Assessment of Dietary and Lifestyle Quality Among the Romanian Population in the Post-Pandemic Period

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Assessment of Dietary and Lifestyle Quality Among the Romanian Population in the Post-Pandemic Period

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05 April 2024

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08 April 2024

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Abstract

Background: The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus demonstrated the importance of prevention through a healthy diet and lifestyle, the most vulnerable people being those with severe chronic conditions, those who are overweight, and those with an unbalanced immune system. Methods: The evaluation of the eating habits and lifestyle of the Romanian population in the post-pandemic period was carried out based on a cross-sectional observational study with the help of a questionnaire. Results: 4704 valid answers were registered (3136 female and 1568 male respondents). Among the respondents, most of them belong to the young population, 2892 between the ages of 18 and 40, i.e., 61.5%. Most male respondents are overweight (1400) and obese (780). Most respondents indicated a tendency to consume 1-2 meals per day irregularly (p=0.6167). Only 974 respondents adopted a healthy diet, and 578 a healthy lifestyle. Conclusion: The present study reports low adherence to a healthy diet (20.7%) and healthy lifestyle (12.28%), especially among the young population (< 30 years). In the current context, it reports a reduced tendency to consume vegetables and fruits among the population, below the daily average recommended by the nutrition guidelines, a tendency towards sedentary behavior, and even deficient hydration of some of the respondents; these negative aspects can create a long term a series of nutritional and psycho-emotional imbalances. Our results evidence that complex surveys among the population are regularly required to investigate nutritional or lifestyle deficiencies; moreover, it could be helpful in further educational measures in nutrition, food, and environmental safety.

Keywords:

Subject: Public Health and Healthcare - Public Health and Health Services

1. Introduction

The quality of food and lifestyle strongly influence the quality of life and the body's resistance to the aggressions of environmental factors (pollution, microorganisms, climate changes). The statistics regarding the categories most vulnerable to the attacks of the SARS-Cov-2 virus indicate the elderly population, people with severe chronic conditions (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, oncological diseases, morbid obesity), triggered and primarily aggravated by significant nutritional imbalances [1,2,3]. World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that obesity complications caused approximately 90% of deaths in 2021. The leading factors of the increase in the rate of non-communicable diseases are smoking, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, and unhealthy diet [3]. Many countries have begun to place increasing emphasis on stimulating nutritional programs for the prevention and balancing of nutritional imbalances. At the European Level, a series of cooperative multinational programs have been financed by stimulating collaborations between European Union states in order to reduce the incidence of obesity among the population, stimulating physical activity and strengthening healthy eating habits for the prevention of metabolic diseases, such as the European ERA4Health program [4].

On May 5, 2023, WHO declared that the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has finally ended after more than three challenging years for global public health [5]. Throughout this period, the world faced immense social, economic, and health challenges, witnessing a significant loss of lives due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with a total death toll of 6,953,743 [6].

A healthy lifestyle means more than a set of rules to prevent or treat specific conditions; it represents a life concept that allows us to live healthily and build a world where people reach maximum physical and emotional potential [7]. A healthy lifestyle requires a constant balance between a harmonious diet, physical activity, adequate hydration of the body, rest, the absence of unhealthy habits (smoking, drug use, excessive alcohol consumption) as well as an environment as clean as possible, free of toxic agents and pathogens [8,9,10,11]. All these recommendations are ideal for increasing longevity, maintaining emotional well-being and mental balance, maintaining good general condition, and combating risk factors that endanger health.

A healthy diet must ensure sufficient macro and micronutrients to meet the body's physiological needs, which differ from one organism to another, depending on sex, age, physiological state, physical activity, and metabolism [12,13,14]. For a balanced and correct diet, we must consume plenty of fruits and vegetables because they represent an essential source of antioxidants, vitamins, mineral salts and fibers, and macronutrients. It also involves consuming diverse foods from all groups, rich in valuable nutrients, for all the body's needs [15,16,17,18]. Food is recommended to be consumed fresh or prepared using healthy cooking techniques. Vegetables and fruits should be eaten raw as much as possible to preserve their content rich in enzymes, vitamins, and minerals [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Food sources must be controlled, thus avoiding contamination with microplastics, pesticides, or heavy metals. Polluted marine areas for harvesting seafood or fish should also be avoided [26,27,28]. Eating contaminated food can seriously affect health [29,30,31]. In addition, it is essential to avoid excessive administration of drugs or their consumption without the supervision of a specialist [32,33] due to their potential toxicity.

Physical activity and sports practice are permanent means of maintaining health, increasing work capacity, and prolonging life, so it is recommended that people exercise for at least 30 minutes every day [34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. Under normal conditions, adults metabolize 2.5-3 liters of water daily, covered by water consumption as such and the water contained in the ingested food. Water intake and loss are regulated by thirst and hormonal mechanisms. During intense physical exercises, the need for water is increased, as it also happens in the case of increased temperatures in the external environment [41,42,43,44,45,46]. On the other hand, sleep is fundamental to the individual's physical and psycho-emotional health; 7-9 hours of sleep per night are recommended for people between 18 and 64 years old and 7-8 hours for people over 65 years old [47,48,49,50].

An analysis of the factors involved in the life span highlights an involvement percentage of approximately 25% of the genetic influence, while the environment and the lifestyle exert 75%. As a result, lifestyle and eating habits are essential for life quality and longevity [51,52,53], simultaneously influenced by the emotional state (Figure 1).

According to the data published in 2020 related to Romania's health profile, life expectancy, which increased after 2000, was seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, falling far below the European Union (EU) average. In addition, the rate of alcohol consumption and unhealthy food among Romanians is above the EU average. Generally, behavioral risk factors (tobacco consumption, alcohol, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity) and environmental ones (pollution) cause over half of the number of deaths, and the mortality rate from treatable causes in Romania is the highest in the EU [55].

