1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results

3.1. Bio-Based and Alternative Components for Façade System Module

The present paragraph reports on the technologies selected to replace conventional technological systems within the curtain wall façade. The Basajaun façade integrates strategic technologies to align with project objectives, aiming to minimize carbon footprint and disassembly complexities. Excluding glass, out from the scope of the Basajaun research investigation, the following façade components have been identified for potential substitution with bio-based materials or alternative products with lower environmental impact, taking into account emissions from cradle to practical completion (A1-A5) [41,42]:

• Frame profile – the conventional on-market curtain wall façade adopts aluminium profile, with a European average of 36% of recycled content and an embodied carbon of about 44.03 kgCO₂eq/ml, while the bio-composite pultruded profile has 26.80 kgCO₂eq/ml of embodied carbon.
• Insulation – the conventional on-market curtain wall façade adopts rock wool with an average A1-A5 GWP from EPDs of about 45.00 kgCO₂eq/m³ while the wood fiber insulation used in Basajaun has a A1-A5 GWP of 1.63 kgCO₂eq/m³ (biogenic carbon = 261.00 kgCO₂eq/m³) certified by an EPD [43]. Insulation panels that guarantee the same thermal resistance have been compared.
• Tightness layer and stiffness layer – the conventional on-market curtain wall façade adopts silicones, sealants and aluminum sheets with an estimated embodied carbon of about 37.74 average kgCO₂eq/m² for opaque façade module, while the membranes, tapes and plywood implemented have an estimated embodied carbon of about 5.41 kgCO₂eq/m² of opaque façade module (biogenic carbon = 15.10 average kgCO₂eq/m²).

These technological components will be implemented in the façade system module design. While insulation and membranes/tapes/plywood are commercial products to be implemented for façade, the bio-composite profile is an original product developed within the Basajaun project and a key development for a better understanding of potential of this kind of product for market penetration in building envelope sector. The following paragraphs focus on each technological system analyzed and implemented.

3.1.1. Bio-Composite Frame Profiles

The rise in eco-conscious practices has promoted substantial research, development, and commercialization of bio-composites as sustainable alternatives [44]. To work for the Basajaun façade system, bio-composite materials need to advance in mechanical properties using eco-friendly elements like bio-resin and wood. This progression encompasses meticulous raw material analysis, balanced composition, and comprehensive testing. The process involves the selection and evaluation of bio-based polyester and resin, preparation of fibers, pultrusion trials, initial flame retardancy tests, and mechanical characterization. Pultrusion emerges as a cost-effective and competitive method, transforming thermoset matrix and reinforcement into a consistent composite profile. The process involves die definition, impregnated fibers, curing, and cutting, ensuring a competitive edge in composite manufacturing [45,46]. The design supports the standardization and industrialization of multiple façade typologies. To achieve the result of designing a bio-based profile for façade module system the following activities have been conducted.

Upgrading of bio-composite material to improve mechanical characterization while using sustainable material (bio resin and wood material) is a key development for the Basajaun façade system. At this am, specific analysis and investigation on raw materials, balance composition, testing activities have been conducted in the following phases:

-

Selection and evaluation of bio-based polyester

-

Resin selection and preparation

-

Preparation of fibers

-

Pultrusion trials

-

First flame retardancy tests

-

Mechanical characterization profiles obtained.

-

Bio-composite profile for façade system design

The results expected for the mechanical cancerization have been the reference for the profile design and the overall mechanical validation. Once defined as the façade system and the bio-composite profile, a preliminary study to address the pultrusion process has been assessed to have a first validation of the Basajaun bio-composite profile.

The most competitive approach to obtain constant section composites is the pultrusion process. By means of the dies and the corresponding pulling equipment, the thermoset matrix and the reinforcement are transformed into a profile which is obtained in a competitive manner compared to the existing composite-manufacturing approaches. Pultrusion technology mainly consists of the formation of a die of impregnated fibers (in an open bath). The die is also responsible for the curing of the resin by means of a heating system (frequently using heat resistors). Once the composite has been pulled, it is cut into the desired length. Evaluation of the curing cycle of the selected bio-based polyether resin was then carried out.

The first trials were carried out with a commercially available bio-based polyester resin (technical data of this resin are shown in Table 1 and Table 2). Based on technical data sheet curing should be done at 25 °C into 9-12 minutes and this was done using different temperatures to obtain an optimum time for the pultrusion process (3-5 minutes). A high temperature catalyst with a 1% of resin ratio, was used in the three tests done. Figure 1 shows Dynamic Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) isotherm studies made to study polymerization at 100 °C to 120 °C respectively, obtaining good results. Next steps aiming for pultrusion tests with a sample profile to evaluate the feasibility of this resin.

