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Transmission Lines in Modern Communication Systems: A Systematic Review

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10 May 2024

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10 May 2024

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Abstract
This review aims to comprehensively synthesize the most recent research, collected from reputable databases, focusing specifically on transmission line. It examines advancements and challenges in data transmission. Fiber optics remains dominant, with new fiber designs and signal processing techniques like SDM improving capacity. Researchers are also addressing signal distortion and crosstalk. Beyond fiber optics, the review explores findings in coaxial cables and the promise of graphene for future high-speed transmission. Novel methods for mitigating crosstalk are presented. The findings highlight a trend towards more dependable, effective, and versatile transmission methods, with implications for various industries and electronic systems.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Telecommunications

Introduction

Transmission lines are fundamental components in the distribution and transmission of electrical power and signals over long distances. It serves as the medium for conveying signals across different points. These signals can take the form of electrical energy in wired networks or electromagnetic waves in wireless systems. They serve as the conduits for carrying electric power from generation plants to substations and on to consumers, as well as for transmitting communication signals in telecommunication networks. The historical development of transmission lines has evolved from simple configurations like single-wire lines with earth return to sophisticated planar and coaxial cable designs, which are integral to modern microwave technology [1]. These lines are not only physical structures but also embody complex electromagnetic-theoretical models, which have been refined over time to enhance their efficiency and capacity [2]. Moreover, Transmission lines include various types such as coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, waveguides, and twisted pairs, each chosen based on criteria including frequency range, power handling, losses, and physical environment constraints [3].
The effectiveness of a communication system relies on the transmission line’s ability to maintain signal integrity with minimal loss, distortion, or interference. This ensures reliable and efficient delivery of data, which is indispensable in our increasingly interconnected world where the demand for high-speed and large-capacity communication networks continues to grow.
However, transmission lines are susceptible to faults and require regular maintenance to ensure reliability and safety. Faults can lead to significant disruptions, and thus, accurate fault classification and location are crucial for minimizing outage times [4]. The maintenance of high-voltage electrical transmission lines (ETL) has traditionally been hazardous, prompting the development of robotic technologies to perform inspections more safely and efficiently [5]. Additionally, the study of non-periodic electrical transmission lines has revealed interesting localization properties of electric current, which have implications for the design and analysis of disordered transmission systems [6].

A. Types of Transmission Lines

Modern communication systems employ various types of transmission lines and cables to facilitate data transfer. Optical fibers are widely used due to their large bandwidth and low latency, making them a cornerstone in global telecommunications networks [7]. Additionally, twisted pairs remain relevant, especially in combined network architectures like Fiber to the somewhere (FTTx), where they are used alongside optical fibers. The xDSL and G fast standards are pertinent for achieving high data rates on these copper-wire cables [8].
In addition, although optical fibers are primarily connected to data transfer, they are also essential to energy transmission line monitoring systems. Fiber optic sensor systems are used for detecting issues such as partial discharges in high energy cables, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of power grids [9]. Moreover, optical cable monitoring technologies are increasingly applied to ensure the stable operation of optical cables and transmission lines [10].
Furthermore, in the context of communication systems, coaxial cable and microstrip lines are critical components for signal transmission. Coaxial cable is known for its ability to support a wide range of frequencies with low loss, making it suitable for high-frequency applications such as 5G communications [11]. Microstrip lines, on the other hand, are favored for their planar structure which allows for easy integration with printed circuit boards (PCBs) and is commonly used in microwave frequency applications [12]. While coaxial cables are traditionally used for their wide bandwidth and low radiation losses, microstrip lines are preferred in certain applications for their higher radiation gain, as indicated by the comparison of antennas for the 5G millimeter wave n258 band [13]. Moreover, the design of transitions between coaxial and microstrip lines is an area of active research, aiming to minimize signal reflection and maximize transmission efficiency [11,14,15]. The use of novel structures like substrate integrated coaxial lines (SICL) and slow-wave microstrip lines can further enhance the performance of communication systems by providing wider bandwidths and smaller sizes [15,16].

