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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Acronyms | |
BMS | Battery management system |
BESS | Battery energy storage system |
CCM | Control and communication mechanism |
DOD | Depth of discharge |
DSL | Digsilent simulation language |
EV | Electric vehicle |
HP | Heat pump |
HTF | Heat transfer fluid |
LTS | Latent thermal storage |
PCM | Phase change material |
PE | Power export |
POC | Point of coupling |
PS | Peak shaving |
PV | Photovoltaic |
RPV | Roof-top photovoltaic |
SOC | State of charge |
V2G | Vehicle-to-grid |
Indices | |
t | Index of time |
Variables | |
Rate of heat energy entering storage tank from HP/ leaving storage tank | |
Rate of heat energy delivered by HP | |
Rate of heat energy transfer in HTF | |
Rate of heat energy transferred to PCM | |
Rate of heat energy leaving tank for district heating | |
Rate of heat loss to environment | |
Rate of heat energy entering tank as a return from district heating | |
Rate of heat energy stored in tank | |
Flow rate of heat transfer fluid through HP | |
Electrical power consumed by the HP compressor | |
Charging power of battery at time given t | |
Power exported to grid from battery | |
Power interchange between the battery and the distribution grid | |
Energy storage capacity of the PCM | |
SOC level of the batteries at a given time t | |
Temperature of HTF in storage tank | |
Average temperature of HTF in storage tank | |
HTF temperature in the PCM storage | |
Inflow/outflow temperature of HTF of HP | |
Temperature of return HTF from heat sink | |
Temperature of HTF from heat source for charging storage tank | |
Mass of PCM material | |
CC(t) | General charging condition of battery |
CC1/2(t) | Fully charge/peak shaving condition of BESS |
Cdroop | EV owner preferences to participate in droop control |
Cflex | Flexible control signal |
Cpriority(t) | Priority signal of EV charging control |
Creg | Binary variable denoting EVs’ participation in power regulation program |
Csch | Binary variable stating EV preference to participate in scheduled charging |
Cv2g(t) | Activation signal of V2G at given time t |
DC1(t) | Fully discharging condition of battery |
DC2(t) | Power export discharging condition of battery |
Iline(t) | Line current at given time t |
Kl(t) | Current coefficients of droop control |
Kv(t) | Voltage coefficients of droop control |
Pchar(t) | Charging power of EV at time given t |
Pflex(t) | Flexible power between scheduled charging and droop control |
Ppriority(t) | Priority power of EV charging control |
Preg(t) | Regulation power by EVs at time given t |
Psch(t) | Charging/discharging power of EVs for scheduled charging |
Pv2g(t) | Power interchange between EVs and the grid at time given t |
PVgen(t) | Solar power generation at given time t |
S(t) | EV battery status at given time t |
Sdn(t) | Control signal for down-regulation by EVs at time given t |
Sreq(t) | Minimum required state of the EV battery before estimated departure |
SOC(t) | State of charge at given time t |
Sreg(t) | Control signal for power regulation by EVs at time given t |
Sup(t) | Control signal for up-regulation by EVs at time given t |
tremain | Remaining time until departure of EVs |
tsocmin | Total time required for minimum SOC charging of EVs |
VPOC(t) | Voltage at POC of EVs at given time t |
X(t) | EV availability at given time t |
Constants | |
Specific heat of PCM in liquid phase | |
Specific heat of PCM in solid phase | |
Rated charging power of inverter | |
Maximum/minimum SOC level of the batteries | |
Ambient temperature | |
Melting temperature of PCM | |
Final/initial temperature of the PCM material | |
Latent heat of fusion of material | |
Cbattery | Electrical storage capacity of EV’s battery |
icrit | Critical limit of line currents |
Prated | Rated power of charger |
SOCreq | Minimum required SOC level of EVs at departure time |