Rovings are continuous natural fibers adapted to be used in the pultrusion process. The fibers selected are made by basalt. This fiber is similar to the glass fiber, its properties are shown in Table 3. The basalt quarry stone is melted at about 1400 °C and formed into endless filaments through small nozzles. These are mechanically extracted after discharge at continuously high speed, air-cooled and wetted with a coating via a roller. The filaments are combined into multifilament yarn via a collecting roller and wound onto a spool. A low-twist long-fiber basalt roving is needed to assure good impregnation and good mechanical properties. A low-twist long-fiber flax 100% roving of 2000 tex was evaluated.

In a first step, a calculation of the needed amount of glass fiber was carried out, considering the characteristics of basalt fibers: Linear density 4800 tex; Density = 2.65 g/cm³; % Fiber volume fraction = 0.55 %. The architecture of fibers used in the pultrusion tests at pilot plant are shown in the Table 4 and report information for a profile section of 0.75 cm².

Pultrusion trials with bio-based polyester and basalt fiber were carried out in order to optimize the processability of the system and assess the curing cycle. An optimum quantity of 4800 tex glass fiber yarns (20 yarns) was used for these trials and the obtained materials are shown in Figure 2, the section of the profile is 15x5 mm.

The further step was to put inside of the profile wood particles in order to evaluate its feasibility, first of all it was necessary to dry the particles because absorbs moisture on its own and this water can inhibit the polymerization of the polyester resin. The result (Figure 3) reveals that the adhesion of wood particles was stable, but was necessary to reduce the number of rovings (7 less), a fact that can reduce the mechanical properties.

OMIKRON developed a first approach in its facilities with a cross section of 100x8mm and the architecture of fibers used are shown in the Table 5, using a 50% approximately of the full section by basalt fibers in a profile section of 8 cm².

Figure 4. Bio-based polyester and glass fibers profile obtained by pultrusion obtained in OMIKRON´s facilities.

Figure 4. Bio-based polyester and glass fibers profile obtained by pultrusion obtained in OMIKRON´s facilities.

First flame retardancy (FR) trials on this polyester system were made by dispersing two different halogen-free flame retardants. An optimal dispersion of the flame retardant into the polyester matrix is a key requirement to ensure a resin with good processability for any process. Two dispersion methods were tested to disperse the different solid FR additives: a three-roll calendar equipment and a dispersion and milling system equipment. Flame retardancy tests were carried out via the vertical flammability test according to the UL94 Standard, and samples for these tests were prepared as follows (considering the specifications described in the data sheet of the bio-based resin resin):

• The catalyst was mixed with resin.
• Hardener and liquid components were added to this mixture.
• Once the mixtures were prepared, they were stirred with the help of a high-speed mixer.

The initial tests for optimizing the dispersion of flame retardants and flammability tests were started on reference materials. With high-speed mixer dispersion was enough as seen in Figure 5, obtaining a good dispersion.

Figure 5. Evaluation of dispersion quality of FR particles in the Resin. FR1 left (a); FR2 right (b).

Figure 5. Evaluation of dispersion quality of FR particles in the Resin. FR1 left (a); FR2 right (b).

Subsequently, the mixture was poured into a mould so that samples for the UL94 flammability test (12.5 x 1.2 x 0.4 cm) could be obtained. Table 6 shows the flammability rating the UL94 follows, and the results of the test are shown in Table 7.

All these dispersions increase its viscosity, important parameter than might be considering for pultrusion process, because at the end, Basajaun bio-based profile can use a lot of quantities of basalt rovings and fabrics and the resin must impregnate correctly the fibers improving the viscosity.

Another analysis was carried out covering the resin with two types of coatings, in order to compare the cone calorimeter results and a future relationship with SBS tests. Two types of coatings were tested with coating layers applied at 400gsm dry film weight: the first coating is a hybrid inorganic-organic coating technology for indoor and outdoor decorative and protective applications with capability to form a hard, decorative and mar resistant coating with easy-to-clean properties, exceptional weathering fastness, UV-light degradation resistance, water resistance, and good color and gloss retention (T-1-2 bio-based with coating); the second is unsaturated polyester based fire-resistant coating system designed for composites comprising three functional layers each having specific features to deliver comprehensive fire and thermal protection to standard composite structures (F-1-2 bio-based with coating). With these products, cover a resin specimen test for cone calorimeter tests, according to ISO 5660-1 and combine both to obtain several results, the most promising had been the formulations T-1-2 and F-1-2, the results are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Cone calorimeter tests of the resin and covered by two types of coatings. Average rate of heat emissions for uncoated sample (a); Rate of heat release for uncoated sample (b); Smoke production rate for uncoated sample (c); Average rate of heat emissions for T-1-2 sample (d); Rate of heat release for T-1-2 sample (e); Smoke production rate for T-1-2 sample (f); Average rate of heat emissions for F-1-2 sample (g); Rate of heat release for F-1-2 sample (h); Smoke production rate for F-1-2 sample (i).