In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the nutritional status and lifestyle among the Romanian population, reporting the results to the standards of balanced nutrition by calculating adherence to a healthy diet and lifestyle. An investigation of the dietary patterns and lifestyle of the post-pandemic Romanian people was performed using a questionnaire to explore connections between dietary choices, behavioral aspects, and individuals' health status. This survey evaluated how respondents' commitment to a healthy lifestyle and well-rounded diet correlated with their overall health. An extensive statistical analysis highlighted the deviations from the healthy lifestyle. Our results could be a potential database for formulating suitable solutions to help the population get closer to normal standards.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using an online questionnaire via the Google Forms platform from May 15 to August 15, 2023, to assess the Romanian population's dietary patterns and lifestyle choices. The survey, comprising 48 items, was circulated through official student networks, professional organizations, and social media platforms in Romania. Participation in the questionnaire was voluntary, with the only stipulation being age (participants had to be over 18 years old). Various Romanian institutions were involved, and the study was conducted on a sample of the country's general population. They agreed to disseminate the questionnaire to employees or students through the institutional email, and the responses of the volunteer participants after completing the questionnaire were automatically recorded on the Google Forms platform in real-time. Respondents were also asked to share the survey link with their colleagues and friends. The questionnaire aims to collect some socio-demographic information (age, sex, occupation, area of residence, studies), anthropometric data (height, weight), information related to eating habits correlated with lifestyle, psycho-emotional state correlated with health problems as well as the identification of factors that affect the psycho-emotional balance of the respondents. The final database was downloaded as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The requirements related to participation in the survey conducted based on a questionnaire were: minimal age of 18 years, individual agreement to participate in the study with the guarantee of identity protection, and residence in Romania. In the first part of the questionnaire, the respondents were informed about the study's purpose and coordinating team.

Moreover, participants were guaranteed confidentiality concerning their sensitive personal information in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This assurance enabled the utilization and publication of the research results. The questionnaire dissemination process implied no discrimination based on gender, religion, or political beliefs. The present study agrees with the updated Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova Ethics Committee (No.121/07.05.2023).

2.2. Questionnaire Validation

Initially, the questionnaire underwent a pilot phase and was tested among a cohort of 250 participants over 18 years. Subsequently, a panel of 3 experts was convened to scrutinize the responses collected during the pilot phase, aiming to validate and enhance the questionnaire. The content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were calculated [56,57]. Connelly (2008) proposed that the pilot study sample size should constitute a minimum of 10% of the intended sample size for the overall study [58]. In adherence to this recommendation, this study utilized the sample size calculation formula outlined by Viechtbauer et al. (2004), with parameters set at a 95% confidence level and a margin of error of ±4% [59]. The calculated sample size required for the pilot study was 94, which was deemed necessary for detecting feasibility issues. Given the potential variability in eating habits across different geographical regions of Romania, 250 participants were recruited.

In the pilot study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic yielded a value of 0.827, indicating the adequacy of the data for EFA [60,61]. Additionally, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity returned a statistically significant result (p < 0.001), suggesting the absence of multicollinearity within the dataset [62].

The 3 experts processed the final form of the questionnaire in such a way as to increase its clarity and accuracy, and the final corrected version after irrelevant items were removed is presented in Appendix A. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was analyzed using the Cronbach's α coefficient. For the present questionnaire, the value of Cronbach's α was 0.84, indicating good internal consistency and reliability of the scale [63,64].

After the questionnaire's distribution, 4704 valid responses were collected, with a confidence interval of 95% and a margin of error of ±3.05%.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

All variables are displayed using absolute frequencies (n) and relative frequencies (%). Recognizing that age significantly influences eating habits and lifestyle, shaped by various experiences, environmental shifts, and potential health issues, we categorized respondents into five age groups for data analysis. Hence, we restructured the continuous age variable into five categories: young individuals up to 30, early adults aged 31 to 40, middle-aged adults between 41 and 50, aging adults between 51 and 60, and seniors over 60. Additionally, we classified the people using Body Mass Index (BMI) value into four groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese.

The data were completed with new categorical variables named "Adherence to a healthy diet," which was constructed based on the answers to questions 9-21, and "Adherence to a healthy lifestyle" based on the answers to questions 27-28, 36, 38, 39, 43 and 44 all questions having answers from 1 ("very little" or "not at all") up to 5 ("a lot" or "always").

In assessing "Adherence to a healthy diet," the summation of responses constituted a raw score, subsequently converted into a T score (standardized). This conversion utilized an average of 54 and a standard deviation of 7 (ranging from a minimum of 28 to a maximum of 73). Scores surpassing 60 signified maximum adherence to a healthy diet, while those falling below 42 indicated adherence to an unhealthy diet.

In evaluating "Adherence to a healthy lifestyle," the aggregation of responses generated a raw score converted into a T score (standardized). This transformation utilized an average of 20 and a standard deviation of 4.5 (ranging from a minimum of 8 to a maximum of 33). Scores exceeding 26 indicated the highest adherence to a healthy lifestyle, while scores below 17 indicated an unhealthy one.

Pearson's Chi-square and Fischer tests were used to examine the potential association among variables (Gender, Body Mass Index groups, Residence, Education, Marital status, Employment status, Adherence to a healthy diet, and lifestyle) in connection with other ones included in the study, Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated for associated continuous variables. All statistical analysis and graphic presentations were performed in IBM SPSS (Version 23.0) [65] and XLSTAT software [66]; the statistical significance level was considered at p-value < 0.05.

Finally, we analyzed the association between the outcome variables "Adherence to a healthy diet" and "Adherence to a healthy lifestyle" with the predictor variables such as Gender, Age groups, and BMI groups by applying logistic regression for a multinomial model. The results were expressed by odd ratio (OR), interval confidence (95%IC), and the associated p-values [67].

3. Results

3.1. Socio-Demographic and Anthropometric Data

The research conducted through the questionnaire dissemination obtained 4704 valid responses, with 66.7% from female respondents and 33.3% from male ones. Utilizing anthropometric measurements (weight and height) to compute Body Mass Index (BMI) via the Quetelet equation [body mass (kg)/height (m²)], the data was interpreted following the WHO's criteria [68]. Upon analyzing the anthropometric data, it was noted that most respondents, especially women (1726), fell into the normal weight category (2288). Conversely, a considerable proportion of the male group, totaling 718, was overweight [69]. Regarding their age, 61.5% are young, up to 40. All socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1.

As can be seen from the data presented in Table 1, most participants in the study had higher education (61.6%), 17.8% were students, and 67.5% were employed. Most respondents live in the city (77.6%) and are married (57.6%).

3.2. Adherence to a Healthy Diet

In determining the respondents' adherence to a healthy diet, the assessment relied on the principles of a well-rounded and nutritious diet, as outlined in the introductory section. Healthy food intake with heightened nutritional value is aligned with the nutritional guidelines, emphasizing both frequency and quantity of consumption. An unhealthy diet, accompanied by unfavorable habits, corresponded to the lowest score, while a balanced diet with healthy habits received the highest score. A moderately healthy diet fell in the middle category.

