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Pharmacists’ Behavioral Change after Attending a Palliative Care Education Program in a Multi-Prefecture

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10 April 2024

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10 April 2024

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Abstract
Pharmacists must acquire the necessary knowledge to provide better drug therapy to patients. In other words, educational programs need to facilitate behavioral changes among pharmacists. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how the behavior of pharmacists changed after attending a palliative care educational program. We conducted a web-based questionnaire survey examining the behavior of pharmacists regarding palliative care before participating in the program, two months after participating in the program, and eight months after participating in the program, to determine the behavior and changes over time. For all questions, scores were higher at two and eight months after attending the program than before attending the program (P <0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between two and eight months after attending the program for all questions (P =0.504-1.000). The knowledge gained from the educational program was used to repeatedly intervene with patients with cancer, to address the various symptoms they experienced and maintain their behavior. The proven effectiveness of this program serves as a stepping stone for a nationwide rollout across Japan’s 47 prefectures.
Keywords: 
Subject: Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Pharmacy

1. Introduction

Specialized palliative care is associated with improved symptoms, better end-of-life quality, decreased medical costs, and higher satisfaction with family assessments [1,2]. Early and continuous intervention in palliative care contributes to the quality of life of patients and improved prognosis [3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) [4] states that palliative care “can be applied in the early stages of the disease in combination with other therapies aimed at prolonging life, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy.” However, patients with cancer reported that their palliative care needs were unmet [1].
Palliative care must be multidisciplinary, and guidelines have been established regarding the role of pharmacists in palliative care [5]. Cancer is the leading cause of death in Japan, and the involvement of pharmacists in palliative care is important [6]. A wide range of knowledge is required for the palliative care of patients with cancer. However, if a pharmacist’s knowledge is insufficient, it leads to hesitation in being proactive [7]. For example, a report stated that a lack of training and clinical expertise is a barrier to the practice of evidence-based medicine [8]. Therefore, complementary training should be provided to pharmacists to be proactively involved in palliative care for patients with cancer.
In a previous study, we developed an extensive and systematic educational program on palliative care for patients with cancer and found that it improves their palliative care knowledge [9,10]. Pharmacists must acquire knowledge and be able to provide better drug therapy to patients based on this knowledge. In other words, a pharmacist’s behavior must change after attending an educational program. Therefore, we used Transtheoretical Model 10 to evaluate how the behavior of pharmacists who participated in the palliative care educational program changed after attending the program.

2. Methods

2.1. Questionnaire Survey

A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted with the participants of an educational program held from May 2018 to March 2021 for pharmacists in nine prefectures in the southwest region of Japan: Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, Okinawa, and Yamaguchi. It assessed age, years of experience as a pharmacist, place of work, residence, and behavior (12 questions) regarding palliative care.
For each behavior related to palliative care, the behavior content and changes were investigated before attending the program (April 2018), two months after attending the program (May 2021), and eight months after attending the program (November 2021). First, from May 10 to June 21, 2021, we surveyed participants before they attended the program and two months after attending the program. The agreement forms were received before the program, and participants were asked to complete the survey while reflecting on the past. Next, from November 9 to December 14, 2021, we conducted a survey eight months after attending the program. In addition, a written questionnaire was administered to compare the participants’ behavioral changes at each time point. However, the analysis was conducted anonymously. We did not compensate the respondents for their participation. Participants agreed to participate in the survey before submitting their responses.

2.2. Behavioral Questions Regarding Palliative Care

Table 1 shows the questionnaire form regarding behavior change related to palliative care. At each time point, we asked the participants to answer the same 12 questions regarding their behavioral on a scale of 1 (“not at all”) to 10 (“good enough”).
Q1–3 addressed whether specific actions had been taken regarding pain symptoms in patients. Q4–7 addressed whether the participants could take specific actions regarding symptoms other than pain. Q8–12 addressed whether in-team medical care takes any actions toward other occupations.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Friedman’s test was used to determine whether there was a change in scores for each participant across the three time points, and Bonferroni’s adjustment [11] was used for group comparison (post-hoc analyses). The significance level was set at p<0.05. SPSS statistics version 27.0 was used for all statistical analyses.