Figure 6. Cone calorimeter tests of the resin and covered by two types of coatings. Average rate of heat emissions for uncoated sample (a); Rate of heat release for uncoated sample (b); Smoke production rate for uncoated sample (c); Average rate of heat emissions for T-1-2 sample (d); Rate of heat release for T-1-2 sample (e); Smoke production rate for T-1-2 sample (f); Average rate of heat emissions for F-1-2 sample (g); Rate of heat release for F-1-2 sample (h); Smoke production rate for F-1-2 sample (i).

The uncoated resin sample gave a Rate of heat emission (MARHE) of 403 kW/m², and a Peak Heat Release Rate of 759 kW/m². When we applied our two different 2-coat systems onto the resin (T-1-2 and F-1-2) MARHEs achieved values of 183 and 163, with Peak HRRs of 354 and 305 respectively. Very significantly improved results have been demonstrated.

Based on this value, the expectation is a D or E classification under EN 13501 testing for heat emission properties (SBI testing) for these coated samples (only resin). The results are in line with expected bio-based reaction to fire to be achieved for façade integration.

Further activity has been the main mechanical characterization to compare properties. On the one hand, pultrusion specimens obtained are analyzed to validate the structural stability of the Basajaun profiles used for all the façade systems; on the other hand, the interaction between the resin (bio-based resin) and the flame-retardant additives is evaluated (Table 8). Using flame retardant into the resin matrix goes detrimental to the mechanical properties, reducing sixty per cent of the mechanical resistance of the resin. The use of FR alone does not guarantee acceptable fire protection for construction. Therefore, the use of special coatings to increase fire resistance is studied.

Another type of characterization done was a comparison between longitudinal and cross direction for flexural properties of the OMIKRON samples, to clarify the mechanical range in both directions to accurate the security of the mechanical properties for the bio-based profile. With a profile with 100 mm, a standardization test specimen for both directions wasn´t obtained, only the longitudinal direction. In order to compare a relative value, the next table shows a 30-40% of the flexural properties between cross to longitudinal direction, good values in comparison with common pultruded composites (Table 9).

On the base, of the activities of bio-composite material implementation above mentioned, the bio-composite profile is designed also in consideration of its applicability within the Basajaun façade system. While curtain façade technology is a mature market for aluminum profile, the utilization of pultrusion is far from being adopted for building envelopes and specific requirements need to be considered. Preliminary characteristics have been shared to start designing the façade system and the following table summarizes the main aspects to be considered for the utilization of the bio-composite profile (Table 10). In particular, the main considerations are:

-

simple shape – pultrusion process needs simpler shape than other manufacturing process (e.g., extrusion typical manufacturing process for aluminium profile) and this request for profile standard thickness, absence of notches for fixing (specific corner connectors are needed).

-

mould cost – to keep control of cost and avoid to manufacture moulds of big dimension for each profile (mullion, male transom, female transom) with higher cost impact, the three profiles should be designed as a single shape with a smaller profile for the male transom. This is particularly relevant in the case of customize building project less in the case of an industrialized façade in which case the mould costs are depreciated on more amount of square meters.

Table 10. First preliminary consideration of the Bio-composite profile and the pultrusion phase.

Table 10. First preliminary consideration of the Bio-composite profile and the pultrusion phase.

Bio-composite manufacturing components	Bio-composite profile requirements	Basajaun profile design
Pultrusion activity	Maximum length of the profile is 4 mt	Maximum façade height 4 around mt
	Low tolerance during the pultrusion	Simple and reduced activities for cutting and machining
		Sharp or rounded corner for the bio-composite profile
		Thickness and dimensions
Moulds	High time consuming for the mould creations	Unique mould for multiple profiles and accessories for transoms and connection
	Cost for mould manufacturing
	Simple shape of the mould is required	Feasibility of the mould geometry needs to be checked
		Impossibility to manufacture notches
Bio-composite material		Low UV resistance to be protected by façade components
		Test compatibility with silicones and sealants

Based on the assumption above an iterative process in profile design is conducted focusing on the pultrusion requirements and to preliminary mechanical characterization. Some initial structural validations have been made, considering the vertical mullion and horizontal transom, to guarantee the design used, and to optimize the thickness of the profiles, some calculations with different thickness have been made. Based on the preliminary design reported in Figure 7 the mechanical characterization is done.