B. Signal Transmission Characteristics

Signal transmission characteristics are crucial in various fields, from medical devices to geological and biological systems. The parameters of signal transmission, such as attenuation, frequency, and environmental influences, are extensively studied to enhance the reliability and efficiency of communication systems.In medical applications, galvanic coupling has been identified as an effective method for signal transmission in implantable devices, with signal attenuation remaining relatively unchanged across a frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz [17]. Similarly, the telemetry drill string in oil exploration relies on inductive coupling, where the voltage transfer function is significantly affected by the electromagnetic parameters of the coupler [18]. Human body communication (HBC) also presents a unique medium for transmitting health informatics, with specific channel characteristics and communication performance considerations [19]].
The transmission of electromagnetic waves in geological environments is influenced by the medium’s electromagnetic characteristics, such as magnetic permeability, permittivity, and conductivity, which affect signal reflection, refraction, and attenuation [20]. In contrast, diffusive molecular communications (DMC) in chemical environments depend on the Brownian motion of molecules, with the propagation characteristics determined by the geometries and properties of the environment and the communicating entities [21].
Optical signal propagation in gas insulated metal-enclosed transmission lines (GIL) is another area of study, where the cavity structure and the PD source position influence the signal distribution and relative irradiance [22]. Acoustic signal transmission in load-bearing drill strings is affected by the curvature of the drill string and the acoustic excitation parameters [23]. Wireless sensor networks indoors are subject to path losses and environmental factors that affect signal strength and reliability [24]. Underwater LiDAR (O-LiDAR) technology for remote sensing is influenced by system parameters, water body optical properties, and environmental factors, affecting the accuracy of underwater transmission characteristics [25]. Lastly, information processing in biological systems, such as gene regulatory networks, is affected by input-signal characteristics and network structural properties, with network motifs playing a significant role in information flow [26].
Therefore, signal transmission characteristics are determined by a complex interplay of factors including the transmission medium, frequency, environmental conditions, and system-specific parameters. These studies provide a foundation for improving communication systems across diverse applications, from medical implants to geological exploration and biological networks.

C. Aims

The aim of this systematic review is to thoroughly summarize the most recent research, which has been compiled from reliable databases, on different types of transmission lines on modern communication system. The primary goal is to develop a comprehensive summary of different transmission lines in communication, including benefits and limitation of transmission characteristics and emerging applications. Moreover, it compares various transmission lines on assessing its functions and efficiency based on its structure and attributes. Lastly, it will identify and prioritize key areas for future research and development in modern communication system.

Methodology

A. Literature Search

A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant research on the application of transmission lines in modern communication systems. Google Scholar was chosen as the primary search engine due to its comprehensive indexing of scholarly publications across various disciplines. The search strategy was designed to be broad yet focused, utilizing a combination of keywords and Boolean operators. The core keywords included “transmission lines,” “communication systems,” and “modern communication systems.” Additional keywords like “optical fiber,” “coaxial cables,” and “microstrip” were incorporated to capture specific types of transmission lines used in communication. Boolean operators like “AND” and “OR” were employed to refine the search and ensure relevant results.
To ensure comprehensiveness, the search was not limited by publication date. However, a focus was placed on studies published within the last ten years (2015-2024) to capture the latest advancements in transmission line technologies for communication applications. The initial search yielded a significant number of results. To further refine the selection, titles, abstracts, and keywords of retrieved studies were carefully screened. Studies that fell outside the scope of the research topic, such as those focusing solely on power transmission lines or the theoretical analysis of transmission lines without a communication system context, were excluded. This rigorous screening process resulted in a final selection of 75 studies deemed relevant for this systematic review. These studies formed the foundation for analyzing the developments and potential future directions of transmission lines in modern communication systems.

