2019 OSA Publishing. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [87] Copyright 2016 OSA Publishing. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [27] Copyright 2021 OSA Publishing. f is reprinted with permission from ref. [89] Copyright 2021 RSC Pub. g is reprinted with permission from ref. [66] Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [75] Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [90] Copyright 2018 OSA Publishing.

Fiber Devices

Fiber optical polarizers provide in-line polarization control and find direct applications in fiber-optic systems. Fiber devices are highly effective in applications like sensing and optical communications, where maintaining the integrity of the polarized light over long distances is crucial. Conventional fiber optical polarizers achieve the selection of light polarization states by incorporating birefringent crystals or metals that show polarization-selective coupling with the evanescent fiber optical field [91,92,93]. Due to inherent limitations of these materials (e.g., polarization mode dispersion and high insertion loss [94]) and structural constraints in fiber optical polarizers, these devices face challenges in terms of fabrication, bandwidth, and tunability. In contrast, the incorporation of 2D materials with highly anisotropic light absorption over broad bands can enhance the efficiency for polarization selection and improve the OBW for fiber optical polarizers. In Figure 4, we summarize typical fiber optical polarizers incorporating 2D materials.

In 2011, Bao et al. first demonstrate a graphene optical polarizer in a single-mode fiber, achieving a high PER of ~27 dB and an IL of ~5 dB (Figure 4a) [17]. To enhance the interaction between graphene and the evanescent optical field, the fiber was polished into the core with a depth of ~1 μm. Owing to the broadband light absorption of graphene, the polarizer operated from visible to NIR wavelengths. Compared to conventional metal-clad polarizers, the graphene fiber optical polarizer also provided advantages of simpler fabrication and lower cost. Subsequently, there were many related studies aiming to improve the performance of graphene fiber optical polarizers by using various methods to enhance the light-graphene interaction. These include engineering fiber core geometry (Figure 4b) [95], optimizing fiber core or graphene film position (Figure 4c,d) [96,97], and introducing auxiliar materials like polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Figure 4e) [98] and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) (Figure 4f) [99].

In addition to graphene, fiber optical polarizers incorporating other 2D materials were also investigated. By using the drop-casting method to coat GO on a non-adiabatic microfiber, a TM-pass optical polarizer was demonstrated (Figure 4g) [100]. A high PER of ~37 dB at 1480 nm was achieved for a device with a ~24-μm-thick GO film at a length of ~12 mm. An optical polarizer consisting of a 2D ReS₂ film transferred onto a D-shaped fiber was demonstrated (Figure 4h) [101]. Due to the periodical change of linear absorption with the polarization angle, the ReS₂-covered fiber exhibited different responses for TE and TM polarizations, which was exploited to achieved polarization selection from the visible to MIR regions.

Recently, some fiber optical polarizers incorporating vdW heterostructures were also reported. A fiber optical polarizer consisting of MoS₂/graphene/Au film was demonstrated, achieving a high PER of ~19 dB (Figure 4i) [78]. The polarizer was fabricated by wet transferring a graphene/MoS₂/PMMA hybrid film onto a side-polished fiber, followed by employing a mask to pattern interdigitated Au electrodes atop the graphene surface. In such a device, the MoS₂ film and the Au finger electrode significantly enhanced TM mode absorption by ~1.75 and ~24.8 times than a comparable device with only graphene, respectively. Another fiber optical polarizer based on graphene/ hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructure was also proposed (Figure 4j) [102], where the graphene and hBN material were sequentially deposited on the surface of a silicon-core microfiber. Compared to the device with only graphene, more power was coupled into the graphene film to enhance the light-graphene interaction. Depending on the input wavelength and the diameter of the silicon-core, the device had the capability to function as either a TM or TE mode polarizer.

Except for using side-polished fibers in the above studies, other fiber platforms and structures were also investigated. For example, a graphene helical microfiber polarizer was designed by wrapping a microfiber on a rod coated with a graphene sheet (Figure 4k) [19]. This structure enabled ultralong light-graphene interaction, yielding a high PER ~16 dB and a broad OBW from ~1200 nm to ~1650 nm. In addition, a graphene-coupled microfiber polarizer was demonstrated by attaching an optical microfiber onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate coated with a graphene monolayer (Figure 4l) [103]. Experimental results showed that a high PER of ~31 dB was achieved for a microfiber with an optimized diameter of ~3.9 µm.