Figure 7. Preliminary bio-composite profile for mechanical characterization.

Figure 7. Preliminary bio-composite profile for mechanical characterization.

After analysis conducted with the worst modulus of elasticity, to obtain the maximum possible loads to check different thickness of the profiles (6,5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm), the calculus with the appropriate modulus of elasticity based on data reported in Table 8 is done using a profile thickness of 8 mm, calculating mullions and transoms considering the weight of the glass, the façade module with the higher loads and the load reported for mullion in Table 11 and for transom in Table 12. The Figure 8 and Figure 9 report the results achieved useful for the profile design.

Figure 8. Stress XX with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (a); Stress YY with max permissible Stress: 185 MPa (b); Stress ZZ with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (c); displacement max deformation < 7650 / 250 = 30.6 mm (d).

Figure 8. Stress XX with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (a); Stress YY with max permissible Stress: 185 MPa (b); Stress ZZ with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (c); displacement max deformation < 7650 / 250 = 30.6 mm (d).

Figure 9. Stress XX with max permissible stress: 30 MPa (a); Stress YY with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (b); Stress ZZ with max permissible stress: 30 MPa (c); displacement max deformation < 7650 / 250 = 3.16 mm (d).

Figure 9. Stress XX with max permissible stress: 30 MPa (a); Stress YY with max permissible stress: 75 MPa (b); Stress ZZ with max permissible stress: 30 MPa (c); displacement max deformation < 7650 / 250 = 3.16 mm (d).

Based on mechanical characterization and manufacturing process requirements, the following profile is designed (Figure 10) and used for façade module system definition.

Figure 10. Basajaun bio-component pultruded profile for transom and mullion.

Figure 10. Basajaun bio-component pultruded profile for transom and mullion.

3.1.2. Wood-Based Insulation

Basajaun façade modules prioritizes wood-based materials and the choice of fiber wood insulation over synthetic alternatives and conventional rock wool systems underscores a commitment to eco-friendly design. This decision reflects an effort to seamlessly integrate natural elements, showcasing a harmonious balance between ecological considerations and architectural functionality by guarantying thermal performances. To compare the effects of using wood fiber as an insulation alternative to mineral wool, it was necessary to establish references. To do this, a search was conducted on the EPD International portal [47], filtering EPDs of construction products related to mineral wool insulation. Table 13 summarizes the products on the market that have similar physical characteristics to those of wood fiber used in Basajaun. Specifically, the table shows the average values of products from suppliers with at least three EPDs available on the portal).

Two considerations emerged as relevant to address the façade design. Firstly, mineral wool products possess excellent fire resistance capability, whereas wood fiber is highly flammable and, therefore, requires special consideration during the design phase. Secondly, it was observed that mineral wool is typically denser for the same thermal conductivity. Consequently, a thickness of equal thermal resistance will result in a heavier material. This factor must be given due importance considering the wall’s thermal lag requirements.

3.1.3. Alternatives Seals and Gaskets

Basajaun façade sealing has evolved to include the use of tapes, membranes, and sheathing systems instead of traditional aluminum cladding. This design incorporates various technical and environmental factors, providing an enhanced building envelope solution. The tightness layer which serves to prevent air leakage and infiltration, is achieved through the use of materials such as membranes, sealants, or tapes. This airtight barrier improves energy efficiency and indoor air quality. In the Basajaun façade a reflective fire reaction vapor barrier screen, comprising an upper layer of aluminum film and a lower layer of fiberglass fabric, have been integrated. Table 14 shows a comparison between the sheets analyzed in the project with others in market products.

Notably, the selected membrane was characterized by its exceptional resistance to fire and impermeability to water, which aligns with the need to safeguard the insulation. This is particularly critical in the case of Basajaun, where the insulation material is vulnerable to damage from such risks.

Furthermore, the stiffness layer provides structural support and rigidity to the overall assembly, utilizing materials such as sheathing panels or metal framing members to distribute loads and resist deformation or movement. Usually, in the opaque sections of the building’s façade, the role of providing structural support to internal wall and stiffness to the overall system is often assigned to aluminum sheets. For bio-based façade system module design a wood-based alternative is adopted using plywood panels.