B. Screening

After the initial Google Scholar search, a thorough screening procedure was performed to guarantee a high-quality and targeted analysis in this systematic review on transmission lines in contemporary communication systems. The goal of this multi-phase method was to extract the most significant and relevant studies from the retrieved collection, which resulted in a carefully chosen selection that served as the basis for this evaluation.
A screening of titles and abstracts was the initial step. Researchers carefully reviewed the abstract and title of each retrieved study to make sure it made sense in relation to the research question. Excluded studies included theoretical analysis without a communication system context, non-communication applications of transmission lines, and names or abstracts that made it obvious the study was focused on power transmission lines. The purpose of this preliminary screening was to filter out unrelated papers according to their main themes.
A more thorough analysis incorporating keywords and methodological specifics was carried out after the first screening. Every study that was still available was accessed and examined in its entirety. The authors’ choice of keywords and how well they matched the main keywords and their combinations from the original search strategy were given special consideration. By taking this measure, it was guaranteed that the research actually examined how transmission lines are used in contemporary communication networks. Every study’s methodological specifics were also thoroughly assessed. Research methods, data gathering processes, and analysis methods that were not adequately explained in the included studies were disregarded. This made sure the studies followed strict guidelines for doing research and produced trustworthy results.
After going through several stages of screening, a final set of 75 studies was found. These papers used excellent methodology, clearly addressed the study question, and came from reliable, peer-reviewed sources. This carefully chosen collection served as the basis for an in-depth examination of the existing and potential future developments of transmission lines in contemporary communication systems.

Key Findings

A. Database Searching and Identification

The search began by identifying relevant articles through database searching. A total of 75 records were identified through this search. Additional records, potentially relevant to the review topic, were also identified through other sources, bringing the total number of records to 112.

B. Screening

The remaining records were then screened based on title and abstract. This process identified 63 records that potentially met the inclusion criteria for the review.

C. Eligibility Assessment

The full text of the 63 records was then assessed for eligibility. This involved a more in-depth examination of the study methods, findings, and overall relevance to the research topic. A total of 47 records were excluded at this stage, leaving 16 studies to be included in the qualitative synthesis of the review. .

Results

The review carefully examined the 16 research studies to understand how well the application of transmission lines in modern communication systems. The findings from these studies have been identified based on the key findings and applications, each based on the focus of the study. .