As depicted in Table 2, most respondents were categorized under the moderately healthy diet group (3476), with 20.7% falling under the healthy diet category and 5.4% under the unhealthy diet category. Notably, a significant proportion of individuals in the unhealthy diet group were under 40 years old (73.2%), classified as overweight or obese (58.2%), residing in urban areas (75.6%), and engaging in daily work-related movements (48.8%).

Regarding adherence to a healthy diet within specific age groups, 16.62% of individuals up to 30 years old, 23.76% up to 40 years old, 21.47% up to 50 years old, and 22.45% up to 60 years old adhered to a healthy diet. Interestingly, 34.15% of individuals over 60 who completed the questionnaire were in the healthy diet group. Predominantly, respondents in the healthy diet group were female (698), had a normal weight (524), lived in urban areas (788), possessed higher education (66.9%), were married (596), and commuted daily for work (486).

According to the probability associated with the Chi-square tests, the variables that most influence the choice of group are Age: χ²=51.082, p<0.0001, Gender: χ²=9.763, p= 0.0076, BMI_group: χ²=22.368, p=0.0010, Level and education: χ²=15.96, p=0.0430 and Marital status: χ²=9.855.96, p=0.0429.

The healthy diet group was considered as a reference in the multinomial logistic regression model (Figure 2), and in the model, age, gender, BMI, Level of education, and marital status appeared to be significant predictors of leading an unhealthy diet (p < 0.05).

Men were 1.93 times more likely to achieve an unhealthy diet (95%CI = 1.26-2.96, p=0.024). Individuals between 18 and 30 years were more likely to score 1 and 2 for unhealthy diets (OR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.76-4.28, p=0007) than those aged 51-60, used as the reference category. Single respondents were likelier to have an unhealthy diet than their married counterparts (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.26-2.85, p=0.02). Moreover, participants with post-secondary education were more inclined to exhibit an unhealthy diet compared to those with higher education as the reference category (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.23-4.8, p=0.01).

Obese participants demonstrated a higher likelihood of having an unhealthy diet (OR=1.88, 95% CI = 1.07-3.30), whereas those with normal weight were less likely to have an unhealthy diet (OR=0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.82, p=0.028).

In the multinomial logistic regression analysis, several significant factors were linked to maintaining a moderately healthy diet, including age, gender, and educational Level. Those aged over 60 years were less likely to uphold a moderately healthy diet (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.26-0.7). Men exhibited a 1.27 times higher likelihood than women to achieve a moderately healthy diet (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.08-1.61, p=0.085). Moreover, individuals with a general/primary education level (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.1-3.34, p=0.02) were more inclined to maintain a moderately healthy diet than those with higher educational attainment.

Young people (18-30 years) showed the lowest adherence to a healthy diet among all the age groups participating in the study. As seen from Figure 3, in the diet of this age category, foods rich in fats and carbohydrates (fats, eggs, bread, sweetened carbonated drinks) predominate, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, and seafood is considerably reduced.

Using correspondence analysis (CA), significant differences (χ²=28.56, p < 0.0001) among four BMI groups and the type of food consumed were identified (Figure 4). Low consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, cereals, and dairy products and more significant amounts of food, fats, sweets, and pastries in obese and underweight respondents compared to those with normal BMI.

With CA, significant differences (χ²=27.43, p=0.0002) were identified among the four age groups (Figure 5). The bi-plot indicated that 99.06% of the variability observed could be attributed to the two principal components (F1: 85.35%, F2: 13.71%). The younger generations aged 18–30 preferred sweets, pastries, cereals, and pasta, while those aged 41-50 had vegetables, fruits, and meat. Respondents over 50 had a significantly lower consumption of fish, seafood, and high-fat products compared to the other age groups.

The breakdown of BMI and gender concerning adherence to a healthy diet (Figure 6) reveals that individuals, regardless of gender, predominantly within the normal weight or underweight categories, align themselves with a healthy or moderately healthy diet. Conversely, those classified as overweight or obese are more inclined to follow a moderately healthy or unhealthy diet (p˂0.003).

3.3. Eating Habits and Lifestyle

The predominance of healthy habits (reduced alcohol consumption, smoking frequency, sports, recreational activities, sleep duration) and how meals are taken and distributed were examined to analyze the adherence to a healthy lifestyle.

According to the data presented in Table 3, 12.28% of the respondents belong to the group of those with a healthy lifestyle, 66.45% belong to the group of those with a moderately healthy lifestyle, and 21.25% belong to the group of those with an unhealthy lifestyle. Most of the respondents with increased adherence to the unhealthy lifestyle are young people up to 40 years old (65.6%), women (71%), overweight or obese (56.8%), they live in the urban environment (78%), are married (53.4%) and commute daily to work (50%). Respondents over 50 are more likely to be among those with increased adherence to a healthy lifestyle compared to those younger than them.

According to the probability associated with the Chi-square tests, the variables that most influence the choice of group are Gender: χ²=16.763, p=0.0002, BMI_group: χ²=81.752, p<0.0001, Marital status: χ²=9.595, p=0.0478 and Employment status χ²=34.644, p=0.0017.

The healthy lifestyle group was considered the reference in the multinomial logistic regression model (Figure 7).

The multinomial logistic regression analysis found that statistically significant factors associated with leading an unhealthy and moderately healthy lifestyle were gender, BMI, Marital status, and Employment status.

Men were 0.49 times less likely to achieve an unhealthy lifestyle (95%CI = 0.34-0.69, p<0.0001) and 0.67 times less likely to achieve a medium unhealthy lifestyle (95%CI = 0.5-0.9, p=0.0083) compared to women.

The obese people were more likely to have an unhealthy lifestyle (OR=1.98, 95% CI = 1.17-3.37, p=0.01), and those with normal weight and underweight were less exposed (OR=0.32, 95%CI = 0.22-0.46, p<0.0001; OR=0.17, 95%CI = 0.08-0.36, p<0.0001) and moderately healthy lifestyle (OR=0.39, 95%CI = 0.22-0.46; OR=0.57, 95%CI = 0.41-0.78).

Single respondents were more likely to have unhealthy lifestyles than married ones as reference category (OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.1-2.51, p=0.0154).

