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Establishment of a Highly-sensitive Anti-EphB2 Monoclonal Antibody Eb2Mab-3 for Flow Cytometry

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11 June 2024

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11 June 2024

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Abstract
EphB2 is a member of the Eph family tyrosine kinase receptors. EphB2 binds to ephrin-B1, ephrin-B2, and ephrin-B3, which are critical regulators of vascular and nervous development through controlling cell migration and axon guidance. EphB2 is overexpressed in tumors, including glioma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and malignant mesothelioma, and it functions as a tumor promoter. Therefore, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against EphB2 is essential for tumor diagnosis and therapy for EphB2-positive tumors. In this study, we developed novel mAbs for human EphB2 using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. One of the established anti-EphB2 mAbs, Eb2Mab-3 (mouse IgG1, kappa), reacted with EphB2-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/EphB2) and an endogenously EphB2-expressing cancer cell line (LS174T) by flow cytometry. Using flow cytometry, the dissociation constant (KD) values of Eb2Mab-3 for CHO/EphB2 and LS174T were determined as 1.1 × 10−9 M and 3.6 × 10−10 M, respectively. These results indicated that Eb2Mab-3 possesses a high affinity for detecting EphB2 and could apply to tumor therapy.
Keywords: 
Subject: Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Oncology and Oncogenics

1. Introduction

The mammalian ephrin and Eph system includes eight cell surface ephrin ligands (five ephrin-As and three ephrin-Bs) and 14 receptor tyrosine kinases (nine EphA and five EphB receptors) [1]. Eph receptors make the complex to ephrins with dimerization or oligomerization, which leads to the tyrosine phosphorylation of Eph receptor and ephrin-B [2]. The phosphorylated tyrosine recruits cytoplasmic effectors containing src-homology 2 (SH2) domains, phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, and PDZ domains [3]. Therefore, the Eph receptor and ephrin complexes activate bidirectional (forward and reverse, respectively) signaling, which is essential for communication in the same or different types of cells [4]. Through bidirectional signaling, the Eph system regulates tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration; the dysregulation causes many diseases including cancer [1].
The dysregulation of the Eph system is observed in both tumor cells and tumor microenvironment [5]. The Eph system plays distinct roles in tumor development and functions as both tumor promoters and suppressors in a cellular context-dependent manner [5]. EphB2 is overexpressed in several tumors, such as glioblastoma [6], breast cancer [7], hepatocellular carcinoma [8], and malignant mesothelioma [9], which is associated with poor clinical outcomes. In these tumors, EphB2 promotes the migration and invasion via forward signaling [10,11].
In contrast, the expression of EphB2 is downregulated in some tumors such as colorectal cancer [12]. In the intestinal epithelium, EphB receptors promote stem and progenitor proliferation [13]. The intestinal epithelial cell migration is deranged in mice lacking EphB2 and EphB3, and the absence of EphB signaling results in ~50% reduction in the number of proliferating cells [13]. Furthermore, EphB receptor expression is elevated in intestinal adenomas [14]. In contrast, EphB2 function as tumor suppressors by inhibiting the invasive growth. EphB signaling promotes adherens junction formation of colorectal cancer cells, suppressing cancer progression by inhibiting invasive growth [15]. EphB2 expression is lost during progression to carcinoma and initiation of invasive growth [16].
To evaluate the expression of EphB2 and targeting the EphB2-positive cancer cells, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against EphB2 is essential. We have developed anti-receptor tyrosine kinase mAbs against human epidermal growth factor (EGFR) (clone EMab-17) [17], mouse EGFR (EMab-300) [18], HER2 (H2Mab-19) [19], mouse HER2 (H2Mab-304) [20], and HER3 (H3Mab-17) [21] using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. The CBIS method includes immunizing antigen-overexpressed cells and high-throughput hybridoma screening using flow cytometry. In this study, novel anti-EphB2 mAbs were developed by the CBIS method.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Antibodies

OptiBuild™ RB545 mouse anti-human EphB2 mAb (clone 2H9; mouse IgG1, kappa) was purchased from BD Bioscience (Franklin Lakes, NJ). Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA).

