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@Article{Muntendam2010,
  author          = {Muntendam, Pieter and McCall, Carol and Sanz, Javier and Falk, Erling and Fuster, Valentin and Initiative, High-Risk Plaque},
  journal         = {American heart journal},
  title           = {The BioImage Study: novel approaches to risk assessment in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease--study design and objectives.},
  year            = {2010},
  issn            = {1097-6744},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {49--57.e1},
  volume          = {160},
  abstract        = {The identification of asymptomatic individuals at risk for near-term atherothrombotic events to ensure optimal preventive treatment remains a challenging goal. In the BioImage Study, novel approaches are tested in a typical health-plan population. Based on certain demographic and risk characteristics on file with Humana Inc, a total of 7,687 men 55 to 80 years of age and women 60 to 80 years of age without evidence of atherothrombotic disease but presumed to be at risk for near-term atherothrombotic events were enrolled between January 2008 and June 2009. Those who met the prespecified eligibility criteria were randomized to a telephonic health survey only (survey only: n = 865), standard risk assessment (Framingham only: n = 718), or comprehensive risk assessment in a dedicated mobile facility equipped with advanced imaging tools (n = 6,104). Baseline examination included assessment of cardiovascular risk factors and screening for subclinical (asymptomatic) atherosclerosis with quantification of coronary artery calcification by computed tomography (CT), measurement of intima-media thickness, presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques and abdominal aortic aneurysm by ultrasound, and ankle brachial index. Participants with one or more abnormal screening test results underwent advanced imaging with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for carotid and aortic plaques, contrast-enhanced coronary CT angiography for luminal stenosis and noncalcified plaques, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT for carotid and aortic plaque inflammation. Plasma, PAXgene RNA, and DNA samples were obtained, frozen, and stored for future biomarker discovery studies. All individuals will be followed until 600 major atherothrombotic events have occurred in those undergoing imaging. The BioImage Study will help identify those patients with subclinical atherosclerosis who are at risk for near-term atherothrombotic events and enable a more personalized management of care.},
  chemicals       = {Biomarkers},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2010-08-17},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.021},
  investigator    = {Fuster, Valentin and Falk, Erling and Badimon, Juan José and Botnar, René M and Daemen, Mat J A P and Fayad, Zahi A and Garcia, Mario and Ginsburg, Geoffrey S and Hazen, Stanley L and King, Spencer B and Moreno, Pedro R and Nordestgaard, Børge G and Rudd, James H F and Shah, Predimon K and Sillesen, Henrik and Van der Steen, Antonius F W and Yacoub, Magdi H and Yuan, Chun and Bui, James T and Chen, Christopher J and Seow, Albert and Muntendam, Pieter and Plump, Andrew and Raichlen, Joel and Smit, Paul and Stolzenbach, James C and Urquhart, Richard},
  issn-linking    = {0002-8703},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis, complications, diagnosis, epidemiology; Biomarkers, blood; Coronary Angiography, methods; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction, epidemiology, etiology, prevention & control; Primary Prevention, methods; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment, methods; Stroke, prevention & control; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, methods; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; United States},
  nlm-id          = {0370465},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0002-8703(10)00165-1},
  pmid            = {20598972},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2021-10-28},
}

@Article{Sillesen2018,
  author          = {Sillesen, Henrik and Sartori, Samantha and Sandholt, Benjamin and Baber, Usman and Mehran, Roxana and Fuster, Valentin},
  journal         = {European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging},
  title           = {Carotid plaque thickness and carotid plaque burden predict future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic adult Americans.},
  year            = {2018},
  issn            = {2047-2412},
  month           = sep,
  pages           = {1042--1050},
  volume          = {19},
  abstract        = {Prediction of cardiovascular events improves using imaging, i.e. coronary calcium score and ultrasound assessment of carotid plaque. This study analysed the predictive value of two ultrasound measures of carotid plaque size: carotid plaque thickness and carotid and intima-media thickness (IMT). A total of 6102 asymptomatic persons underwent assessment of conventional risk factors and imaging by carotid ultrasound. Carotid plaque burden (cPB) and maximum carotid plaque thickness (cPTmax) were measured from 'cross-sectional sweep' video acquisition of the carotid artery. IMT was measured from distal common carotid artery images. All participants were followed up for ∼3 years, and major cardiovascular events (MACE) were collected and adjudicated. All data were available for 5808 participants, in whom 216 first MACE events were observed. Increasing both cPB and cPTmax were associated with increasing the risk of future MACE when compared with participants without carotid atherosclerosis. Fully adjusted for risk factors, hazard ratios for cPTmax were 1.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-4.25, P = 0.015] for primary MACE and 3.13 (95% CI 1.80-5.51, P < 0.001) for secondary MACE, similar to that of cPB. IMT did not improve risk prediction significantly. Non-categorical net reclassification index (NRI) for cPTmax was 0.178 (95% CI 0.027-0.299, P = 0.032) for primary MACE and 0.173 (95% CI 0.109-0.243, P < 0.001) for secondary MACE, which is almost similar to cPB. IMT assessment did not result in significant NRI. The simpler cPTmax predicted cardiovascular events similarly to the more comprehensive cPB, whereas IMT did not. Awaiting true 3D ultrasound technology cPTmax may be a simple useful measure for prediction of future ASCVD.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2019-04-12},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/ehjci/jex239},