5. Discussion

This review of various research studies highlights exciting advancements and ongoing challenges in transmission line and data transmission. A central theme is the push for increased capacity and efficiency. One promising approach is Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) in fiber optic cables, which utilizes multiple cores to transmit data, potentially surpassing the limitations of traditional single-mode fibers [27]. Fiber optics have revolutionized data transmission, forming the backbone of modern communication networks. Their applications extend far beyond communication, with fiber optic sensors playing a growing role in diverse fields [28]. However, research continues to improve their efficiency and cost-effectiveness, particularly with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning. This could unlock even greater potential across various industries.
A significant challenge addressed in the studies is signal distortion caused by nonlinearities in fiber optic cables [29]. These nonlinearities degrade the signal, hindering communication effectiveness. Researchers are actively exploring methods to overcome these limitations, paving the way for improved performance and even exploring advanced techniques like SDM for even greater capabilities. The review also delves into advancements beyond fiber optics, specifically in coaxial cables. An interesting finding highlights the impact of temperature on signal transmission accuracy in long coaxial cables [30]. The research suggests a connection between the cable’s overall temperature and signal integrity, providing valuable insights for optimizing cable performance in real-world applications.
Material science also plays a crucial role. A study investigating the electrical performance of coaxial cables with different dielectric materials identified Polyimide as having superior electrical characteristics [31]. However, the study acknowledges the practicality of Polyethylene due to its affordability and ease of use. This emphasizes the need for balancing performance with cost-effectiveness in real-world applications. Looking towards the future, graphene emerges as a promising material for high-speed data transmission [32]. Graphene-coated microstrip lines significantly reduce crosstalk without compromising signal strength, offering advantages like low cost, lightweight construction, and flexibility. This paves the way for potentially eco-friendly and transparent data transmission systems.
The review also presents novel methods for mitigating crosstalk, a major concern in high-speed data transmission. One study introduces Cross-Shaped Resonators (CSR) for microstrip lines, achieving impressive crosstalk reduction without altering line spacing [33]. This simplifies implementation but necessitates further exploration at higher frequencies.
This paper tackles a major hurdle in high-speed wireless communication: crosstalk. Crosstalk causes interference between data streams, leading to errors and limiting data rates. The study proposes a modified microstrip line design that significantly reduces crosstalk. This translates to cleaner signals, fewer errors, and potentially faster data rates. The design also improves timing jitter, ensuring precise signal arrival times. Simulations and experiments validate the design’s effectiveness, paving the way for improved performance in future wireless communication systems. However, some additional considerations are worth exploring. The impact on fabrication complexity needs to be understood, as a more complex design might be less practical for real-world applications. Additionally, investigating the design’s performance at even higher frequencies used in modern systems would provide valuable insights into its wider applicability. Overall, this research presents a promising approach to mitigating crosstalk and has the potential to significantly improve high-speed wireless communication [34].
This research investigates the interaction of external electromagnetic fields with superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs) in non-linear states. The study finds complex interactions due to higher-order induced currents and suggests that lower operating temperatures could reduce these effects. These insights could help design more robust, high-speed superconducting circuits in the future [35]. Furthermore, research introduces a new antenna design using a SICL cavity for millimeter-wave mobile devices. This design significantly reduces antenna size, minimizes signal leakage, and achieves the desired frequency range with a half-wavelength diagonal slot. The result is a compact, high-performance antenna suitable for future miniaturized devices [36]. The research introduces a new coaxial cell design for more accurate and efficient measurement of shielding effectiveness in composite materials. This design allows for lower frequency measurements, is easier to assemble and use, and facilitates straightforward placement of the material being tested. It’s a significant advancement for electronic applications, including enclosure design and electromagnetic compatibility testing [37].
Fiber optics, known for long-distance, high-bandwidth communication, has improved with advancements in lasers and low-loss fibers. In contrast, wireless networks offer flexibility but face challenges like signal fading, limited mobility, and maintaining consistent service quality [38]. The research introduces a new method for fault detection in long-distance fiber optic cables using wavelet transform analysis. This approach improves accuracy by nearly 10%, making it ideal for real-time monitoring of critical infrastructure in challenging environments [39]. The research focuses on reducing signal loss in fiber optic communication. It explores methods like using high-quality cables and optimizing signal power, and factors like cable material, wavelength, signal distance, and environment. The findings could enhance long-distance data transmission, improve internet speed, reduce network congestion, and boost data center performance [40].
Superconducting circuits are considered highly promising for future electronics due to their exceptionally high speeds and minimal noise levels. However, a significant challenge lies in their susceptibility to external electromagnetic fields, which can adversely affect their performance [41]. Crosstalk, a significant challenge in high-speed superconducting circuits, is being addressed in this research. The research focuses on reducing crosstalk in high-speed superconducting circuits. It proposes a method to assess crosstalk and identifies design parameters to minimize it. Despite challenges, the study suggests that certain design adjustments can make circuits less sensitive to variations. This could lead to improved performance in superconducting circuits, quantum computers, and high-performance computing systems [42]. Signal integrity. Looking ahead, graphene emerges as a promising material for future high-speed data transmission due to its unique properties. The review also presents novel methods for mitigating crosstalk, a major hurdle in high-speed communication, across various transmission lines including microstrip lines and wireless systems.

6. Conclusion

The review examines various research studies on data transmission, highlighting advancements and ongoing challenges. Fiber optics remains a key player, with advancements in fiber design and signal processing techniques like Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) pushing the boundaries. Researchers are also actively tackling challenges like signal distortion and crosstalk to unlock even greater potential. Beyond fiber optics, the review explores interesting findings in coaxial cables, including the influence of temperature and material properties on signal integrity. Looking ahead, graphene emerges as a promising material for future high-speed data transmission due to its unique properties. The review also presents novel methods for mitigating crosstalk, a major hurdle in high-speed communication, across various transmission lines including microstrip lines and wireless systems. Studies also tackle superconducting circuit difficulties, highlighting the necessity of strong designs in the face of external electromagnetic field sensitivity. A trend toward more dependable, effective, and versatile transmission methods across a range of media is highlighted by the findings taken together, and this has significant implications for a variety of industries and upcoming electronic systems.
Furthermore, several dielectric materials were used in this study to assess the electrical performance of coaxial cables. The usefulness of polyethylene guarantees its ongoing use even when polyimide shown better performance. Increased power gain and less reflections at a test facility were the results of improving a directional coupler. The measuring of permittivity in composite materials is also made easier by a new type of coaxial cell. These results improve transmission line measurements and material characterization, with possible applications in several industries.