Figure 4. Schematic illustrations of fiber optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. b‒c. Graphene optical fiber polarizers with engineered fiber core geometry and optimized fiber core position to enhance the light-graphene interaction. d. A graphene optical polarizer with graphene films coated on four sides of a microfiber surface. e‒f. Graphene optical polarizers with auxiliar materials polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl butyral to enhance the light-graphene interaction. g. A graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer with a GO film coated on a microfiber. h. A rhenium disulfide (ReS₂) optical polarizer with a ReS₂ film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. i. A vdW heterostructure optical polarizer with MoS₂/graphene/Au film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. j. A 2D heterostructure optical polarizer with graphene/hBN film coated on the surface of a silicon-core microfiber. k. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a rod wrapped by a microfiber. l. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate attached with a microfiber. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [17] Copyright 2011 Springer Nature. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [95] Copyright 2014 IEEE. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [96] Copyright 2015 IEEE. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [97] Copyright 2018 IOP Publishing. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [98] Copyright 2017 OSA Publishing. f is reprinted with permission from ref.[99] Copyright 2014 IEEE. g is reprinted with permission from ref. [100] Copyright 2016 Taylor & Francis. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [101] Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [78] Copyright 2022 De Gruyter. j is reprinted with permission from ref.[102] Copyright 2019 IEEE. k is reprinted with permission from ref. [19] Copyright 2014 Optica Publishing Group. l is reprinted with permission from ref. [103] Copyright 2022 AIP Publishing.

Figure 4. Schematic illustrations of fiber optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. b‒c. Graphene optical fiber polarizers with engineered fiber core geometry and optimized fiber core position to enhance the light-graphene interaction. d. A graphene optical polarizer with graphene films coated on four sides of a microfiber surface. e‒f. Graphene optical polarizers with auxiliar materials polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl butyral to enhance the light-graphene interaction. g. A graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer with a GO film coated on a microfiber. h. A rhenium disulfide (ReS₂) optical polarizer with a ReS₂ film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. i. A vdW heterostructure optical polarizer with MoS₂/graphene/Au film coated on a side-polished optical fiber. j. A 2D heterostructure optical polarizer with graphene/hBN film coated on the surface of a silicon-core microfiber. k. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a rod wrapped by a microfiber. l. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate attached with a microfiber. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [17] Copyright 2011 Springer Nature. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [95] Copyright 2014 IEEE. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [96] Copyright 2015 IEEE. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [97] Copyright 2018 IOP Publishing. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [98] Copyright 2017 OSA Publishing. f is reprinted with permission from ref.[99] Copyright 2014 IEEE. g is reprinted with permission from ref. [100] Copyright 2016 Taylor & Francis. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [101] Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [78] Copyright 2022 De Gruyter. j is reprinted with permission from ref.[102] Copyright 2019 IEEE. k is reprinted with permission from ref. [19] Copyright 2014 Optica Publishing Group. l is reprinted with permission from ref. [103] Copyright 2022 AIP Publishing.

Integrated Waveguide Devices

Integrated waveguide devices with compact footprint, low power consumption, and high compatibility with photonic integrated circuits offer great benefits to achieve efficient polarization management in on-chip optical networks and photonic processing systems. Conventional metal-clad optical waveguides have been extensively used as integrated waveguide optical polarizers [104,105]. Although they can provide high PERs, this advantage comes at the expense of a considerable IL and the demand for intricate buffer layers to facilitate a large OBW. On-chip integration of 2D materials can enhance the ability of polarizers to manipulate light with high precision and responsivity, leading to improved performance in terms of PER and OBW [18,21,22,106]. Figure 5 shows typical integrated waveguide optical polarizers incorporating 2D materials.

Similar to spatial-light and fiber devices, graphene has been the choice for many integrated waveguide polarizers incorporating 2D materials. In 2012, a graphene waveguide polarizer was first demonstrated (Figure 5a) [18]. By positioning a graphene strip supporting TE-mode surface waves on a SiO₂ waveguide core with an air cladding (Figure 5a, left panel), the hybrid waveguide served as a TE-pass polarizer with a PER ~10 dB. By doping the graphene strip via UV-curable perfluorinated acrylate polymer resin and make it support TM-mode waves, a TM-pass polarizer was realized with a PER ~19 dB (Figure 5a, right panel). In addition, a graphene/glass waveguide polarizer assisted by a ploy(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film was demonstrated (Figure 5b) [106]. The PMMA film was used to decrease the doping level of graphene to a lower Femi level, in contrast to the use of UV-curable polymer in Figure 5a to obtain a higher Femi level. By engineering the difference between the attenuation constants of the TE and TM modes in the hybrid waveguide, a high PER of ~27 dB was achieved.

In contrast the above graphene waveguide optical polarizers with the graphene layer positioned outside the waveguide cores, a graphene waveguide optical polarizer featured with a graphene film sandwiched between two chalcogenide layers was demonstrated (Figure 5c) [21]. Owing to the significantly enhanced light-graphene interaction in such a device configuration, a high PER of over 20 dB extending from ~940 nm to ~1600 nm was achieved. The excess propagation losses induced by graphene for the TE and TM modes were ~590 dB/cm and ~20 dB/cm, respectively. The fabrication of the polarizer involved depositing a chalcogenide layer on a silicon wafer substrate before graphene was transferred by wet transferring method. After that, electron-beam lithography and oxygen plasma etching were employed to pattern graphene, followed by the deposition of another chalcogenide glass layer via thermal evaporation.