2.2. Preparation of Cell Lines

LS174T (human colorectal cancer), LN229 (human glioblastoma), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1, and P3X63Ag8U.1 (P3U1) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA).
pCMV6-myc-DDK vector with EphB2 (Catalog No.: RC223882, Accession No.: NM_004442) was purchased from OriGene Technologies, Inc. (Rockville, MD). The EphB2 plasmids were transfected into CHO-K1 and LN229 cells using a Neon transfection system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA). Stable transfectants were established through cell sorting using the RB545-conjugated anti-human EphB2 (2H9) mAb and a cell sorter (SH800; Sony Corp., Tokyo, Japan), after which cultivation in a medium containing 0.5 mg/mL of G418 (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) was performed.
CHO-K1, EphB2-overexpressed CHO-K1 (CHO/EphB2), and P3U1 were cultured in a Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan), with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), 100 units/mL of penicillin, 100 μg/mL of streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL of amphotericin B (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). LS174T, LN229, and EphB2-overexpressed LN229 (LN229/EphB2) were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.), supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 units /mL of penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL amphotericin B. All cells were grown in a humidified incubator at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air.

2.3. Development of Hybridomas

The animal was housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (Permit number: 2022MdA-001).
Two five-week-old BALB/cAJcl mice were purchased from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan). To develop mAbs against EphB2, we intraperitoneally immunized the mice with LN229/EphB2 (1 × 108 cells) plus Alhydrogel adjuvant 2% (InvivoGen). The procedure included three additional weekly injections (1 × 108 cells/mouse), followed by a final booster intraperitoneal injection (1 × 108 cells/mouse) two days before harvesting spleen cells. The harvested spleen cells were subsequently fused with P3U1 cells, using PEG1500 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), after which hybridomas were grown in the RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS, 5% Briclone (NICB, Dublin, Ireland), 100 units/mL of penicillin, 100 μg/mL of streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL of amphotericin B. For the hybridoma selection, hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) were added to the medium. The supernatants were subsequently screened using flow cytometry using CHO/EphB2 and CHO-K1.
The cultured supernatant of Eb2Mab hybridomas was applied to 1 mL of Ab-Capcher (ProteNova, Kagawa, Japan). After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the antibodies were eluted with an IgG elution buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Finally, the eluates were concentrated, and the elution buffer was replaced with PBS using Amicon Ultra (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

2.4. Flow Cytometric Analysis

Cells were harvested after brief exposure to 0.25% trypsin and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). The cells were washed with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS (blocking buffer) and treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL of primary mAbs for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were treated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:2,000). The cells were also suspended in 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL of the RB545-conjugated anti-human EphB2 mAb (2H9). The fluorescence data were collected using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer (Sony Corp), and the data were analyzed using FlowJo (BD Biosciences).

2.5. Determination of Dissociation Constant (KD) by Flow Cytometry

CHO/EphB2 and LS174T cells were suspended in serially-diluted Eb2Mabs for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were treated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:200). The cells were also suspended in serially-diluted RB545-conjugated anti-human EphB2 mAb (2H9). The fluorescence data were collected using a FACSLyric (BD Biosciences). The KD was calculated by fitting saturation binding curves to the built-in, one-site binding models in GraphPad PRISM 6 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA).

3. Results

3.1. Development of Anti-EphB2 mAbs Using the CBIS Method

To develop anti-EphB2 mAb, mice were immunized with LN229/EphB2 cells (Figure 1A). The spleen was then excised from the mice, and splenocytes were fused with myeloma P3U1 cells (Figure 1B). The developed hybridomas were subsequently seeded into ten 96-well plates and cultivated for six days. The positive wells were screened by selecting CHO/EphB2-reactive and CHO-K1-non-reactive supernatants using flow cytometry (Figure 1C). We finally obtained 133 positive wells (13.9%) out of 956 wells. After the limiting dilution of the part of positive wells and several additional screenings, twelve clones were finally established (Figure 1D, Supplementary Table S1).