The participants who work in a mixed regime (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.22-0.78, p=0.0064) and teleworking (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.35-0.99, p=0.0493) were less likely to have an unhealthy lifestyle. The same observation regarding moderately unhealthy lifestyles is available for retired ones (OR = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.23-0.93, p=0.031).

As can be seen from Figure 8, in the case of both sexes, the overweight and obese respondents are mainly found in the group of those with lower adherence to a healthy lifestyle.

Based on the responses gathered (Figure 9), a more significant inclination towards insomnia was evident among obese respondents, with 12% experiencing this issue, compared to other categories, notably contrasting with underweight individuals at 3%. Furthermore, within the obese category, a higher tendency to sleep less than 7 hours per night was observed (43%) compared to other categories, particularly when compared to underweight respondents at 29%. Conversely, the underweight group displayed the highest tendency to sleep for 7-9 hours per night (61%) in contrast to other categories, especially the obese group, where only 41% reported this sleep duration (p˂0.001).

There is a close correlation between the quality of the diet and the adopted lifestyle, in the sense that people with greater adherence to the diet and healthy lifestyle have optimal body weight; the lower the adherence, the greater the risk of imbalances related to problems that in time lead to health complications (Figure 10).

Concerning adopting a restrictive diet for weight reduction (Figure 11), 53.5% of respondents claimed they never employed such a regimen, 26.9% stated occasional use, and 19.6% acknowledged frequent use. Surprisingly, among those using restrictive diets were individuals classified as underweight, suggesting either excessively stringent diets causing bodily issues or a lack of awareness regarding their below-normal body weight. Notably, 23% of overweight and 38% of obese respondents frequently resorted to restrictive diets, while only 14% of individuals with normal weight reported frequent use.

Among those who never employed a restrictive diet, approximately 87% were underweight, 61% had normal weight, 49% were overweight, and 28% were obese (p˂0.001). Female respondents predominantly admitted frequent use of restrictive diets (25%), contrasting sharply with male respondents at 8%. 71% of male respondents stated they never opted for a particular diet for weight loss (p˂0.001).

In line with the gathered responses, a significant part of individuals with excessive weight—37% among the overweight and 53% among the obese—admitted to excessive food consumption (p˂0.002). Interestingly, only 35% of underweight ones acknowledged insufficient food intake, suggesting a lack of awareness among respondents regarding their dietary habits corresponding to their body's requirements. Notably, other underweight persons did not acknowledge deficient food intake, although their body weight indicates otherwise. A mere 17.5% of respondents monitor their body weight, and a minimal part (1-2% across each BMI group) claimed to adhere to a nutritionist's recommended food intake ratio.

The data revealed a similar distribution across categories regarding the periodic health status assessment. Approximately 28% of respondents never evaluate their health status, with 24.3% doing so very rarely. Only 34.5% habitually assess their health status annually, and merely 11.4% do so at least twice a year—likely individuals with significant health concerns.

Analysis of the questionnaire data highlights that 47.2% of all respondents consume roughly 2L of water daily. However, a notable proportion do not hydrate adequately—12.8% consume less than 1L per day, and 33.6% consume approximately 1L daily. Surprisingly, this pattern remains consistent across BMI groups despite the expectation that water intake should correlate with body mass, not solely physical activity. Specifically, 11% of overweight and 12% of obese individuals consume less than 1L daily, while 33% of overweight and 30% of obese individuals consume around 1L per day (p=0.005).

The percentage of individuals engaging in daily sports activities for less than an hour or at least an hour is minimal, falling below 20%. Sedentary behavior is frequent among obese individuals (36% rarely engage in sports) and overweight ones (24% do not participate in sports, and 45% rarely do so). Surprisingly, even underweight respondents exhibit low activity levels (24% do not participate in sports, and 53% rarely do). Comparatively, individuals with normal weight show slightly better engagement in physical or sports activities than other BMI groups (p˂0.002). Although, as shown by the processed data from the questionnaire, very few respondents are used to frequently monitor their body weight or call a nutritionist to monitor their caloric intake from food, 37.7% of the respondents believe that they need the advice of a specialist to be able to choose healthy foods and 26.6% of them to eat balanced (Figure 12).

The leading causes that depreciate the state of health are considered stress (71.7%), lack of movement (55.1%), low sleep quality (48.5%), unhealthy diet (45.3%), and excessive work (34.1%). Only 29% of the respondents know the seriousness of pollution on their health (Figure 13).

Generally, the psycho-emotional state is mainly affected by stress (78.4%) and fatigue (58.1%). It is also negatively influenced by overworking, lack of communication, financial and family problems, and lifestyle (Figure 14).

Figure 15 shows that the main problems affecting well-being are fatigue (52.5%) and nervousness (31%).

There is a relatively high percentage of respondents who admit that they do not know if they have health problems (almost 20%), which is to be expected considering that many of them either do not turn to specialized medical personnel when encountering health problems by calling the first phase of self-medication, either do not regularly access specialized medical personnel when they encounter (Figure 16).

The main factors blamed by the respondents for depreciating the lifestyle are sedentariness (51.8%), sleep quality (47.7%), and lack of free time (44.9%). For the adverse effects, a series of unsolved stressful problems, insufficient financial resources, and the quality of the food products consumed can be noted (Figure 17).

Spending free time is essential in restoring the body and balancing the psycho-emotional. The top preferences include watching movies and TV programs (62.2%) and activities with family or friends (61.8%). Also, the tendency to spend free time on social networks, in the open air, or reading as a recreation is noticeable (Figure 18).