To simplify polarization manipulation and achieve flexible adjustment of PER in practical operation, tunable graphene waveguide optical polarizers assisted by the micro-opto-mechanical systems (MOMS) technology were demonstrated (Figure 5d) [22]. In such devices, graphene layers with different thicknesses were coated on the polymer waveguide core, which were mechanically pushed to suppress the undesired polarization state. Experimental results showed that the device with a few-layer graphene film selectively attenuated TE mode and enabled the device to pass TM polarization (Figure 5d, left panel), whereas the device with a thicker graphene film reduced the TM mode intensity, thus transforming the device to pass TE polarization (Figure 5d, right panel). The PERs of the devices were dynamically tuned by accurate mechanical adjustment of the air gap between the graphene superstrate and the waveguide core, achieving up to ~2.5 dB and ~6.4 dB for the TE-pass and TM-pass devices, respectively.

In addition to the aforementioned experimental works, there are a lot of theoretical studies which designed graphene waveguide optical polarizers based on different structures [107,108,109]. A compact and broadband TM-pass polarizer was proposed based on a graphene-silicon horizontal slot waveguide structure [107]. The interaction between light and graphene was significantly enhanced by strategically placing double-layer graphene sheets in a close proximity to the slot region, allowing a theoretical PER over 40 dB in the wavelength range of 1450 ‒ 1650 nm. Similarly, an optical polarizer based on a silicon slot waveguide with multilayer graphene inserted in the slot region was investigated [108], achieving a theoretical PER exceeding 20 dB. A tunable optical polarizer based on silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometers coated with graphene film was also proposed [109]. By varying bias voltages applied to the graphene layers, distinct alterations in the mode effective index for both TE and TM polarizations could be achieved, allowing a theoretical PER of ~19 dB for the TE-pass state and of ~21 dB for the TM-pass state over a wide OBW ranging from ~1500 nm to ~1800 nm.

Apart from graphene, other 2D materials have also been employed in waveguide optical polarizers. A GO waveguide optical polarizer was fabricated by using drop-casting method to coat a 2-µm-thick GO film onto an SU8 polymer waveguide (Figure 5e) [110], which achieved a high PER of ~40 dB over a wide wavelength range from 1530 nm to 1630 nm. In contrast to the drop-casting method that was mainly used for coating thick films (typically with a resolution of hundreds of nanometers), a layer-by-layer film coating method based on self-assembly was employed to coat GO films onto doped silica waveguides (Figure 5f) [34], allowing for accurate control of the film thickness with a high resolution of ~2 nm. This, together with the use of photolithography and lift-off to precisely control the length and position of the GO films, enabled the optimization of the device performance as optical polarizers. A high PER of ~53.8 dB was achieved for a 1.5-cm-long doped silica waveguide coated with a 2-mm-long GO film. A wide OBW extending from visible (~632 nm) to infrared (~1550 nm) wavelengths was also demonstrated. By coating a 50-μm-long GO film onto a doped silica microring resonator using the same method, a microring resonator polarizer was also demonstrated (Figure 5g), achieving a PER of ~8.3 dB between TE and TM-polarized resonances.

Polarization-dependent optical absorption of MoS₂ film on an Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet) waveguide was also experimentally observed (Figure 5h) [111]. The MoS₂ film with a thickness of ~6.5 nm was coated on the waveguide via pulsed laser deposition. For a 10-mm-long waveguide uniformly coated with the MoS₂ film, a PER ~3 dB and a low IL ~0.4 dB was achieved. Subsequently, a MoS₂-coated waveguide optical polarizer was demonstrated [112], where the MoS₂ was coated on SU-8 polymer strip waveguide by the drop-casting method. Experimental results showed that a maximum PER of ~12.6 dB at ~980 nm was achieved. In addition, a MoSe₂-coated waveguide optical polarizer was demonstrated, achieving a PER of ~14 dB at ~1480 nm (Figure 5i) [113]. The device was fabricated by using the drop-casting method to coat MoSe₂ film with a thickness of ~24 µm onto an SU8 polymer waveguide. By stacking a hybrid metamaterial structure consisting of periodic BP and silica layers on silicon substrate, a compact tunable optical polarizer was designed to operate within the visible spectrum from 500 to 800 nm (Figure 5j) [114]. Simulation results showed that the polarizer was reconfigurable for either TE-pass or TM-pass by adjusting the orientation of the BP layers relative to the propagation direction.