3. Results

3.1. Questionnaire Collection

A total of 365 participants participated in this study. Of these, 138 (37.8%) responded to the questionnaire survey two months after attending the program, and 142 (38.9%) responded eight months after attending the program. We analyzed the responses of 96 (20.6%) participants who completed the survey both two and eight months after attending the program.

3.2. Respondents’ Characteristics

Table 2 presents the respondents’ age, years of experience as a pharmacist, place of work, and residence eight months after attending the program. The most common age group was participants in their 40s (34, 35.4 %), followed by those in their 50s (33, 34.4%). There were 0 participants in their 20s. Regarding years of experience as a pharmacist, 50 (52.1%) participants indicated “21 years or more.” Seventy-five participants (78.1%) worked at pharmacies, twenty (20.8%) at hospitals or clinics, and one (1.1%) at other hospitals. Most participants were from Fukuoka Prefecture (47, 49.0%), followed by Yamaguchi Prefecture (10, 10.4%), Saga Prefecture, Kumamoto Prefecture, and Oita Prefecture (8 each, 8.3%).

3.3. Pharmacists’ Behavioral Changes in Each Question

Figure 1 depicts the participants’ behavioral change scores for each question, at all three time points. Question items are shown in Table 1. For all questions, scores were higher two and eight months after attending the program than before attending (p<0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between two and eight months after attending the program for all questions (p=0.504–1.000).

4. Discussion

In this study, changes in pharmacists’ behavior toward patients and healthcare professionals were observed, with scores on all 12 questions increasing at two and eight months after attending the palliative care program compared with before attending the program. This result is similar to our previous report on better behavioral changes among pharmacists in a single prefecture after attending a palliative care educational program for cancer [12]. The program proved effective even when it was extended to nine prefectures. The results of this study are supported by previous reports of behavioral changes in pharmacists after attending an evidence-based medicine-learning program [13]. Pharmacists who participated in a health promotion training program that included blood pressure control reported changes in their behavior and attitudes, indicating that training programs are needed to increase pharmacists’ confidence [14]. These findings suggest that pharmacists can act proactively toward patients and healthcare professionals based on the knowledge gained from our educational program. Continuing education is required to correct the learning gap in community pharmacy [15]. The continuation of this program appears to be important for providing better palliative care to patients.
The WHO states that palliative care is multifaceted and focuses on approaches to improving the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses and their families. Palliative care is aimed at “the early identification of pain and other physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems, and the prevention and alleviation of suffering through impeccable assessment and treatment.” [16] Guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend that patients with cancer receive palliative care when standard treatment is initiated [17]. Therefore, the role of pharmacists in palliative care is expected to become increasingly important. Pain is one of the most common symptoms in patients with cancer [18]. Opioid analgesics are important drugs for pain treatment, and pharmacists have a great responsibility to alleviate patients' pain. [19]. In addition to pain, patients with cancer unpleasant experience respiratory, psychosomatic, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms [20,21,22,23]. Furthermore, in palliative care, healthcare professional teams must include doctors, nurses, nutritionists, physical therapists, and medical social workers [24,25,26,27]. Namely, pharmacists need to fully understand the roles of other healthcare professionals and collaborate appropriately. Importantly, this study showed positive behavioral changes in patients’ pain and non-pain symptom relief (Q1–7). Although the level of medical resource availability differed from region to region, pharmacists in all nine prefectures deepened their understanding of multiple professionals, and were able to put them into practice (Q8–12).
This study found no change in pharmacists’ behavior scores two and eight months after completing the program, and the scores remained relatively high. In other words, the score after two months was maintained for six additional months. The repeated performance of a new behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will become habitual and maintained [28]. The results suggest that the knowledge gained from the educational program was used to repeatedly intervene with patients with cancer to address the various symptoms they experienced, and that the behavior was maintained. According to the transtheoretical model, when a person changes their behavior or lifestyle, they undergo five stages: “pre-contemplation,” “contemplation,” “preparation,” “action,” and “maintenance” [29]. The maintenance phase is defined as a behavior change lasting more than six months. As applied to the present results, the pharmacists’ behavior change after attending the educational program lasted six months, implying that the pharmacists’ behavior improvement was not temporary.
This study had a limitation, including the possible bias that the pharmacists who participated in this study were highly motivated because the study was conducted retrospectively. Therefore, prospective studies are required to obtain more accurate results. This study suggests that expanding the palliative care program would result in better behavioral changes among pharmacists. In addition, we found that pharmacists’ behavioral changes were maintained. We believe that this palliative care program can serve as a stepping stone and model for nationwide expansion, as we were able to validate the program in multiple prefectures rather than in a single prefecture.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M. Y. and M. U.; methodology, M. Y. and M. U.; software, M. Y., M. U., M. H., D. I., and S. A.; validation, M. Y., M. U., and M. H.; formal analysis, M. H.; investigation, D. I.; resources, H. W. and D. I.; data curation, M. Y. and M. H.; writing—original draft preparation, M. Y. and M. U.; writing—review and editing, M. Y., M. U., and M. H.; visualization, M. Y., M. U., and M. H.; supervision, S.A.; project administration, T.H.; funding acquisition, M.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by a research grant of Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Ethics Committee of Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences on July 24, 2018 (approval no. 0060).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this study will be made available by the authors upon request.