3.2. Façade System Modules Requirements

This chapter presents the final design of the bio-based façade system resulting from the previous developments, requirements, and considerations. In addition, it will also be listed and described the unit typologies developed for two pilot buildings (one in Finland and one in France) and the related final system designs. Due to the evolution and research done in the designing phase, the final design of the façade optimizes the number of the system components and the number of unit typologies and dimensions.

On the base of the activities of bio-composite material implementation above mentioned, the bio-composite profile is introduced for the framework of the Basajaun façade system. While curtain façade technology is a mature market for aluminum profile, the utilization of pultrusion is far to be adopted for building envelopes and specific requirements need to be considered. Preliminary characteristics have been shared to start designing the façade system and the following table summarizes the main aspects to be considered for the utilization of the bio-composite profile. In particular, the main considerations are:

-

simple shape - pultrusion process needs simpler shape than other manufacturing process (e.g., extrusion typical manufacturing process for aluminum profile) and this request for profile standard thickness, absence of notches for fixing (specific corner connectors are needed).

-

mould cost - for budget issue within the Basajaun project, it is not possible to manufacture moulds of big dimension for each profile (mullion, male transom, female transom), the three profiles should be designed as a single shape with a smaller profile for the male transom.

Table 15. First preliminary consideration of the Bio-composite profile and the pultrusion phase.

Table 15. First preliminary consideration of the Bio-composite profile and the pultrusion phase.

Biocomposite manufacturing components	Biocomposite profile requirements	Basajaun profile design
Pultrusion activity	Maximum length of the profile is 4 mt	Maximum façade height of about 4 m
	Low tolerance during the pultrusion	Simple and reduced activities for cutting and machining
		Sharp or rounded corner for the biocomposite profile
		Thickness and dimensions
Moulds	High time consuming for the mould creations	Unique mould – for budget issue – for multiple profiles and accessories for transoms and connection
	Expensive mould creating
	Simple shape of the mould is required	Feasibility of the mould geometry needs to be checked
		Impossibility to manufacture notches
Biocomposite material		Low UV resistance to be protected by façade components
		Test compatibility with silicones and sealants

These considerations address the implementation of a curtain wall system for both opaque and vision components by introducing the bio composite. The integration of male/female transoms enhances prefabrication, facilitating efficient on-site installation with improved air and water tightness. Mechanical improvements in the bio composite profile accommodate higher loads, refining façade and unit typologies. Moreover, external fin installation off-site reduces on-site tasks for vision façades, while removable external cladding in opaque façades allows for off-site installation and on-site maintenance or finishing adjustments.

The Basajaun façade system is defined based requirements and on market standards for the curtain wall façade related to the specific norms of reference. Indeed, applying the Basajaun façade in demo buildings is the first validation on the market in real buildings with their stakeholders. The achievement of the requirements for each pilot is the target to have an innovative product that complies with all the requested outcomes for the façade try to fit with multiple climate scenarios in Europe. In Table 16, the building requirements have been deeply described and the Basajaun façade’s specific requirements are collected, analyzed, and listed.

Table 16. Façade requirements definition based on local specification in France and in Finland.

Table 16. Façade requirements definition based on local specification in France and in Finland.

Requirement	Vision Module Façade System	Opaque and Window Module Façade	Basajaun Façade System Design
Airborne sound insulation	Sound insulation R’w ≥ 30 dB. SFS-EN ISO 717-1.	Acoustic reduction index RA = 31	RA=31 Acoustic test to be conducted
Thermal transmittance	U Value of wall/façade: ≤ 0,17 W/m²K U value of window: ≤ 1,0 W/m²K	U Value of opaque: = 0,20 W/m²K U Value window: ≤1,3 W/m²K U Value door: ≤ 0,80 W/m²K	Simulation with EN ISO 10077-2:2019
Air permeability	The air permeability rate (q50) of a building envelope may be a maximum of 4.0 m3/(h m2).	Air permeability < 0.4 m3(h/.m2)	Air permeability: < 0.4 m3(h/.m2) Test under 13830 to be conducted

Fitting since the early moment, the design and requirements for the pilot buildings (test for façade applicability in real building cases) are strategic to satisfy different geo clustering, architectural design, and project specs. In particular, the following points have been drivers: (1) Façade architectural design: the architectural design is crucial for product acceptability on the market, and requests emerged by architects, designers, and customers have a relevant role in the overall acceptance. (2) Performance definition: the performances are the key elements that need to be considered and balanced in façade engineering: related to local norms (acoustic, thermal), but also related to the overall façade performances to be achieved (air, and water tightness, impact resistance).

