1. Introduction

1.1. Electromagnetic Field Generation

In his summary [11] they mention that “the electromagnetic environment factor (EEF) in the far-field region depends on detector position, emission frequency, and molecular orientation”. On the other hand, [12] achieved “field strengthening affecting surface plasmons at the metal-vacuum boundary, where the amplitude squared of the magnetic field increases approximately 30 times compared to the incident field”. The potential intensity (B) undergoes changes depending on the compactness of the material, i.e., its density (ρ). Reinforced with the theory of [13]because “it’s originality came from twenty algebraic formulae contributed by Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, and Faraday, who taught the concepts of the electromagnetic field. The matrix expression is the result of four precise forms which completely describe the electromagnetic phenomena”. For his part, [14] mentions that the Maxwellian equations allow one to predict the time evolution of (B), expressed in its integral form.

$$\oint E.dA==\frac{q}{{\epsilon }_0}\mathrm{};\oint B.dA=0$$

$$\oint E.dI=-\frac{d}{dt}\int B.dA$$

$$\oint B.dI={\mu }_{0}I+{\mu }_0.{\epsilon }_0\frac{d}{dt}\int E.dA$$

where E = electric field, B = magnetic, q = electric charge, I = induced current intensity, ${\mathit{\mu }}_{0}y{\mathit{\epsilon }}_0$= electric and magnetic permeability in vacuum respectively.

Figure 1. Coil and magnetic field (B).

Figure 1. Coil and magnetic field (B).

Undoubtedly, the magnetic field produced is generated in the center of the air core.

$$B=\frac{NuI}{2r}$$

where:

I = Current flowing through the coil (A).

μ = Permeability of the medium at the center of the coil, expressed in Tm/A.

B = Magnetic induction at the center of the coil, measured in Tesla’s (T).

r = radius of the loop, measured in meters (m).

N = Number of turns or number of turns on a circumference.

However, [15] put forward an equation for calculating the magnetic field of a coil:

$$B=\frac{N{\mu }_{0}I}{2\ast \sqrt{({\frac{H_b}{2})}^2+({\frac{D_b}{2})}^2}}$$

Being: $H_{b}y$ $D_b$the dimensions of the solenoid, consisting of the radius and the length reached from the number of turns of the wire.

The electromagnetic parameter arises from the design, simulation, and implementation of a coil external to the empty core, so that the magnetic field (B) is sufficiently strong to penetrate the hardness of the object, in this case, the wall. Column, construction slab of different materials, usually measured as a distance in (cm). The inductance (L) is an indispensable element for the prototype. The unit of the wire cross-section (H = henries), for winding, the magnetic permeability (µ) of the material is considered, i.e., (µ) is the ability to absorb attractive forces in time and space, detailed in the following formulas:

$$\mathrm{\mu }={\mathrm{\mu }}_0\ast {\mathrm{\mu }}_r$$

$${{\mathrm{\mu }}_0=4\ast \pi \ast 10}^{-7}\frac{H}{m}$$

where

µo = vacuum permeability.

µr = relative permeability of the material (for this investigation it is air, i.e., µr=1).

For the mathematical calculation of the inductance of this prototype, the following equation is considered:

$$L=4\ast \pi \ast {10}^{-7}\frac{H}{m}\ast ⌊\frac{N^2\ast D}{\frac{N \ast d}{D}+0.44}⌋$$

where:

L = inductance (H).

N = number of turns of AWG 25-gauge enameled wire.

D = diameter of circumference (mm).

d = wire diameter (mm).

π = 3,141592.

Also, the oscillation frequency of each stage in Figure 2 is given by:

$$\mathrm{F}0\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}=\frac{1}{2\mathsf{\pi }\sqrt{\mathrm{L}\ast \mathrm{C}}}$$

1.2. Structural Deterioration

Background information reports that equipment for measuring concrete toughness exists, such as devices. [16] observes the “relationship between compressive strength in concrete cylinders and rebound with digital sclerometer.” their methodology is to compare the strength of concrete using the statistical regression method and are destructive. They also predict “concrete strength based on ultrasonic pulse velocity and a quality index of construction materials”. For their part, [17] in their study “determine the relationship between pathological analysis and the service life of confined masonry dwellings”. Likewise, [18] concludes that “the use of natural materials in construction is related to a more sustainable lifestyle; this is the main motivation of users and professionals who choose to work in this area.”

Table 1. Methods used to assess infrastructure.

Table 1. Methods used to assess infrastructure.