  issn-linking    = {2047-2404},
  issue           = {9},
  keywords        = {Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asymptomatic Diseases, epidemiology; Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Carotid Artery Diseases, mortality, physiopathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, adverse effects; Coronary Artery Disease, epidemiology, mortality; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, physiopathology; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Statistics, Nonparametric; Survival Analysis; Ultrasonography, Doppler, methods},
  nlm-id          = {101573788},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {4558656},
  pmid            = {29059296},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-04-12},
}

@InCollection{Szaboova2012,
  author     = {Szab{\'o}ov{\'a}, {E}va},
  booktitle  = {Coronary artery disease - New insights and novel approaches},
  publisher  = {IntechOpen Book Series},
  title      = {Individualized cardiovascular risk assessment},
  year       = {2012},
  isbn       = {978-953-51-0344-8},
  pages      = {169-206},
  doi        = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1168},
  priority   = {prio1},
  readstatus = {skimmed},
}

@Article{Perk2012,
  author          = {Perk, Joep and De Backer, Guy and Gohlke, Helmut and Graham, Ian and Reiner, Zeljko and Verschuren, Monique and Albus, Christian and Benlian, Pascale and Boysen, Gudrun and Cifkova, Renata and Deaton, Christi and Ebrahim, Shah and Fisher, Miles and Germano, Giuseppe and Hobbs, Richard and Hoes, Arno and Karadeniz, Sehnaz and Mezzani, Alessandro and Prescott, Eva and Ryden, Lars and Scherer, Martin and Syvänne, Mikko and Scholte op Reimer, Wilma J. M. and Vrints, Christiaan and Wood, David and Zamorano, Jose Luis and Zannad, Faiez and for Cardiovascular Prevention {\&} Rehabilitation (EACPR), European Association and for Practice Guidelines (CPG), E.S.C. Committee},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts).},
  year            = {2012},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {1635--1701},
  volume          = {33},
  chemicals       = {Antihypertensive Agents, Biomarkers, Cardiovascular Agents, Drug Combinations, Lipids},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2012-10-02},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092},
  investigator    = {Cooney, Marie Therese and Bax, Jeroen and Baumgartner, Helmut and Ceconi, Claudio and Dean, Veronica and Deaton, Chrsiti and Fagard, Robert and Funck-Brentano, Christian and Hasdai, David and Hoes, Arno and Kirchof, Paulus and Knutti, Juhani and Kolh, Philippe and McDonagh, Theresa and Moulin, Cyril and Popescu, Bogdan A and Reiner, Željko and Sechtem, Udo and Anton Sirnes, Per and Funck-Brentano, Christian and Anton Sirnes, Per and Aboyans, Victor and Alegria Ezquerra, Eduardo and Baigent, Colin},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {13},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents, therapeutic use; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure, physiology; Cardiology; Cardiovascular Agents, therapeutic use; Cardiovascular Diseases, prevention & control; Chronic Disease, prevention & control; Delivery of Health Care; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, prevention & control; Diabetic Angiopathies, prevention & control; Diagnostic Imaging; Diet; Drug Combinations; Early Diagnosis; Electronic Health Records; Evidence-Based Medicine; Exercise, physiology; Female; General Practice; Health Promotion; Hospitalization; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia, complications, prevention & control; Hypertension, prevention & control; Life Style; Lipids, blood; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Nurse's Role; Obesity, prevention & control; Patient Selection; Physician's Role; Primary Health Care, organization & administration; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction Behavior; Self Care; Smoking, adverse effects; Smoking Cessation, methods; Smoking Prevention; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological, prevention & control},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {ehs092},
  pmid            = {22555213},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-10},
}

@Article{Geisel2017,
  author          = {Geisel, Marie Henrike and Bauer, Marcus and Hennig, Frauke and Hoffmann, Barbara and Lehmann, Nils and Möhlenkamp, Stefan and Kröger, Knut and Kara, Kaffer and Müller, Tobias and Moebus, Susanne and Erbel, Raimund and Scherag, André and Jöckel, Karl-Heinz and Mahabadi, Amir A. and study, Heinz Nixdorf Recall},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {Comparison of coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial index for predicting 10-year incident cardiovascular events in the general population.},
  year            = {2017},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = jun,
  pages           = {1815--1822},
  volume          = {38},