Based on the identified requirements, a set of validation tests during the integration of the components have been defined at different stages of the development of the façade systems. The Table 17 reports outline the activities deployed for validation during design actvities.

Table 17. Validation actvities to validate the integration of alternative components into curtain wall façade.

Table 17. Validation actvities to validate the integration of alternative components into curtain wall façade.

Validation	Test conducted
Thermal Behavior (EN13788)	EN 9869: 2014 EN 15026:2007	Simulation
Heat bridges and condensation risks		Simulation
Acoustic insulation	EN 717-1:2020	Simulation

3.3. Bio-Based Façade Systems

The following paragraphs focus on each façade system designed and simulated within the project. The three main façade systems are depicted in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Drawings of façade modules (vision on the left, opaque in the middle and window modules on the right): Vision façade module (a); Opaque façade module (b); Window façade module (c).

Figure 11. Drawings of façade modules (vision on the left, opaque in the middle and window modules on the right): Vision façade module (a); Opaque façade module (b); Window façade module (c).

3.3.1. Vision Façade System

The Basajaun vision façade system includes design considerations and structural simulations to ensure performances achievement based on norms and market requirements. The incorporation of a structurally sealed glass to the bio-composite frame underscores the commitment to both aesthetic and functional aspects. The thermal simulation, although maintaining consistency with the initial design, serves as a critical reference point for the module’s thermal behavior.

Figure 12. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Vision Façade Module.

Figure 12. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Vision Façade Module.

Table 18. Basajaun Vision Façade Module technologies.

Table 18. Basajaun Vision Façade Module technologies.

Figure Code	Layer	Objectives	Characteristics
03	Aluminium bracket mill finish	To connect the transoms to the mullions	Structural part
05	Aluminium sheet	External finishing	-
20	Stainless steel sheet AISI316	To connect the external fin to the frame	Structural part
20	Stainless steel sheet AISI316	Internal support	Structural part
40	GL-1 TGU	-	Triple glass unit
50	EPDM gasket	Second water barrier	-
50	EPDM gasket	Glass support	-
50	EPDM gasket	First water barrier	-
50	EPDM gasket	Finishing gasket	-
51	Structural silicone black colour	To join the glass to the frame	Structural part 9mmx27mm
82	Biocomposite profile- Internal key	To join two units	Thickness 3,5 mm
82	Biocomposite profile- Mullions	To bead the unit load and connect it with the structural slab	Thickness 8/10 mm
88	Foam rubber	To not vibrate the internal key	-

The modular façade systems have been validated during design stage for mechanical simulation and thermal simulations.

The mechanical simulations, conducted under maximum loads attest to the module’s resilience and viability under various conditions (maximum and typical wind load are 3.5 kN/m² while the typical load is 1.5 kN/m²). Additionally, the stress and deflection analyses for both perimeter structures and cross-member connections provide crucial insights into the module’s structural integrity. In the bio-based profiles, all the elements for the façade modules have been calculated based on the maximum possible loads at 3.5 kN/m². The results demonstrate that the profile is verified for vision façade module with a dimension of 1,56 m (b) x 3,85 m (h). The mechanical calculations reported are for the vision façade modules; the other façade typologies have lower loads and are been verified consequently. It remains up to specific building design, the calculations and developed for the profile based on project specifications.

The loads adopted for the mechanical validation of the visions are:

• Glass weight: 25KN/m³ x 0,029 m x 1,56 m x 3,85 m / 2 supports = 2,18 KN at l/10 ends of the bottom transom.
• Façade wind load (suction): - 3,5 KN/m². The wind load is uniformly distributed in the entire glass surface.
• The value of the linear live load is 1,0 kN/m at 1,20 m height from bottom edge.

The loads used in the calculation are the followings with these combinations:

• ULS1 (Ultimate State Limit): 1,35 Self-weight Load + Wind Load (Suction) x 1,5 + Horizontal live load x 1,5 x 0,7.
• ULS2 (Ultimate State Limit): 1,35 Self-weight Load + Wind Load (Suction) x 1,5 x 0,6 + Horizontal live load x 1,5
• SLS1 (Serviceability limit state): Self-weight Load + Wind Load (Suction) + Horizontal live load x 0,7.
• SLS2 (Serviceability limit state): Self-weight Load + Wind Load (Suction) x 0,6 + Horizontal live load.