Masonry structure	Methods	Advantages
With concrete	Ultrasonic pulse rate	Adequate
With stone	Radar	Ideal
Brick and mortar	Radar or radication	Adequate
With chloride	Chloride test	Quick
Brick and mortar	Polarisation resistance	Recommended
With carbonation	Phenolphthalein indicator	Economical and simple
With concrete	UPV physical property identifier	Reliable
Faulty	Infrared thermography	Excellent
With brick	Destructive	It is not recommended to
Industrial metal plate segment	DIC 3D systems	Accuracy

Note: adapted from [5,19,20].

On structural failures I describe several scientific studies, [21] They mention that “a real crack is in the form of a spatial curve or surface, but in the crack expression strategy, polylines or planes are usually used taking into account the computational cost”. The crack theory for [22] means that to identify cracks by (tensile, compression, bending, and horizontal stress “T” induced in the mass and angular momentum “u”) in concrete, an innovative means is needed to improve the construction process and advances in automation, monitoring and control of buildings, achieving a higher quality construction for residents, will have by value:

$$T=\frac{u}{2},$$

where: R_t represents the horizontal tensile strength, r_m represents the specific weight submerged in water, “h” represents the depth of the crack, and K₀ is the coefficient of pressure at rest of the material.

$$K_0\ast r_m\ast h+R_t<\frac{u}{2}$$

Figure 2. Pathology of causes and effects of structural failure. Note. Adapted from [23,24,25].

Figure 2. Pathology of causes and effects of structural failure. Note. Adapted from [23,24,25].

Discontinuity in the mass of structures is considered as a crack or fissure seen in walls, columns, beams, slabs, and others. This is a warning of an event that compromises the durability and serviceability of the structure (dwellings). Also, [26] mentions that “the specific concrete manufacturing/mixing technology is to consider that the strength and toughness of the moulded material are similar to those characterizing 3D printed concrete”.

The Rockwell and Brinell hardness test based on the ASTM standard is a useful and efficient way of determining material hardness because it measures the depth of penetration of an indenter (hardened steel ball of different diameters) into the experimental pile (metals and plastics). This allows calculation of their relative strength and durability, the formula being:

$$\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{N}-\frac{d}{s}$$

where: N = 100 to 130 according to the Rockwell scale.

d = penetration depth from zero.

s = 0.001 to 0.002 mm, according to the Rockwell scale.

[27] mention that the “hardness of a material is defined as the resistance it presents to being easily scratched or penetrated, while penetration consists of pushing a penetrator with a force and low speed for a fixed time”.

[28] mention “the cracked model, the displacement of stresses. Concluding that when longitudinal cracks appear in the cladding, the safety of the structure is seriously endangered”. Also [29] concluded that it is necessary to advance in the evaluation of the coating adhesion and the strength of concrete walls to make a more accurate classification.”

Figure 3. Visualization of structural failures in dwellings.

Figure 3. Visualization of structural failures in dwellings.

[25] mentions that the State is responsible for assisting citizens in various elements, such as access to basic services, promotion of economic dependence, provision of decent employment, number of inhabitants in residential areas, and social development, which increases the quality of life of people. [30] comment on the “most common types of failure in structural systems is generated by inadequate strength and high stresses in walls, columns and beams, non-adherence of these in shear, vibration, torsion, and puncture”. In addition, [31] mention that structural pathology “is the systematic and orderly study of the irregular behavior of a structure or its elements, when it presents some type of failure or damage, caused by internal or external factors these structures do not guarantee their stability.” [32] established two methods of correlation; firstly, core samples of raw asphalt concrete were drilled using a rotary shear compactor for laboratory testing, and then gravitational measurement with water, those indicators of density and volume, establish a direct relationship between the two methods.

[33] stresses that “in the memory of a work, different tests are carried out, multiple samples are taken, concerning protocols for its final elaboration with standards specific to each country or region”. Likewise, [34] states that “the joint mortars used for the construction of prisms and walls are made up of the ratio sand/conglomerate/water = 8/2/1, respectively (by weight)”. Also [35] they allude that “making buildings safe for the population is the task of interest groups such as the state in charge of preventing disasters, inspectors, those who produce the laws, designers, and those who build”.

A structural lightweight concrete has a minimum compressive strength of 17 MPa at 28 days and a maximum density of 1840 kg/m³. In other words, low density and high strength are not the only attributes that this type of mix possesses; porosity, adhesion, fire resistance, durability, low thermal conductivity, and acoustic insulation are also necessary. [36]. Also, [37] mention that “the grouping of sandy soils as results showed that the bulk density ranged from 1.25 to 1.60 g/cm3, i.e., in their study has verified the density of sandy soils”.