4. Discussion

The processing of the socio-demographic data collected from the survey participants highlights the presence in particular of young people under the age of 50 (Table 1), who represent 83.5% of the total number of respondents, the majority coming from the urban area (77.6 %) and having higher education (61.6%). More than 50% of the people interviewed commute to work every day and are married. The processing of the anthropometric data (Table 1) indicates that almost half of the respondents have problems with body weight (46.1%) because, according to BMI, they belong to the group of underweight (4.3%), overweight (28.3%) or obese (13.5%) people, which suggests from the start that there are nutritional imbalances. Regarding eating habits, the following aspects were observed: 30.3% of the respondents mainly consume saturated fats (butter in particular, but also lard or margarine), only 31.6% are used to consuming virgin or extra virgin vegetable oils, approximately 60% consume vegetables and fruits very rarely or at most only one portion per day, 43.3% consume fish and seafood very rarely or not at all and 41.8% only once a week, 33% consume meat daily, 42% consume meat more than two portions per week, 44% do not hydrate appropriately by consuming up to 1L of water per day. A first aspect worthy of note is represented by the fact that many of the respondents do not consume enough fiber. In combination with inadequate hydration of the body, there is an increased risk of accumulating toxins that can affect the state of health in the long term. The increased consumption of meat, correlated with a reduced intake of fiber and water, also represents a long-term aggravating factor that can lead to the appearance of metabolic diseases. Some studies indicate the tendency to reduce consumption of fruits and vegetables, especially among young people [70,71]. In a statistic published by the European Commission in 2019 based on a survey in the member states, there is an increased tendency to consume vegetables and fruits (at least 5 daily portions), especially among people with a high level of education. There are European countries where the population is used to consuming more significant amounts of vegetables daily (Spain, Portugal). However, Romania is included among the countries with a low daily consumption of vegetables [72]. In addition, surveys carried out during the pandemic to assess eating habits have indicated the reduced consumption of vegetable products among the Romanian population [73,74]. In order to increase the consumption of vegetables and fruits, it is necessary to implement some nutritional education actions starting from kindergartens and schools; moreover, paying particular attention to the menus in canteens in schools and kindergartens to include as many seasonal vegetables and fruits as possible. It is also necessary to carry out campaigns to raise awareness of the optimal hydration of the population, primarily since the state of dehydration of the body, even in reduced forms, affects the ability to concentrate and memory. Drivers who must react as efficiently as possible must know that inadequate long-term hydration can affect their driving skills and even cause accidents [75,76].

The low adherence of the respondents to the healthy diet (4.3%), according to the results obtained from the processing of the data collected with the help of the survey (Table 2), confirms the need to improve the eating habits of the Romanian population by stimulating the consumption of nutritious foods: vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, unrefined vegetable fats. In addition to campaigns to promote nutritional information related to the quality of different food groups and their nutritional value, it would also be helpful to develop social measures aimed at stimulating domestic production of some essential foods (milk, eggs, cereals, vegetables, and fruits, fish) and to facilitate their commercialization on the domestic market by granting subsidies and facilities on the condition of limiting price increases in order to stimulate domestic consumption at all social levels of the population. It is known that shortening the distribution chain for food products usually implies the use of much smaller amounts of chemical additives.

A positive aspect worth noting is that in culinary preferences, food cooked at home, boiled, or steamed in the oven predominates. The preferred type of meat is represented by chicken (53.4%) and pork (30.5%).

In terms of lifestyle, the following aspects are noteworthy: most respondents have an irregular, even unbalanced, distributed meal schedule if we take into account the fact that 43.1% of them consume 1-2 meals a day, 40.8% of the respondents declared that they chaotically consume excess or insufficient food, 61.2% serve the meal in a hurry or during the meal they tend to do something else, 64.4% do not tend to do sports or exercise at all or only very rarely in the conditions in which 57.6% of the respondents work at the office or in front of the computer and 27.3% spend more than 8 hours a day in front of the computer, 18.5% spend around 6-7 hours a day in front of the computer, and 22.3% spend about 4-5 hours a day. Under these conditions, it is understandable that 40.4% of the respondents have insomnia or insufficient rest, 18.8% consider that they have a weakened immune system, 26.1% regularly use various methods to strengthen the immune system, 78.4% of the respondents are stressed, 52.5% are tired, and 31% are frequently tired. Alteration of the psycho-emotional status is the result of an unbalanced lifestyle, with a chaotic diet and low consumption of vegetable products, insufficient hydration, an accentuated tendency to be sedentary, a recreational activity that takes place predominantly in front of the television or on social networks (Figure 18), as well as a neglect of the periodic evaluation of the state of health. The neglect of the state of health is also noticeable by the reduced tendency of underweight or overweight people to resort to measures to help them balance the body, given that many respondents are aware of the negative aspects that affect their health: monitoring food consumption and body weight, hydration corresponding to the body (a measure that helps overweight people in particular to consume smaller amounts of food), calling on the services of a nutritionist. Furthermore, in this direction, a series of measures are required to help reduce imbalances: the promotion of outdoor party campaigns both through festive activities and through sports competitions aimed at the population, the intensification of recreational activities through exercise in schools and kindergartens in order to combat sedentary lifestyle, the implementation of mandatory legislative measures to monitor the state of health based on the package of free analyzes existing in the rights of insured persons (mostly neglected rights), the introduction of psychological counseling services in large communities (schools, high schools, universities, large companies with over 21 employees). Excessive work, inadequate rest, lack of engaging recreational activities that increase self-esteem (participation in socio-cultural activities), communication problems related to unhealthy habits, and an unbalanced diet affects not only the state of health but also pro-duce disorders of psycho-emotional behavior such as states of nervousness, anxiety, depression, loss of appetite or emotional eating, altering the ability to work but also to integrate into communities (Figure 15 and Figure 17).

The positive aspects of the lifestyle highlighted by the present study consist of reduced consumption of alcoholic beverages among the respondents (63% declared that they consume very rarely or not at all) and diminished tendency to smoke. Comparing this rate with the results collected in the last 16 years [77] (70.4% are non-smokers), only 17.6% of the respondents declared that they smoke excessively.

Moreover, all these observed imbalances confirm the health problems highlighted by the National Study on the Prevalence of Diabetes, Prediabetes, Overweight, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hyperuricemia and Chronic Kidney Disease (PREDATORR), started in 2013 and carried out by the Romanian Society of Nephrology in partnership with The Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, for almost a year and a half, on a representative sample of approximately 3000 people (20-79 years), from 101 centers in Romania.

According to the PREDATORR epidemiological study, approximately 11.6% of the adult population of Romania (20-79 years old) has diabetes. This value is 31.8% higher than the global average (8.8%) reported and 70% above the European average. Following the study, it was also found that over 80% of the adult population of Romania aged between 20-79 years have abnormalities of serum lipids (19% have dyslipidemia, 81% have dyslipidemia with disorders of one or more lipid factors), while over 16% of Romanians in the same age range have hyperuricemia. Regarding body weight, the study data indicate that 31.4% of Romanians have first-degree obesity, 21.5% second-degree, and 2.7% have morbid obesity. Also, 34.6% are overweight and on the verge of obesity. The study also indicates a high prevalence of 6.7-7.7% (depending on the calculation formula) for chronic kidney disease and 61.7% for blood pressure. The study also highlighted the fact that about 2.4% of patients with diabetes were undiagnosed [78,79,80].