Acknowledgments

We thank all seminar participants who completed the questionnaire survey for this study. We thank Editage (www.editage.com) for editing this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest disclosed concerning the study.

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Figure 1. Box plot distribution of behavioral changes of pharmacists who participated in the palliative care educational program.
Figure 1. Box plot distribution of behavioral changes of pharmacists who participated in the palliative care educational program.
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Table 1. Pharmacists’ behavioral questionnaire questions regarding palliative care.
Table 1. Pharmacists’ behavioral questionnaire questions regarding palliative care.
No Contents of question
Q 1. Are you confident in advising patients on opioid medications?
Q 2. Are you able to confidently make prescription suggestions and make inquiries regarding opioid medications to doctors?
Q 3. Do you understand the pain symptoms of cancer patients and can you do something about them?
Q 4. Do you understand “the mental symptoms” of cancer patients, and can you do something about them?
Q 5. Do you understand “the gastrointestinal symptoms” of cancer patients, and can you do something about them?
Q 6. Do you understand “the respiratory symptoms” of cancer patients, and can you do something about them?
Q 7. Do you understand “the urinary symptoms” of cancer patients, and can you do something about them?
Q 8. Do you understand the role of “physicians” in palliative care and are you able to consult them when necessary?
Q 9. Do you understand the role of “nurses” in palliative care and are you able to consult them when necessary?
Q 10. Do you understand the role of “dietitians” in palliative care and are you able to consult them when necessary?
Q 11. Do you understand the role of “physical therapists” in palliative care and are you able to consult them when necessary?
Q 12. Do you understand the role of “medical social workers” in palliative care and are you able to consult them when necessary?
Table 2. Respondents’ characteristics.
Table 2. Respondents’ characteristics.
n (%)
Age, years 20s 0 (0.0)
30s 14 (14.6)
40s 34 (35.4)
50s 33 (34.4)
60 years and above 15 (15.6)
Pharmacy experience, years 1–3 0 (0.0)
3–5 1 (1.1)
6–10 8 (8.3)
11–20 37 (38.5)
21 years or more 50 (52.1)
Workplace distribution Community pharmacy 75 (78.1)
Hospital 20 (20.8)
Others 1 (1.1)
Place of residence Fukuoka Prefecture 47 (49.0)
Saga Prefecture 8 (8.3)
Nagasaki Prefecture 3 (3.1)
Kumamoto Prefecture 8 (8.3)
Oita Prefecture 8 (8.3)
Miyazaki Prefecture 4 (4.2)
Kagoshima Prefecture 4 (4.2)
Okinawa Prefecture 2 (2.1)
Yamaguchi Prefecture 10 (10.4)
Unknown 2 (2.1)
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