3.2. Flow Cytometric Analysis Using Anti-EphB2 mAbs

We next focus on eight mouse IgG1 clones (Eb2Mab-1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 12) and purified the mAbs from supernatants (Supplementary Table S1). We conducted flow cytometry using the Eb2Mabs and 2H9 (from BD Biosciences) against CHO/EphB2, CHO-K1, LN229/EphB2, and LN229 cells. Eb2Mabs recognized CHO/EphB2 cells dose-dependently at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 μg/mL (Supplementary Figure S1). Among Eb2Mabs, Eb2Mab-3 showed the highest reactivity (Figure 2A). 2H9 also recognized CHO/EphB2 cells dose-dependently at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 μg/mL, which are less effective compared to Eb2Mab-3 (Figure 2A). Parental CHO-K1 cells were not recognized even at 10 μg/mL of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9 (Figure 2B). The superior reactivity of Eb2Mab-3 compared to 2H9 was also observed in LN229/EphB2 and LN229 cells (Supplementary Figure S2). The weak expression of endogenous EphB2 in LN229 was previously confirmed by quantitative PCR and western blot analyses [22].
We next investigated the reactivity of Eb2Mabs and 2H9 against an endogenous EphB2-expressing colorectal cancer cell line, LS174T [23]. Eb2Mabs recognized LS174T cells dose-dependently at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 μg/mL (Supplementary Figure S3). Among Eb2Mabs, Eb2Mab-3 also showed the highest reactivity (Figure 3). In contrast, 2H9 could react with LS174T cells at more than 0.1 μg/mL (Figure 3). These results suggest that Eb2Mab-3 specifically recognizes EphB2, and is also helpful in detecting endogenous EphB2 by flow cytometry.

3.3. Determination of the Binding Affinity of Eb2Mabs and 2H9 Using Flow Cytometry

To determine the KD values of Eb2Mabs and 2H9, we conducted flow cytometry, and the geometric mean of the fluorescence intensity was plotted versus the concentration of mAbs. The KD values of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9 for CHO/EphB2 were determined as 1.1 × 10−9 M and 3.4 × 10−9 M, respectively (Figure 4A). Although we also determined the KD values of other Eb2Mabs, Eb2Mab-3 exhibited the highest affinity (Supplementary Table S1). We next determined the KD values of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9 for LS174T as 3.6 × 10−10 M and 1.9 × 10−9 M, respectively (Figure 4B). These results indicate that Eb2Mab-3 possesses the superior affinity to CHO/EphB2 and LS174T compared to that of 2H9.

4. Discussion

An anti-EphB2 mAb, clone 2H9, was extensively characterized and developed for tumor therapy as an antibody-drug conjugate [24], The 2H9 was established by the immunization of mice with the EphB2 ectodomain produced by baculovirus expression system [24]. In this study, we established anti-EphB2 mAbs using the CBIS method (Figure 1). Among the established mAbs, Eb2Mab-3 exhibited the superior reactivity compared to 2H9 in CHO/EphB2 (Figure 2), LN229/EphB2 (Supplemental Figure S2), and LS174T (Figure 3) cells. Furthermore, Eb2Mab-3 possesses a higher affinity to CHO/EphB2 and LS174T than that of 2H9 (Figure 4).
The 2H9 effectively blocked the interaction of EphB2 with the ligands and inhibited the autophosphorylation of EphB2 [24]. However, 2H9 did not affect the proliferation of EphB2-positive tumor cells [24]. The identification of the epitope is essential to assess the properties of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. We have developed the RIEDL insertion for epitope mapping (REMAP) and PA insertion for epitope mapping (PAMAP) methods to determine the conformational epitopes of mAbs. The epitopes of anti-EGFR mAbs (EMab-51 and EMab-134) [25,26] and anti-CD44 mAbs (C44Mab-5 and C44Mab-46) [27,28] could be determined using the REMAP method. Furthermore, the epitopes of anti-mouse CD39 mAb (C39Mab-1) could be determined using both REMAP and PAMAP methods [29]. Therefore, further studies are required to determine the epitope and biological activities of Eb2Mab-3.
We investigated the expression of EphB2 in more than 100 cell lines using flow cytometry. LS174T exhibited the highest expression (Figure 3). Since LS174T is a transplantable cancer cell line in BALB/c nude mice [30], in vivo antitumor effects of Eb2Mab-3 could be evaluated. To perform this, converting Eb2Mab-3 (mouse IgG1) to mouse IgG2a subclass is essential for enhancing effector activation ability. We previously produced recombinant mAbs, which were converted into the mouse IgG2a subclass from mouse IgG1. Furthermore, we produced defucosylated IgG2a mAbs using fucosyltransferase 8-deficient CHO-K1 cells to enhance the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor effect in mouse xenograft models [31,32,33]. Therefore, a class-switched and defucosylated type of Eb2Mab-3 could contribute to the treatment of EphB2-positive tumors in preclinical studies.
We have developed cancer-specific mAbs (CasMabs) against HER2 (H2Mab-214 and H2Mab-250) [34,35], podocalyxin (PcMab-6 and PcMab-60) [36,37], and podoplanin (LpMab-2 and LpMab-23) [38,39] and revealed that these mAbs react with cancer cells, but not normal cells in flow cytometry. The strategy used in this study is also applicable to select anti-EphB2 CasMabs from Eb2Mabs (Supplementary Table S1) or clones from remaining positive wells. We have confirmed that EphB2 is detected in some normal epithelial cells and will screen the anti-EphB2 CasMabs. The unique property of H2Mab-250 could contribute to developing HER2-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (now in a clinical phase I study in the US). Therefore, developing Eb2Mabs for CAR-T would be necessary for treating EphB2-positive tumors.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at the website of this paper posted on Preprints.org. Figure S1: Flow cytometry of EphB2-expressed CHO-K1 cells using Eb2Mabs and 2H9.; Figure S2: Flow cytometry of EphB2-expressed LN229 cells using Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9.; Figure S3: Flow cytometry of endogenous EphB2-expressing cells using Eb2Mabs and 2H9.; Table S1: Determination of KD of Eb2Mabs (IgG1 isotype) using flow cytometry.