Melt fraction |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Volume of storage tank | 0.5 | |
Ratio of height to diameter | 3.25 | |
Overall heat transfer coefficient of tank | 0.9 | |
Ambient temperature in storage room | 10 | |
Temperature of inflow cold water | 30 | |
Total mass of hot water in the tank | 346.56 | |
Thermal conductivity of PCM in solid state | 1 | |
Thermal conductivity of PCM in liquid state | 0.6 | |
Total mass of PCM in the storage | 170 | |
Latent heat of fusion | 183000 | |
Melting temperature | 49.5 | |
Freezing temperature | 45 | |
Specific heat capacity liquid | 3000 | |
Specific heat capacity solid | 3000 | |
Convective heat transfer coefficient | 60 | |
Density of PCM | 1.3 | |
Number of heat cells in the tank () | 548 |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Thermal rating of Heat pump | 9 | |
Flow rate from HP | (1.2-1.5) | |
Flow rate from HP | 0.3-4.2 | |
Flow in heating system (less than 10 ) | < 0.17 |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
EV | ||
EV Battery Size | 62 | |
Rater Power of EV charger | 7.4 | |
BESS | ||
BESS Battery Size | 80 | |
Rater Power of BESS inverter | 7.4 | |
PV | ||
Rated PV power | kW | 6 |
Case Number | Included Flexible Demands | Ave. Voltage Magnitude (p.u.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HP | EV | PV-BSS | Peak Period | Whole Day | ||
Case study 1 | - | - | - | 0.9641 | 0.9702 | |
Case study 2 | × | - | - | 0.9635 | 0.9707 | |
Case study 3 | Base Case | × | × | - | 0.9614 | 0.9719 |
Scenario 1 | × | × | - | 0.9578 | 0.9755 | |
Scenario 2 | × | × | - | 0.9593 | 0.9707 | |
Scenario 3 | × | × | - | 0.9602 | 0.9710 | |
Case study 4 | × | × | × | 0.9650 | 0.9742 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Submitted:
17 May 2024
Posted:
20 May 2024
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
17 May 2024
Posted:
20 May 2024
You are already at the latest version
Acronyms | |
BMS | Battery management system |
BESS | Battery energy storage system |
CCM | Control and communication mechanism |
DOD | Depth of discharge |
DSL | Digsilent simulation language |
EV | Electric vehicle |
HP | Heat pump |
HTF | Heat transfer fluid |
LTS | Latent thermal storage |
PCM | Phase change material |
PE | Power export |
POC | Point of coupling |
PS | Peak shaving |
PV | Photovoltaic |
RPV | Roof-top photovoltaic |
SOC | State of charge |
V2G | Vehicle-to-grid |
Indices | |
t | Index of time |
Variables | |
Rate of heat energy entering storage tank from HP/ leaving storage tank | |
Rate of heat energy delivered by HP | |
Rate of heat energy transfer in HTF | |
Rate of heat energy transferred to PCM | |
Rate of heat energy leaving tank for district heating | |
Rate of heat loss to environment | |
Rate of heat energy entering tank as a return from district heating | |
Rate of heat energy stored in tank | |
Flow rate of heat transfer fluid through HP | |
Electrical power consumed by the HP compressor | |
Charging power of battery at time given t | |
Power exported to grid from battery | |
Power interchange between the battery and the distribution grid | |
Energy storage capacity of the PCM | |
SOC level of the batteries at a given time t | |
Temperature of HTF in storage tank | |
Average temperature of HTF in storage tank | |
HTF temperature in the PCM storage | |
Inflow/outflow temperature of HTF of HP | |
Temperature of return HTF from heat sink | |
Temperature of HTF from heat source for charging storage tank | |
Mass of PCM material | |
CC(t) | General charging condition of battery |
CC1/2(t) | Fully charge/peak shaving condition of BESS |
Cdroop | EV owner preferences to participate in droop control |
Cflex | Flexible control signal |
Cpriority(t) | Priority signal of EV charging control |
Creg | Binary variable denoting EVs’ participation in power regulation program |
Csch | Binary variable stating EV preference to participate in scheduled charging |