Based on these loads, the permissible thresholds are:

• the perimeter structure stress analysis requested are:

  o

  Stress XX - Permissible Stress: 38 MPa;

  o

  Stress YY - Permissible Stress: 125 MPa.

  o

  Stress ZZ - Permissible Stress: 38 MPa.

  o

  X Deflection - Max. Deformation < 3850 / 300 + 5 = 17,83 mm.

  o

  Y Deflection - Max. Deformation < 1560 / 500 = 3,12 mm.

  o

  Z Deflection - Max. Deformation < 3850 / 300 + 5 = 17,83 mm.

• the cross-member connection stress analysis requested is:

  o

  Stress - Permissible Stress: 227 MPa (250/1,1) Aluminium 6082 T6.

  o

  X Deflection - Max. Deformation < 1 mm

Figure 13. Perimeter structure stress analysis: stress XX 38 MPA (a); stress YY 125 MPA (b); stress ZZ 38 MPA (c).

Figure 13. Perimeter structure stress analysis: stress XX 38 MPA (a); stress YY 125 MPA (b); stress ZZ 38 MPA (c).

Figure 14. Mechanical simulation results: cross member connection stress analysis with the maximum stress is exceeded in a small area, the profile is considered adequate (a); cross member connection stress analysis, connections are considered adequate (b).

Figure 14. Mechanical simulation results: cross member connection stress analysis with the maximum stress is exceeded in a small area, the profile is considered adequate (a); cross member connection stress analysis, connections are considered adequate (b).

Figure 15. Perimeter structure defelction analysis: stress XX 38 MPA (a); stress YY 125 MPA (b); stress ZZ 38 MPA (c).

Figure 15. Perimeter structure defelction analysis: stress XX 38 MPA (a); stress YY 125 MPA (b); stress ZZ 38 MPA (c).

Figure 16. Cross member connection deflection analysis.

Figure 16. Cross member connection deflection analysis.

The thermal simulation of the vision façade module reflects the analysis aligned with the more stringent thermal requirements of the Finnish demo building. The assessment involves the determination of U-values for the various building junctions, important for evaluating the overall thermal performance. The finite element software utilized demands specific thermal properties of materials, environmental temperatures, and surface resistances on both the cold and warm sides. The assessment, conforming to standards such as EN ISO 10211 and EN ISO 10077-2, calculates the total heat flow rate of the connection and thermal transmittance of the thermal joint. Notably, the values obtained for key nodes of the vision façade system, such as “Node 1 mullion-mullion”, “Node 2 transom female-transom male”, and “Node 3 transom-roof interface” and “Node 4 transom-ground interface” with joints with opaque parts, demonstrate U-values that meet or exceed the defined standards. In summary, the technical characteristics affirms that the overall curtain wall U-value is 0.74 W/m²K, satisfying the verification criterion of being less than or equal to 1 W/m²K. The U-value has been calculated through Equation (1) utilizing the data reported in Table 19. This meticulous thermal analysis underscores the commitment to achieving energy efficiency and thermal comfort within the envisioned architectural design.

Figure 17. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “NODE 1 mullion-mullion”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.253 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 13.3 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 17. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “NODE 1 mullion-mullion”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.253 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 13.3 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 18. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “NODE 2 male transom-female transom”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 18. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “NODE 2 male transom-female transom”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 19. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “Node 3 mullion-roof”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 0.556 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 10.7 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 19. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for “Node 3 mullion-roof”: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 0.556 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 10.7 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 20. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for male transom-female transom: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 20. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for male transom-female transom: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 21. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for male transom-female transom: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Figure 21. Vision Façade Module nodes thermal simulations for male transom-female transom: node transmittance analysis with U TJ = 2.331 W/m²K (a); condensation analysis with Tsimin= 12.5 ≥ 10.2 [°C] is verified (b).

Table 19. Transmittance value of the vision façade mdule.

Table 19. Transmittance value of the vision façade mdule.

Node	Lenght m	Area m2	UTJ W/m2K	UTJ x A W/K
Node 1	0.9	2.498	2.253	5.630
Node 2	0.9	0.614	2.331	1.431
Node 3	0.36	2.525	0.556	1.404
Node 4	0.30	2.304	0.521	1.201
Node 5	0.24	2.732	0.852	2.328
Glass		44.894	0.650	29.181

$$Ucw=\frac{\sum \left(Ug\times Ag\right)+\sum \left(Us\times As\right)+\sum \left(UTJ\times ATJ\right)}{\sum Ag+\sum As+\sum ATJ}$$

(1)

The acoustic simulation presented for the Basajaun vision façade module provides a valuable insight into its sound transmission loss characteristics. The simulation takes into account the design elements, including the proposed materials and structural configuration, to anticipate the sound insulation capabilities of the façade. This analysis is integral to the overarching design considerations, ensuring that the vision façade module not only meets mechanical requirements and thermal transmittance standards but also aligns with acoustic requirements.