Author Contributions

R.U., H.Suzuki., M.H., H.Satofuka, and T.T. performed the experiments. M.K.K. and Y.K. designed the experiments. R.U. and H.Suzuki. analyzed the data. H.Suzuki. and Y.K. wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding Information

This research was supported in part by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Numbers: JP23ama121008 (to Y.K.), 23bm1123027 (to Y.K.), and JP23ck0106730 (to Y.K.), and by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) grant nos. 22K06995 (to H.S.) and 22K07224 (to Y.K.).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal study protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (Permit number: 2022MdA-001) for studies involving animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All related data and methods are presented in this paper. Additional inquiries should be addressed to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest involving this article.

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Preprints 108937 g001
Figure 1. The production of anti-EphB2 mAbs (A) LN229/EphB2 cells were immunized into two BALB/cAJcl mice. (B) The spleen cells were fused with P3U1 cells. (C) To select anti-EphB2 mAb-producing hybridomas, the supernatants were screened by flow cytometry using CHO-K1 and CHO/EphB2 cells. (D) After limiting dilution, anti-EphB2 mAbs were finally established.
Figure 1. The production of anti-EphB2 mAbs (A) LN229/EphB2 cells were immunized into two BALB/cAJcl mice. (B) The spleen cells were fused with P3U1 cells. (C) To select anti-EphB2 mAb-producing hybridomas, the supernatants were screened by flow cytometry using CHO-K1 and CHO/EphB2 cells. (D) After limiting dilution, anti-EphB2 mAbs were finally established.
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Figure 2. Flow cytometry of EphB2-expressed CHO-K1 cells using Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. CHO/EphB2 (A) and CHO-K1 (B) cells were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of Eb2Mab-3 or 2H9 conjugated with RB545 (Red line). The Eb2Mab-3 treated cells were further incubated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer. The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
Figure 2. Flow cytometry of EphB2-expressed CHO-K1 cells using Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. CHO/EphB2 (A) and CHO-K1 (B) cells were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of Eb2Mab-3 or 2H9 conjugated with RB545 (Red line). The Eb2Mab-3 treated cells were further incubated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer. The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
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Figure 3. Flow cytometry of endogenous EphB2-expressing cells using Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. LS174T cells were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of Eb2Mab-3 or 2H9 conjugated with RB545 (Red line). The Eb2Mab-3 treated cells were further incubated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer. The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
Figure 3. Flow cytometry of endogenous EphB2-expressing cells using Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. LS174T cells were treated with 0.01–10 µg/mL of Eb2Mab-3 or 2H9 conjugated with RB545 (Red line). The Eb2Mab-3 treated cells were further incubated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the SA3800 Cell Analyzer. The black line represents the negative control (blocking buffer).
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Figure 4. The binding affinity of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. CHO/EphB2 (A) and LS174T (B) cells were suspended in serially diluted Eb2Mab-3. The cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The cells were also suspended in serially diluted 2H9 conjugated with RB545. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the FACSLyric, followed by the calculation of the KD using GraphPad PRISM 6.
Figure 4. The binding affinity of Eb2Mab-3 and 2H9. CHO/EphB2 (A) and LS174T (B) cells were suspended in serially diluted Eb2Mab-3. The cells were treated with anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. The cells were also suspended in serially diluted 2H9 conjugated with RB545. The fluorescence data were subsequently collected using the FACSLyric, followed by the calculation of the KD using GraphPad PRISM 6.
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