Cv2g(t) | Activation signal of V2G at given time t |
DC1(t) | Fully discharging condition of battery |
DC2(t) | Power export discharging condition of battery |
Iline(t) | Line current at given time t |
Kl(t) | Current coefficients of droop control |
Kv(t) | Voltage coefficients of droop control |
Pchar(t) | Charging power of EV at time given t |
Pflex(t) | Flexible power between scheduled charging and droop control |
Ppriority(t) | Priority power of EV charging control |
Preg(t) | Regulation power by EVs at time given t |
Psch(t) | Charging/discharging power of EVs for scheduled charging |
Pv2g(t) | Power interchange between EVs and the grid at time given t |
PVgen(t) | Solar power generation at given time t |
S(t) | EV battery status at given time t |
Sdn(t) | Control signal for down-regulation by EVs at time given t |
Sreq(t) | Minimum required state of the EV battery before estimated departure |
SOC(t) | State of charge at given time t |
Sreg(t) | Control signal for power regulation by EVs at time given t |
Sup(t) | Control signal for up-regulation by EVs at time given t |
tremain | Remaining time until departure of EVs |
tsocmin | Total time required for minimum SOC charging of EVs |
VPOC(t) | Voltage at POC of EVs at given time t |
X(t) | EV availability at given time t |
Constants | |
Specific heat of PCM in liquid phase | |
Specific heat of PCM in solid phase | |
Rated charging power of inverter | |
Maximum/minimum SOC level of the batteries | |
Ambient temperature | |
Melting temperature of PCM | |
Final/initial temperature of the PCM material | |
Latent heat of fusion of material | |
Cbattery | Electrical storage capacity of EV’s battery |
icrit | Critical limit of line currents |
Prated | Rated power of charger |
SOCreq | Minimum required SOC level of EVs at departure time |
Melt fraction |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Volume of storage tank | 0.5 | |
Ratio of height to diameter | 3.25 | |
Overall heat transfer coefficient of tank | 0.9 | |
Ambient temperature in storage room | 10 | |
Temperature of inflow cold water | 30 | |
Total mass of hot water in the tank | 346.56 | |
Thermal conductivity of PCM in solid state | 1 | |
Thermal conductivity of PCM in liquid state | 0.6 | |
Total mass of PCM in the storage | 170 | |
Latent heat of fusion | 183000 | |
Melting temperature | 49.5 | |
Freezing temperature | 45 | |
Specific heat capacity liquid | 3000 | |
Specific heat capacity solid | 3000 | |
Convective heat transfer coefficient | 60 | |
Density of PCM | 1.3 | |
Number of heat cells in the tank () | 548 |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Thermal rating of Heat pump | 9 | |
Flow rate from HP | (1.2-1.5) | |
Flow rate from HP | 0.3-4.2 | |
Flow in heating system (less than 10 ) | < 0.17 |
Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
EV | ||
EV Battery Size | 62 | |
Rater Power of EV charger | 7.4 | |
BESS | ||
BESS Battery Size | 80 | |
Rater Power of BESS inverter | 7.4 | |
PV | ||
Rated PV power | kW | 6 |
Case Number | Included Flexible Demands | Ave. Voltage Magnitude (p.u.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HP | EV | PV-BSS | Peak Period | Whole Day | ||
Case study 1 | - | - | - | 0.9641 | 0.9702 | |
Case study 2 | × | - | - | 0.9635 | 0.9707 | |
Case study 3 | Base Case | × | × | - | 0.9614 | 0.9719 |
Scenario 1 | × | × | - | 0.9578 | 0.9755 | |
Scenario 2 | × | × | - | 0.9593 | 0.9707 | |
Scenario 3 | × | × | - | 0.9602 | 0.9710 | |
Case study 4 | × | × | × | 0.9650 | 0.9742 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
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2021
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et al.
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2020
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et al.
Energies,
2020
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