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Preprints 106139 g001
Figure 1. Results of the Systematic Review.
Figure 1. Results of the Systematic Review.
Preprints 106139 g001
Table 1. Literature summary of Transmission Lines use in Communication.
Table 1. Literature summary of Transmission Lines use in Communication.
Author Year Title Type of Transmission Line Study Focus Key Findings Application
Nakajima K. Et al. 2015 Transmission Media for an SDM-Based Optical Communication System Fiber Optic Utilizing multiple guided modes or cores within optical fibers to increase transmission capacity using Space-Division Multiplexing (SDM) in optical communication system. This research explores using multiple cores or modes in fiber optic cables (SDM). This could significantly increase transmission capacity compared to traditional single-mode fibers. The study focuses on optimizing key factors for effective SDM implementation, such as crosstalk (signal interference), signal loss, and efficient data transmission. It explores specific core designs that can minimize crosstalk and improve overall efficiency in SDM systems. While fiber optics are the backbone of modern communication, researchers are constantly pushing the boundaries of this technology. This includes exploring ways to boost data capacity in optical fibers (like SDM) and optimizing overall transmission for areas like long-distance networks and data centers. By tackling challenges like crosstalk and spectral efficiency, these advancements aim to deliver faster and more reliable data transfer in the future.
Tai-Hoon Kim 2023 Analysis of Optical Communications, Fiber Optics, Sensors and Laser Applications Fiber Optic This study focuses on optical communications, fiber optics, and sensors, discussing their current state, applications, and future potential. It highlights the advancements in these fields and their impact on various industries, while also exploring limitations and areas for future research. Fiber optics have become a game-changer in data transmission, serving as the backbone of modern telecommunication networks. Their adaptability and accuracy extend beyond just communication, with fiber optic sensors finding growing applications in healthcare, manufacturing, and other sectors. However, there’s still room for advancement. Research is ongoing to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of these sensors, with a focus on integrating them with artificial intelligence and machine learning. This could unlock even greater capabilities and further revolutionize various industries. This study explores the two main applications of fiber optics: communication and sensing. Fiber optic cables have revolutionized telecommunications (optical communications) by enabling faster and more reliable data transmission over long distances. The study also delves into fiber optic sensors, which utilize these cables to detect various physical or chemical changes. These sensors are finding growing applications in diverse fields like healthcare, manufacturing, and communication, thanks to their adaptability and accuracy.
Jain V. & Bhatia R. 2021 Review on nonlinearity effect in radio over fiber system and its mitigation Fiber Optic The focus of the study is on mitigating the effects of nonlinearities in optical fibers used in communication systems. It identifies Kerr nonlinearity as a major source of signal distortion and explores techniques to compensate for it. While fiber optics are a powerful tool for communication, they face challenges from signal distortion caused by nonlinearities, especially Kerr nonlinearity. This occurs when the signal intensity itself affects the way light travels through the fiber. These nonlinearities create effects like Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) and Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) that degrade the signal. Researchers are actively exploring ways to overcome these limitations, focusing on reducing complexity, improving performance, and even looking towards future systems that utilize techniques like Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) for even greater communication capabilities.
Kehang Xu, Chaowei Yuan 2023 A Fault Location Analysis of Optical Fiber Communication Links in High Altitude Areas Fiber Optic This study tackles fault detection in long-distance fiber optic cables (up to 250km) and harsh environments. It proposes a new method using wavelet transform to analyze signals from an OTDR, leading to improved accuracy (9.8% better) and effectiveness in noisy high-altitude areas. This offers a significant improvement over traditional methods for maintaining reliable fiber optic networks. This study proposes a novel method using wavelet transform analysis of OTDR signals to improve fault detection in fiber optic cables. This method offers several advantages: significantly improved accuracy (almost 10% better) compared to traditional techniques, effectiveness in detecting faults over long distances (up to 250km), and suitability for use in noisy high-altitude environments. Overall, it presents a promising solution for ensuring the reliability of fiber optic communication networks, particularly for long-haul applications and harsh conditions. Real-time monitoring of critical infrastructure: This method is particularly valuable for monitoring fiber optic cables used in critical infrastructure located in high-altitude regions. These areas might include: Power grids, Communication networks, Transportation systems (e.g., fiber optic cables used for train control systems), Military and defense applications.