The implementation of measures to increase the quality of public health by promoting a favorable nutritional status and a healthy lifestyle correlated with an environment with as little pollution as possible is the key to ensuring an efficient workforce, a population with a low incidence of various diseases, including the mental nature with direct benefits on the public health system by reducing the costs related to the protection programs of the various chronic patients but also on the increase in the life expectancy of the population.

It is also necessary to boost the consumption of vegetable proteins (especially legumes, nuts, and seeds) in the context in which health specialists draw attention to the fact that animal breeding activity is becoming more and more polluting with the demographic expansion of the population at the world level. The aim is to create a sustainable food future that will serve more than nine billion people by 2050 [81].

Our study has several limitations, including the lower participation of male respondents, elderly participants, and rural residents. The obtained data report an alteration of the psycho-emotional state caused by the disordered lifestyle and unbalanced diet. More detailed studies are required to evaluate the degree of alteration of the psycho-emotional components under the influence of lifestyle and eating habits.

5. Conclusions

The present study, performed on 4704 Romanian participants over the age of 18, reports low adherence to a healthy diet (20.7%) and healthy lifestyle (12.28%), especially among the young population (< 30 years). In the current context, it highlights a series of problems related to the lifestyle and diet of the Romanian population. Our results evidence that complex surveys among the population are regularly required to investigate nutritional or lifestyle deficiencies. This study could be helpful in further educational measures in nutrition, food, and environmental safety. Moreover, data analysis could underline further administrative and legislative regulations regarding potential assistance in large autochthonous communities to increase the population's adherence to a healthy diet by periodically evaluating their health status. It also highlights the progressive need for people's involvement in environmental protection to ensure pollution reduction, a suitable lifestyle, and optimal psycho-emotional balance with beneficial effects on the well-being and health of the Romanian population.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at the website of this paper posted on Preprints.org.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.M. and V.P.; methodology, M.M., S.M.N., E.G. and C.T.S.; software, S.B. and C.E.L.; validation, M.M. and V.P.; formal analysis, S.S.B., E.O., N.K. and C.E.L.; investigation, A.M., C.T.S., E.G. and D.L.; resources, S.S.B. and E.O.; data curation, M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, S.M.N. and A.M.M.; writing—review and editing, S.M.N. and A.M.M.; visualization, V.P., supervision, M.M. and V.P.; project administration, M.M. and V.P.; funding acquisition, S.B. and D.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

No funding was available for the current study.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ethics Commission in Craiova approved the study with Consent Doc.—121/07.05.2023.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

QUESTIONNAIRE regarding adherence to the healthy lifestyle and balanced diet of the Romanian population

Personal data:

1. Please mention your age (in years):

2. Please mention your gender:

Male

Feminine

Other

3. Please mention your currently reside:

Town

Commune/Village

4. Please mention your employment status:

Unemployed

Socially assisted

Householder

Retired

Student

Teleworking

I go to work every day

I work in a mixed regime (telework and commuting)

5. Please state your marital status:

Single

Divorced / separated

Married

6. Please mention the Level of education:

General/primary studies

Secondary education (baccalaureate degree)

Post-secondary studies

Higher education (bachelor's degree)

Postgraduate studies (master's, residency, doctorate, other specializations)

Anthropometric data

7. Please mention your weight (in kg):

8. Please mention your height (in cm):

Eating habits:

9. What is the main type of dietary fat consumed?

Margarine

Lard, tallow

Butter

Refined vegetable oil

Extra virgin or virgin vegetable oil

10. How many servings of vegetzables (approx. 100 g) do you eat every day?

Very rarely or not at all

One

Two

Three

More than three

11. How many servings of fruit (approx. 100 g) do you eat every day?

Very rarely or not at all

One

Two

Three

More than three

12. How often do you eat meat?

Very rarely or not at all

Once a week

Twice a week

More than 2 times a week

Daily

13. How often do you consume carbonated or sweetened drinks (1 portion = 330 ml, a glass)?

Daily

More than 2 times a week

Twice a week

Once a week

Very rarely or not at all

14. How often do you consume alcoholic beverages (1 glass of wine=125ml, 1 glass of soft drink spirits =50ml)?

Daily more than one serving

One serving daily

More than 2 times a week

Twice a week

Once a week

Very rarely or not at all

15. How often do you eat fish or seafood?

Very rarely or not at all

Once a week

Twice a week

More than 2 times a week

Daily

16. How often do you eat sweets / pastries?

Daily

More than 2 times a week

Twice a week

Once a week

Very rarely or not at all

17. How often do you eat pasta, rice or other grains?

Very rarely or not at all

Once a week

Twice a week

More than 2 times a week

Daily

18. How much bread do you eat per day?

More than 12 slices

8-12 slices

5-7 slices

1-4 slices

Very rarely or not at all

19. How often do you consume dairy products?

Very rarely or not at all

Once a week

Twice a week

More than 2 times a week

Daily

20. How many eggs do you eat per week?

Very rarely or not at all

1 - 2 eggs

3 - 4 eggs

5 - 7 eggs

More than 7 eggs

21. Which food category do you eat most often?

Fast food products

Pizza, snacks, pastries, sweets

Products made from sausages and preserves

Food cooked in restaurants

Home cooked food

22. What type of cooked food do you eat most often?

Fried foods

Food prepared by cooking on wood or coals

Grilled food

Food prepared in the oven

Boiled or steamed foods

Non-thermally processed foods

23. How much water do you drink per day?

Under 1L

1 L

2 L

3 L

Over 3 L

24. Which category of liquids do you tend to consume most often?

Alcoholic drinks: sparkling drinks/wine, beer, etc.