Figure 22. Vision Façade Module Acoustic performances.

Figure 22. Vision Façade Module Acoustic performances.

3.3.2. Opaque Module Façade System

The Basajaun opaque façade module has an internal layer which comprises: a plywood plate, providing structural support for internal partition; two membranes, a vapor barrier on the inner surface and a breathable counterpart on the outer, both exhibiting class A fire reaction properties, encapsulating the façade system; the insulation features a wood fiber material (fire reaction class E), ensuring both thermal efficiency and environmental sustainability protected for fire reaction thanks to membranes; the fixation system for the external cladding, affixed to mullions, not only ensures stability but also allows for convenient maintenance and replacement of cladding components. The comprehensive integration of materials, such as plywood and bio-composite profiles, underscores a commitment to quality and performance. The cladding system is maintained interchangeably. It has been revised the connection system, it has been planned to use steel plates for the connection between the frame and the external finish.

Figure 23. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Opaque Façade Module.

Figure 23. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Opaque Façade Module.

Table 20. Basajaun Opaque Façade Module technologies.

Table 20. Basajaun Opaque Façade Module technologies.

Figure Code	Layer	Objectives	Characteristics
05	Stainless steel sheet AISI 316	To connect the external cladding to the frame	Structural part
21	Stainless steel accessory	To connect anchor to profile	Structural part
32	Galvanized steel bracket	-	-
50	EPDM gasket	Second water barrier	-
50	EPDM gasket	First water barrier	-
80	Insulated panel - fiber wood	Insulation	0,036 W/m2K transmittance
82	Biocomposite profile- Mullions	To bead the unit load and connect it with the structural slab	To bead the unit load and connect it with the structural slab
83	Wooden Lamellas	External finishing	Reaction to fire class B1,s0-d0
84	Plywood	Internal plywood for false wall	Reaction to fire class B1,s0-d0
85	Internal membrane	Vapor barrier	Reaction to fire class A2,s1-d0
86	External membrane	Water barrier, wind load resistance	Reaction to fire class A2,s1-d0
87	Tape bioadhesive	to stick the membrane to the frame	-
88	Foam rubber	To not vibrate the internal key	-

For the mechanical simulation, the opaque façade module is verified because the loads on the façade are lower than those on the vision façade module already discussed in the related paragraph.

The thermal simulation of the opaque façade module has been conducted to assess the overall thermal transmittance of the opaque façade module based on multiple node thermal simulations. The result achieved is a thermal transmittance of 0.27 W/m²K higher than the 0.20 W/m²K requested by the French regulation and even more for the Finnish requirement 0.17 W/m²K. To challenge this issue, new simulation has been defined with an internal wall to be realized on-site with a layer of 70 mm on wood fiber insulation and 12,5 mm plater board. The thermal transmittance for opaque façade plus the interior wall achieves 0.17 W/m²K suitable for both the building requirements.

Lastly the estimation of the acoustical performance of the final solution of opaque module is shown in Figure 24.

Figure 24. Opaque Façade Module Acoustic performances.

Figure 24. Opaque Façade Module Acoustic performances.

3.3.3. Window/Door Module Façade System

The opaque façade system is also equipped with a window or door products to have a window/door façade module. This façade system requires the introduction of window/door, roller shutter, and a new bio-composite profile for the integration of window/door into the façade system. An on-market products wooden window has been integrated into the façade with a bio-composite profile designed for this façade system. Additionally, a shading system in the window façade system is integrated with an external roller shutter.

Figure 25. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Window Façade Module.

Figure 25. Final solution: horizontal section Basajaun Window Façade Module.

Table 21. Basajaun Window Façade Module technologies.

Table 21. Basajaun Window Façade Module technologies.

Code	Layer	Objectives	Characteristics
9	Openable	Natural ventilation	-
50	EPDM gasket	Second water barrier	-
50	EPDM gasket	First water barrier	-
52	Water seal silicone black color	To join the external frame to the internal frame	-
52	Water seal silicone black color	To join the openable to the frame	-
82	Biocomposite profile-Internal key	To join two units	Thickness 3,5 mm
82	Biocomposite profile-Mullions	To bead the unit load and connect it with the structural slab	Thickness 8/10 mm
82	Biocomposite profile-External frame	To cover the biocomposite profile - esthetical aim	-
88	Foam rubber	To not vibrate the internal key	-
88	Foam rubber	To not drop the silicone	-
92	Roller shutter	to guarantee shading elements	-

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

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