Iskandarov Usmonali Umarovich, et al. 2020 Methods of reducing the probability of signal loss on optical fiber communication lines Optical Fiber This study tackles signal loss, a major hurdle in optical fiber communication. It analyzes methods to minimize signal loss during data transmission and explores factors affecting the system’s reliability that can contribute to signal loss. By understanding these methods and factors, the study aims to improve the overall performance of fiber optic communication systems. This study tackles the challenge of signal loss in optical fibers, a major barrier to efficient data transmission. It analyzes various methods to minimize this loss, such as using high-quality cables and optimized signal power. Additionally, it explores factors influencing the system’s reliability and contributing to signal loss, including cable material, wavelength, distance traveled, and environmental conditions. By examining these methods and factors, the study aims to develop effective approaches for reducing signal loss and ultimately improve the overall performance of fiber optic communication systems. This study on reducing signal loss in fiber optics has broad applications. It can optimize long-distance data transmission, the backbone of internet, leading to increased capacity, better signal quality, and improved network reliability. ISPs can leverage these findings to offer faster internet, reduce congestion, and expand fiber optic networks. Data centers can also benefit from minimized signal loss, enhancing performance, storage speeds, and overall operational efficiency. Essentially, this research has the potential to significantly improve data transmission across various sectors.
Supreet Kaur, Prabhdeep Singh, Vikas Tripathi, Rajbir Kaur 2022 Recent trends in wireless and optical fiber communication Optical Fiber Due to limitations in speed with traditional wireless communication, and the need for cables with fiber optics, researchers are exploring a new concept: wireless optical fiber communication networks. This technology aims to combine the high speeds of fiber optics with the flexibility of wireless communication. However, the abstract suggests there might be challenges with installation and processing of such networks, which the study might explore further. Fiber optics reigns supreme in the communication world! It transmits information using light pulses over long distances with high bandwidth and resists electromagnetic interference. Recent advancements in lasers and low-loss fibers make it even more reliable. However, wireless networks, despite their flexibility, face challenges like fading signals, limited mobility, and difficulty in maintaining consistent quality of service. Fiber optics are the underlying foundation of modern communication. They’re the go-to choice for telecom networks, ISPs, and data centers due to their high speed and long-distance capabilities. This translates to faster internet, efficient data processing in cloud computing, and overall better network performance.
Grunin A.P. et al. 2020 Increasing the accuracy of coaxial cable transmission of standard frequency and time signals Coaxial The study focuses on enhancing the accuracy of sending precise signals through long coaxial cables by managing temperature variations within the cable. This study highlights the impact of temperature on signal transmission in long coaxial cables. Standard signals are susceptible to accuracy degradation due to temperature variations. Interestingly, the study suggests a link between the cable’s overall temperature (integral temperature) and the level of accuracy in signal transmission.
Saoudi, B. H. 2018 Analysis and Study the Performance of Coaxial Cable Passed on Different Dielectrics Coaxial The focus of this study is to investigate the influence of the dielectric material on the performance of coaxial cables. It analyzes how different dielectric materials (Polyimide, Polyethylene, and Teflon) will likely have varying impacts on factors like dielectric loss, characteristic impedance, and attenuation. This study investigated the electrical performance of coaxial cables with different dielectric materials using simulations. Polyimide emerged as the winner, boasting superior electrical characteristics compared to Polyethylene and Teflon. However, the study realistically acknowledges that Polyethylene remains the dominant choice due to its affordability and ease of use, making it a more practical option for many applications. The study finds that Polyimide offers better electrical characteristics than Polyethylene and Teflon, likely meaning lower signal loss and better signal quality. However, Polyethylene remains widely used due to its affordability and ease of use.