Carbonated or sweetened non-alcoholic drinks

Coffee

What do you have

Plain water and natural juices

25. Which category of food products predominates in the daily diet?

Produce

Fish and seafood preparations

Cereals and pasta

Dairy products

Meat and meat preparations

Sweets and pastries

Foods high in fat

26. What type of meat do you eat most often?

Fish and/or seafood

Bird meat

Rabbit meat

Beef

Game meat

Pork

Mutton

Goat meat

Other

I don't eat meat

Lifestyle:

27. How are meals distributed per day?

Consuming 1-2 meals a day without a fixed schedule

I eat 3 meals a day without a fixed schedule

I eat 3 meals a day and 1-2 snacks without a fixed schedule

Consume 3 meals a day according to a fixed schedule

Consume 3 meals a day and 1-2 snacks according to a fixed schedule

28. How do you rate the amount of food consumed daily?

I consider myself a chaotic, excessive eater

I believe that I eat chaotically, insufficiently

Weighted food consumption, without excesses

Consume food according to the needs of the body by monitoring the weight

I eat food according to the ration established by a specialist

29. Do you think that your diet has affected your health?

I do not know

Yes, because I eat junk food

Yes, because I overeat

Yes, because I don't eat enough

30. When you serve the meal how do you do it?

I generally eat in a hurry

During the meal I usually do something else

They serve the meal quietly and unhurriedly

31. Do you think you need the advice of a nutritionist?

Yes, to help me choose healthy foods

Yes, to help me eat weighted

32. Which of the following factors do you consider to be most likely to affect your current state of health?

Overwork

Sleep quality

The stress

Unhealthy diet

Lack of movement

pollution

Excessive smoking

Excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs

Financial problems

33. What type of diet are you currently on?

Normal, omnivorous diet

Vegetarian diet/variants

Vegan diet/variants

Ketogenic diet

Mediterranean diet

Other

34. Have you ever gone on a diet to lose weight?

Yes, often

Yes, very rarely

35. What type of activity do you do?

Work in difficult and dangerous conditions (construction site, factory, mine, etc.)

Work in front of the computer or special devices

Office work or activity with minimal movement

Work standing

Work outdoors in non-hazardous conditions

36. Do you usually do sports / exercise?

Not

Yes, very rarely

Yes, 2-3 times a week

Yes, daily under an hour

Yes, daily at least one hour

37. Where do you do sports / exercise?

The home

Outdoor

Gym

I don't do sports / exercise

38. Do you smoke?

Yes, excessively daily

Yes, daily 1-2 cigarettes

Yes, 2-3 times a week

Yes, occasionally

39. How many hours a night you usually sleep?

I have frequent insomnia

Under 7 hours per night

Over 9 hours a night

7-9 hours a night

40. How do you rate the state of your immune system?

I consider myself to have a strong immune system

I believe I have a weakened immune system

I regularly use various methods to strengthen the immune system

41. What do you consider to be the main factors affecting your mental state?

Health problems

Fatigue state

The stress

Overwork

Problems at work

Lack of communication, isolation

Inappropriate surroundings

Family problems

Financial problems

42. What kind of problems do you encounter?

I am often tired

I am often nervous

I am often depressed

I have frequent panic attacks / anxiety states

I eat emotionally

I'm not hungry

I'm fine, I have no problem

43. Do you go to specialist doctors when you have health problems?

Never

Yes, only in very serious cases

Yes, generally when self-medication doesn't work

Yes, when the state of health deteriorates more

Yes, every time there are problems

44. Do you regularly assess your health?

Yes, very rarely

Yes, after two years

Yes, once a year

Yes, at least twice a year

45. How much time do you spend on average per day in front of the computer, tablet, phone or TV?

Over 8 hours

6-7 hours

4-5 hours

2-3 hours

Under 1 hour

46. What type of chronic conditions do you have?

Arterial Hypertension

Cardiovascular diseases

Diabetes

Gout

Obesity

Pulmonary diseases

Renal diseases

Autoimmune diseases

Gastric conditions

Liver diseases

Respiratory diseases

Rheumatic diseases

Bone disorders

Mental disorders

Other

I am clinically healthy

I do not know

47. What do you feel is currently lacking in a healthier lifestyle?

Free time

Peaceful sleep, rest

Financial resources

Advice from a nutritionist

Access to quality medical services

Solving stressful problems

Communication and socialization

Reducing time spent on social networks or various sites

Nutritional knowledge

Movement, physical activity

Quality food products

Nothing

48. How do you spend your free time?

Watching movies and TV programs

On social networks or various websites

Reading

DIY (Do It Yourself)

With family or friends

Outdoor activities

Participation in cultural activities

Participation in charity events

Participation in training courses

Other ways.

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Figure 1. The influence of food quality on health. Created with BioRender (accessed on November 25, 2023).

Figure 2. The multinomial logistic regression results with categories of adherence to a healthy diet as a dependent variable (bold values: p<0.05).

Figure 3. Frequency of consumption of various categories of food products among young people (18-30 years): 1- very rarely or not at all; 2- once a week; 3- twice a week; 4- more than 2 times a week; 5-daily.

Figure 4. The bi-plot with BMI categories and most consumed food products.

Figure 5. The bi-plot with age categories and most consumed food products.

Figure 6. Adherence to a healthy diet by gender and BMI.

Figure 7. The multinomial logistic regression results with categories of adherence to a healthy diet as a dependent variable (bold values: p<0.05).

Figure 8. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle by gender and BMI.

Figure 9. Distribution of gender and sleep duration by BMI.

Figure 10. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and a heathy diet by BMI.

Figure 11. Application of a restrictive diet by gender and BMI.

Figure 12. The need for competent advice from nutritionists.

Figure 13. Health risk factors.

Figure 14. Risk factors for the mental state.

Figure 15. Psycho-emotional problems.

Figure 16. Associated chronic diseases.

Figure 17. Factors that depreciate lifestyle.

Figure 18. Ways of recreation.

Table 1. Socio-demographic and Anthropometric characteristics of respondents.