Figure 5. Schematic illustrations of integrated waveguide optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A graphene optical polarizer where a graphene strip was coated on a SiO₂ waveguide core with an air cladding (left panel) and with a UV-curable perfluorinated acrylate polymer resin cladding (right panel). b. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a glass waveguide assisted by a ploy(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film. c. A graphene waveguide optical polarizer with a graphene film sandwiched between two chalcogenide layers. d. Graphene optical polarizers assisted by the micro-opto-mechanical systems (MOMS) technology, where a few-layer graphene film (left panel) and a thicker graphene film (right panel) were coated on polymer waveguides. e. A graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer with a GO film coated on an SU8 polymer waveguide. f. A GO optical polarizer with a GO film coated on a doped silica waveguide. g. A GO microring polarizer with a GO film coated on a doped silica microring resonator. h. A MoS₂ optical polarizer with a MoS₂ film coated on an Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet) waveguide. i. A MoSe₂ optical polarizer with a MoSe₂ film coated on an SU8 polymer waveguide. j. A black phosphorus (BP) optical polarizer with a periodic BP film stacking on the metamaterial waveguide. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [18] Copyright 2012 OSA Publishing. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [106] Copyright 2015 IEEE. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [21] Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [22] Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [110] Copyright 2014 OSA Publishing. f-g are reprinted with permission from ref. [34] Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [111] Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [113] Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V.. j is reprinted with permission from ref. [114] Copyright 2017 IEEE.

Figure 5. Schematic illustrations of integrated waveguide optical polarizers based on 2D materials. a. A graphene optical polarizer where a graphene strip was coated on a SiO₂ waveguide core with an air cladding (left panel) and with a UV-curable perfluorinated acrylate polymer resin cladding (right panel). b. A graphene optical polarizer with a graphene film coated on a glass waveguide assisted by a ploy(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film. c. A graphene waveguide optical polarizer with a graphene film sandwiched between two chalcogenide layers. d. Graphene optical polarizers assisted by the micro-opto-mechanical systems (MOMS) technology, where a few-layer graphene film (left panel) and a thicker graphene film (right panel) were coated on polymer waveguides. e. A graphene oxide (GO) optical polarizer with a GO film coated on an SU8 polymer waveguide. f. A GO optical polarizer with a GO film coated on a doped silica waveguide. g. A GO microring polarizer with a GO film coated on a doped silica microring resonator. h. A MoS₂ optical polarizer with a MoS₂ film coated on an Nd:YAG (neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet) waveguide. i. A MoSe₂ optical polarizer with a MoSe₂ film coated on an SU8 polymer waveguide. j. A black phosphorus (BP) optical polarizer with a periodic BP film stacking on the metamaterial waveguide. a is reprinted with permission from ref. [18] Copyright 2012 OSA Publishing. b is reprinted with permission from ref. [106] Copyright 2015 IEEE. c is reprinted with permission from ref. [21] Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. d is reprinted with permission from ref. [22] Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. e is reprinted with permission from ref. [110] Copyright 2014 OSA Publishing. f-g are reprinted with permission from ref. [34] Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. h is reprinted with permission from ref. [111] Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. i is reprinted with permission from ref. [113] Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V.. j is reprinted with permission from ref. [114] Copyright 2017 IEEE.

In Table 1, we summarize 2D-material-based optical polarizers in different device platforms and compare their performance. Here we compare the key performance parameters including PER, OBW, and IL, and only show the results for experimental works. From Table 1, it can be seen that the spatial-light and fiber optical polarizers require relatively thick films of 2D materials as compared to the integrated waveguide polarizers. This is mainly due to the relatively weak mode overlap with 2D materials in these devices. It is also worth noting that even for some devices with very thick films beyond the typical thickness of 2D materials, the anisotropy in the film loss can still remain sufficiently high to facilitate their functions as optical polarizers.

In contrast to fiber and integrated waveguide polarizers that confine light within waveguides with mode dispersion, spatial-light optical polarizers have the ability to operate in free space that has almost no mode dispersion. In addition, they can be designed to function across different wavelength regions and typically demonstrate wider OBWs compared to fibers and integrated waveguide devices. On the other hand, the strong mode confinement in fiber and integrated waveguide optical polarizers makes them attractive in achieving compact device footprint, and the relatively strong interaction between the light waves and the 2D materials in these devices also yield relatively high PER values compared to the spatial-light devices.

Regarding the 2D materials selected for these optical polarizers, most studies opted for graphene, likely due to its earlier discovery and more extensive investigation. Along with the rapid advancements in the studies and fabrication of 2D materials over the past decade, an increasing variety of 2D materials are being utilized for implementing optical polarizers, which demonstrate their own advantages and address a broader application scope. The future development in this field hinges on overcoming the specific limitations to materials and platforms, thereby paving the way for more versatile and broadly applicable polarizing technologies.

Challenges and Perspectives

Conclusion

References

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