Akhil Jha, J.V.S Harikrishna, Ajesh Palliwar 2020 Performance optimization of test facility for coaxial transmission line components based on traveling wave resonator. Coaxial This study tackles two key limitations in coaxial transmission line measurements: low signal strength and unwanted reflections. It explores methods to boost the signal (power gain) and minimize reflections (ring return loss) within the measurement system, ultimately leading to more accurate results. This research successfully improved a traveling wave resonator test facility for coaxial transmission line measurements. The key was a redesigned 14 dB directional coupler, replacing the original 10 dB version. This new coupler design, featuring two broadside strip-lines with an adjustable gap, significantly boosted power gain (around 18 dB) and minimized unwanted reflections within the resonator ring (minimum return loss of -22 dB). The study utilized design simulations and low-power testing to optimize the coupler, paving the way for potential future applications in high-power (3 MW) test facilities. Development of a high-power test facility for coaxial transmission line components.
N. Baghel, S. Mukherjee 2020 Slot antenna excited by novel substrate integrated coaxial line cavity for millimetre wave application Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) This study tackles bulky millimeter-wave antennas by proposing a new design using a SICL cavity. This cavity achieves significant size reduction while maintaining critical antenna properties. The SICL cavity offers two key benefits: compactness due to its design and self-shielding which minimizes signal leakage. To achieve the desired resonance frequency, the design incorporates a unique feature - a half-wavelength diagonal slot. The antenna achieves a gain of 5.6 dBi at 28.6 GHz and a high front-to-back ratio, demonstrating its effectiveness. The proposed antenna is suitable for millimeter-wave applications, particularly in handheld mobile devices.
A V Demakov, M E Komnatnov 2020 Development of an improved coaxial cell for measuring the shielding effectiveness of materials Coaxial Developing a coaxial cell for measuring the shielding effectiveness (SE) of composite materials at low frequencies and up to 10 GHz. This research presents a new coaxial cell specifically designed to measure the permittivity (SE) of composite materials. This novel cell offers several advantages over existing standardized cells. It can measure at lower frequencies, which can be crucial for certain material properties. Additionally, the design is simpler, making it easier to assemble and use. Finally, the new cell allows for easier placement of the composite material under test, streamlining the measurement process. This study tackles measuring EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) in composite materials, crucial for electronics. It proposes a new coaxial cell that measures SE at lower frequencies (important for some materials) and is simpler to assemble and use compared to standardized cells. This improved method can benefit areas like designing electronic enclosures, EMC testing, and developing better shielding materials for electronics.
Packianathan, R & Srinivasan, R. 2016 Analytical and Experimental Study on Suppression of Electromagnetic Interference on High Speed Printed Circuit Board for Wireless Communication Systems Microstrip To develop a modified microstrip line that reduces crosstalk in high-speed data transmission lines used in printed circuit boards (PCBs) for wireless communication systems. This study tackles crosstalk, a major hurdle in high-speed wireless communication. Their modified microstrip line design significantly reduces crosstalk, leading to cleaner signals, fewer errors, and higher data rates. It also improves timing jitter by 51 ps at 3.3 Gb/s, ensuring precise signal timing. Simulations and experiments validate this design’s effectiveness, paving the way for improved performance in future wireless communication systems. This study designed a microstrip line specifically for high-speed data transmission in wireless communication systems. It reduces crosstalk, leading to cleaner signals and faster data rates. This improved design has potential applications beyond its intended use, including high-speed digital circuits, RF/microwave components (up to 12 GHz), and UWB systems, offering broader benefits for future high-speed data transmission.
Refaie M.I. et al. 2018 A study of using graphene coated microstrip lines for crosstalk reduction at radio frequency Microstrip The focus of the study is to investigate the use of graphene-coated microstrip lines as a method to reduce crosstalk in high-density and high-frequency electronic circuits. The researchers compare this technique to previously used methods and find that graphene coating offers the best overall performance in reducing both near-end and far-end crosstalk with minimal signal attenuation. This research highlights the potential of graphene-coated microstrip lines for high-speed data transmission applications. This study shows graphene-coated microstrip lines dramatically reduce crosstalk without sacrificing signal strength. Beyond that, graphene brings numerous advantages: low cost, lightweight construction, flexibility, and even the possibility of eco-friendly and transparent circuit boards. This makes graphene a strong contender for the future of high-speed data transmission. Fighting signal fuzz in high-speed electronics (smartphones, anyone?) this study proposes graphene-coated microstrip lines. These lines slash crosstalk (signal interference) without weakening the signal itself. Graphene’s bonus perks: lightweight and flexible, potentially enabling miniaturization of future high-speed devices. This research paves the way for cleaner data transmission in next-gen electronics.