Characteristics	Total population - n (%)	Male - n (%)	Female - n (%)
	4704 (100)	1568 (33.3)	3136 (66.7)
Age (years); p<0.0001
18-30	1756 (37.3)	528 (33.7)	1228 (39.2)
31-40	1136 (24.2)	354 (22.6)	782 (24.9)
41-50	1034 (22)	344 (21.9)	690 (22)
51-60	534 (11.3)	204 (13)	324 (10.5)
>60	246 (5.2)	138 (8.8)	1008 (3.4)
Residence areas; p=0.0002
Urban areas	3648 (77.6)	1144 (72.9)	2504 (79.8)
Rural areas	1056 (22.4)	424 (23.1)	632 (20.2)
Level of education; p<0.0001
General/primary studies	298 (6.3)	154 (9.8)	144 (4.6)
Secondary education	1090 (23.2)	392 (25.0)	698 (22.3)
Post-secondary studies	420 (8.9)	132 (8.4)	288 (9.2)
Higher education	1616 (34.4)	528 (33.7)	1088 (34.7)
Postgraduate studies	1280 (27.2)	362 (23.1)	918 (29.3)
Marital status; p=0.0049
Single	1688 (35.9)	634 (53.7)	1054 (59.6)
Divorced/separated	306 (6.5)	92 (5.9)	214 (6.8)
Married	2710 (57.6)	842 (40.4)	1868 (33.6)
Employment status; p<0.0001
Unemployed	78 (1.7)	34 (2.2)	44 (1.4)
Socially assisted	26 (0.6)	10 (0.6)	16 (0.5)
Householder	312 (6.6)	36 (2.3)	276 (8.8)
Retired	270 (5.7)	140 (8.9)	130 (4.1)
Student	838 (17.8)	210 (13.4)	628 (20)
Teleworking	274 (5.8)	92 (5.9)	182 (5.8)
Going to work every day	2406 (51.1)	848 (54.1)	1558 (49.7)
Mixed working regime	500 (10.6)	198 (12.6)	302 (9.6)
Body mass index (BMI); p<0.0001
Normal (18.5-24.9)	2288	562 (35.8)	1726 (55.0)
Overweight (25-29.9)	1400	682 (43.5)	718 (22.9)
Underweight (<18.5)	236	14 (0.9)	222 (7.1)
Obese (≥30)	780	310 (19.8)	470 (15.0)

Secondary education—baccalaureate degree; Higher education—bachelor's degree; Postgraduate studies—master's degree, residency, doctorate, other specializations; Mixed working regime—teleworking and commuting.

Table 2. Adherence to a healthy diet of age-group, gender, BMI group, Residence areas, Education level, Marital status, and Employment status.

Variable	Healthy diet		Moderate healthy diet		Unhealthy diet		p-value Chi-squared test
Variable	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	974	20.7	3476	73.9	234	5.4
Age
18-30	292	30	1334	38.4	130	51.2	<0.0001
31-40	270	27.7	810	23.3	56	22
41-50	222	22.8	766	22	44	17.3
51-60	106	10.9	408	11.7	20	7.9
>60	84	8.6	158	4.6	4	1.6
Gender
F	698	71.7	2296	66.1	142	55.9	0.0020
M	276	28.3	1180	33.9	112	44.1	0.0020
BMI
Underweight	42	4.3	178	5.1	16	6.2	0.0102
Normal weight	524	53.8	1674	48.1	90	35.4
Overweight	276	28.3	1038	29.8	86	33.8
Obese	132	13.6	586	16.8	62	24.4
Residence areas
Urban	788	80.9	2668	76.8	96	75.6	0.1315
Rural	186	19.1	808	23.2	62	24.4	0.1315
Level of education
General/primary studies	36	3.7	248	7.2	14	5.5	0.0087
Secondary education	202	20.7	818	23.5	70	27.5
Post-secondary studies	84	8.6	300	8.6	36	14.2
Higher education	344	35.3	1204	34.6	68	26.9
Postgraduate studies	308	31.6	906	26.1	66	25.9
Marital status
Single	314	32.2	1254	36.1	120	47.2	0.0394
Divorced/separated	64	6.6	228	6.5	14	5.6
Married	596	61.2	1994	57.4	120	47.2
Employment status
Unemployed	8	0.8	64	1.8	6	2.4	0.0038
Socially assisted	10	1	16	0.5	0	0
Householder	68	6.9	222	6.4	22	8.7
Retired	84	8.6	182	5.2	4	1.6
Student	140	14.4	632	18.2	66	25.9
Teleworking	66	6.7	204	5.9	4	1.6
Going to work every day	486	49.8	1796	51.7	124	48.8
Mixed regime	112	11.5	360	10.3	28	11

Table 3. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle of age-group, gender, BMI group, Residence areas, Education level, Marital status, and Employment status.

Variable	Healthy lifestyle		Moderate healthy lifestyle		Unhealthy lifestyle		p-value Chi-squared test
Variable	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	578	12.28	3126	66.45	1000	21.25
Age
18-30	208	35.99	1118	35.76	430	43.00	0.0038
31-40	120	20.76	790	25.27	226	22.60
41-50	134	23.18	698	22.33	200	20.00
51-60	66	11.42	350	11.20	118	11.80
>60	50	8.65	170	5.44	26	2.60
Gender
F	362	62.63	2064	66.03	710	71.00	0.0363
M	216	37.37	1062	33.97	290	29.00	0.0363
BMI
Underweight	44	7.61	154	4.93	38	3.80	0.0001
Normal weight	344	59.52	1550	49.58	394	39.40
Overweight	140	24.22	922	29.49	338	33.80
Obese	50	8.65	500	15.99	230	23.00
Residence areas
Urban areas	484	83.74	2384	76.26	80	78.00	0.0193
Rural areas	94	16.26	742	23.74	220	22.00	0.0193
Level of education
General/primary studies	20	3.46	218	6.97	60	6.00	0.0167
Secondary education	124	21.45	692	22.14	274	27.40
Post-secondary studies	46	7.96	268	8.77	100	10.00
Higher education	212	36.68	1056	33.78	348	34.80
Postgraduate studies	176	30.45	886	28.34	218	21.80
Marital status
Single	190	32.87	1104	35.32	394	39.40	0.1682
Divorced/separated	46	7.96	188	6.01	72	7.20
Married	342	59.17	1834	58.67	534	53.40
Employment status
Unemployed	6	1.04	42	1.34	10	3.00	p<0.0001
Socially assisted	2	0.35	14	0.45	10	1.00
Householder	24	4.15	182	5.82	106	10.60
Retired	58	10.03	178	5.69	34	3.40
Student	12	17.65	542	17.34	194	19.40
Teleworking	54	9.34	178	5.57	46	4.60
Going to work every day	258	44.64	1648	52.72	500	50.00
Mixed working regime	74	12.48	346	10.7	80	8.00

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Assessment of Dietary and Lifestyle Quality Among the Romanian Population in the Post-Pandemic Period

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design

2.2. Questionnaire Validation

2.3. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Socio-Demographic and Anthropometric Data

3.2. Adherence to a Healthy Diet

3.3. Eating Habits and Lifestyle

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Supplementary Materials

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of Interest

Appendix A

References

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