2. Materials and Methods

a)

Prototype design (equipment).

b)

Assembly and assembly of the prototype.

c)

Connection of electronic devices on the prototype - Mold.

d)

Pile construction with adobe, concrete, brick and plaster, and others.

e)

Test the operation at the constructed site.

f)

Readjustments and quality control of equipment.

3. Results

Figure 5. Basic design with MULTISIM of the electromagnetic field generator (B). Note: R = resistors, C = ceramic, electrolytic capacitor, Q = transistors, L = inductance, LS1 = transducer, GND = ground, V = supply voltage.

Figure 5. Basic design with MULTISIM of the electromagnetic field generator (B). Note: R = resistors, C = ceramic, electrolytic capacitor, Q = transistors, L = inductance, LS1 = transducer, GND = ground, V = supply voltage.

Table 2. Relationship between inductances (Lc - Lm - Ls) and number of turns.

Figure 6. Correlation between the magnetic field and the number of spirals. Note: own elaboration.

Figure 6. Correlation between the magnetic field and the number of spirals. Note: own elaboration.

Figure 7. Sinusoidal signals captured by MILTISIM in the Q1 and Q2 stages. Note: when blue and green sinewaves are introduced into the channels.

Figure 7. Sinusoidal signals captured by MILTISIM in the Q1 and Q2 stages. Note: when blue and green sinewaves are introduced into the channels.

Figure 8. Signal amplitude (volts) and period (seconds) are found in channels A and B. Note: the first stage of Q1 is blue and the second stage of Q2 is green.

Figure 8. Signal amplitude (volts) and period (seconds) are found in channels A and B. Note: the first stage of Q1 is blue and the second stage of Q2 is green.

Figure 9. Sum of sine waves (modulated signal in stage Q3). Note: Signal modulated at an audio frequency is displayed on channels A + B.

Figure 9. Sum of sine waves (modulated signal in stage Q3). Note: Signal modulated at an audio frequency is displayed on channels A + B.

Figure 10. Electromagnetic spectrum analysis on the prototype. Note: the operating spectrum of the prototype is 56 kHz with a gain of 10 dB.

Figure 10. Electromagnetic spectrum analysis on the prototype. Note: the operating spectrum of the prototype is 56 kHz with a gain of 10 dB.

Figure 11. Carrier signal with audio frequency at the Q3 collector. Note: Q3 operates at a frequency of approximately 12 - 20Khz.

Figure 11. Carrier signal with audio frequency at the Q3 collector. Note: Q3 operates at a frequency of approximately 12 - 20Khz.

Figure 12. The assembled internal part of the equipment (magnetic field generator). Note: located in the control drawer.

Figure 12. The assembled internal part of the equipment (magnetic field generator). Note: located in the control drawer.

Figure 13. AUTOCAD design of piles of different construction materials.

Figure 13. AUTOCAD design of piles of different construction materials.

Figure 14. Construction of piles of different construction materials. Note: Piles were constructed with adobe, brick, plaster, concrete, and fine sand.

Figure 14. Construction of piles of different construction materials. Note: Piles were constructed with adobe, brick, plaster, concrete, and fine sand.

Figure 15. Prototype density-dependent structural failure meter. Note: Performance testing was carried out on piles constructed with adobe material, concrete of strength 210 kg/cm³, 18-hole brick, gypsum, concrete of strength 109 kg/ cm³, and fine sand.

Figure 15. Prototype density-dependent structural failure meter. Note: Performance testing was carried out on piles constructed with adobe material, concrete of strength 210 kg/cm³, 18-hole brick, gypsum, concrete of strength 109 kg/ cm³, and fine sand.

Figure 16. The electromagnetic spectrum of the prototype is within the established frequency range. Note: The spectrum analyzer displays spectral components in a frequency spectrum of the signals present at the input, i.e., at the output of the prototype.

Figure 16. The electromagnetic spectrum of the prototype is within the established frequency range. Note: The spectrum analyzer displays spectral components in a frequency spectrum of the signals present at the input, i.e., at the output of the prototype.

Figure 17. Increase in magnetic field (B), as current (I) increases. Note: Nv14 - Nv25 are several turns of wire.

Figure 17. Increase in magnetic field (B), as current (I) increases. Note: Nv14 - Nv25 are several turns of wire.

Table 3. Density of building materials used in the study.

Figure 18. Magnetic field density and penetration ratio. Note: R is the value of the coefficient that determines the range of the magnetic field versus the density of the material.

Figure 18. Magnetic field density and penetration ratio. Note: R is the value of the coefficient that determines the range of the magnetic field versus the density of the material.

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

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