Wang Y. et al. 2023 Reducing crosstalk between microstrip lines using CSR structure Microstrip This study tackles crosstalk in microstrip lines, a major hurdle in high-speed electronics. They propose a new method using Cross-Shaped Resonators (CSR) to reduce crosstalk between lines. The study compares the effectiveness of CSRs to existing methods through simulations and measurements, specifically focusing on their impact on far-end crosstalk. This research introduces a novel method using Cross-Shaped Resonators (CSR) to significantly reduce far-end crosstalk between microstrip lines. Compared to traditional methods, CSRs achieve superior crosstalk suppression (up to 43 dB reduction) from 0 to 10 GHz, without requiring changes to the microstrip line spacing. This simplifies implementation but highlights the need for further exploration at higher frequencies. Fighting crosstalk in high-speed electronics (think smartphones!), researchers developed tiny cross-shaped resonators (CSRs) that dramatically reduce signal interference between microstrip lines (up to 43 dB!). Even better, CSRs don’t require layout changes, making them easy to integrate into existing designs. While they work best at lower frequencies (0-10 GHz), CSRs show promise for improving performance in communication circuits, microwave systems (radar, filters), and wireless communication (all within that range). This paves the way for cleaner signals and faster data transmission in future devices.
Mohammad Hossein Amini et al. 2023 External Field Coupling to Superconducting Microstrip Transmission Line in Nonlinear Operation Microstrip Superconducting circuits are considered highly promising for future electronics due to their exceptionally high speeds and minimal noise levels. However, a significant challenge lies in their susceptibility to external electromagnetic fields, which can adversely affect their performance. This study addresses a critical yet under-investigated aspect: the coupling mechanisms between external electromagnetic fields and superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs) when the SMTLs are operating in a non-linear state, a condition that can arise even at moderate operating currents. This research explores how external electromagnetic fields couple with superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs) under non-linear operating conditions, a critical gap in previous studies. The study reveals that non-linear SMTLs (at moderate currents) exhibit a more complex interaction with external fields due to higher-order induced currents. Interestingly, the research also suggests a potential solution: operating SMTLs at lower temperatures, which reduces non-linear behavior and might mitigate the effects of external electromagnetic fields. This research tackles a challenge in high-speed superconducting circuits: how external fields couple with non-linear SMTLs (a critical gap in knowledge). Understanding this coupling is crucial for designing robust circuits. The study reveals unique interactions in non-linear SMTLs and hints at mitigating them. It also suggests a link between temperature and non-linearity, potentially opening doors for material or temperature optimization in future superconducting circuits, ultimately leading to better performance and stability.
Alireza Mallahzadeh, et al. 2023 Cross-Talk Between Superconducting Microstrip Transmission Lines Microstrip This study tackles crosstalk, a signal interference issue in superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs). They propose a method using integral equations to calculate current distribution, which allows them to assess crosstalk. The effectiveness of crosstalk is measured by the aspect ratio, indicating how much current is undesirably induced in neighboring lines. Crosstalk plagues high-speed superconducting circuits! This study tackles it by examining coupled SMTLs. They propose a method to assess crosstalk based on current distribution. Thinner films and wider spacing between lines are key for reducing crosstalk, but there are trade-offs. Lower temperatures and frequencies also worsen crosstalk. Interestingly, thicker films and wider spacings make the design less sensitive to these variations. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for designing future high-speed superconducting circuits with minimal crosstalk and improved performance. This research on crosstalk in coupled superconducting microstrip transmission lines (SMTLs) holds significant promise for three key areas. By minimizing crosstalk, engineers can design superconducting circuits with clean signals and ensure proper operation in complex systems. This knowledge is particularly crucial for building future quantum computers, where crosstalk-resistant circuits can significantly improve performance and reliability. Furthermore, the ability to predict and minimize crosstalk using the method developed in this study paves the way for developing more efficient and reliable high-speed interconnects within future high-performance computing systems. Overall, this research offers valuable insights for designing future high-speed superconducting circuits with minimal crosstalk and improved performance across various applications.
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