  abstract        = {To compare the predictive value of coronary artery calcification (CAC), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) in a primary prevention cohort depending on risk factor profile to determine which of the three markers improves cardiovascular (CV) risk discrimination best in which risk group. We quantified CAC, CIMT, and ABI in 3108 subjects (mean age 59.2 ± 7.7, 47.1% male) without prevalent CV diseases from the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Associations with incident major CV events (coronary event, stroke, CV death; n = 223) were assessed during a follow-up period of 10.3 ± 2.8 years with Cox proportional regressions in the total cohort and stratified by Framingham risk score (FRS) groups. Discrimination ability was evaluated with Harrell's C. All three markers were associated with CV events (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]: CAC: 1.31 (1.23-1.39) per 1-unit increase in log(CAC + 1) vs. CIMT: 1.27 (1.13-1.43) per 1 SD vs. ABI: 1.30 (1.14-1.49) per 1 SD, in FRS adjusted models). Considering reclassification, CAC lead to highest reclassification in the total cohort, while also for CIMT and ABI significant improvement in net-reclassification was observed [NRI (95% CI): CAC: 0.55 (0.42-0.69); CIMT: 0.32 (0.19-0.45); ABI: 0.19 (0.10-0.28)]. Coronary artery calcification provides the best discrimination of risk compared with CIMT and ABI, particularly in the intermediate risk group, whereas CIMT may be an alternative measure for reassurance in the low risk group.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2018-05-29},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehx120},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {23},
  keywords        = {Ankle Brachial Index; Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnosis, epidemiology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Coronary Artery Disease, epidemiology; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Germany, epidemiology; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment, methods; Sex Distribution; Vascular Calcification, epidemiology; ABI; CAC; CIMT; Epidemiology; Primary prevention; Risk discrimination},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {3095815},
  pmid            = {28379333},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Yeboah2012,
  author          = {Yeboah, Joseph and McClelland, Robyn L. and Polonsky, Tamar S. and Burke, Gregory L. and Sibley, Christopher T. and O'Leary, Daniel and Carr, Jeffery J. and Goff, David C. and Greenland, Philip and Herrington, David M.},
  journal         = {JAMA},
  title           = {Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals.},
  year            = {2012},
  issn            = {1538-3598},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {788--795},
  volume          = {308},
  abstract        = {Risk markers including coronary artery calcium, carotid intima-media thickness, ankle-brachial index, brachial flow-mediated dilation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been reported to improve on the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for prediction of CHD, but there are no direct comparisons of these markers for risk prediction in a single cohort. We compared improvement in prediction of incident CHD/cardiovascular disease (CVD) of these 6 risk markers within intermediate-risk participants (FRS >5%-<20%) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Of 6814 MESA participants from 6 US field centers, 1330 were intermediate risk, without diabetes mellitus, and had complete data on all 6 markers. Recruitment spanned July 2000 to September 2002, with follow-up through May 2011. Probability-weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and net reclassification improvement were used to compare incremental contributions of each marker when added to the FRS, plus race/ethnicity. Incident CHD defined as myocardial infarction, angina followed by revascularization, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or CHD death. Incident CVD additionally included stroke or CVD death. After 7.6-year median follow-up (IQR, 7.3-7.8), 94 CHD and 123 CVD events occurred. Coronary artery calcium, ankle-brachial index, high-sensitivity CRP, and family history were independently associated with incident CHD in multivariable analyses (HR, 2.60 [95% CI, 1.94-3.50]; HR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.66-0.95]; HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.00-1.64]; and HR, 2.18 [95% CI, 1.38-3.42], respectively). Carotid intima-media thickness and brachial flow-mediated dilation were not associated with incident CHD in multivariable analyses (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.95-1.45] and HR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.78-1.14]). Although addition of the markers individually to the FRS plus race/ethnicity improved AUC, coronary artery calcium afforded the highest increment (0.623 vs 0.784), while brachial flow-mediated dilation had the least (0.623 vs 0.639). For incident CHD, the net reclassification improvement with coronary artery calcium was 0.659, brachial flow-mediated dilation was 0.024, ankle-brachial index was 0.036, carotid intima-media thickness was 0.102, family history was 0.160 and high-sensitivity CRP was 0.079. Similar results were obtained for incident CVD. Coronary artery calcium, ankle-brachial index, high-sensitivity CRP, and family history were independent predictors of incident CHD/CVD in intermediate-risk individuals. Coronary artery calcium provided superior discrimination and risk reclassification compared with other risk markers.},
  chemicals       = {Biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein, Calcium},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2012-08-27},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1001/jama.2012.9624},
  issn-linking    = {0098-7484},
  issue           = {8},
  keywords        = {Aged; Ankle Brachial Index; Biomarkers, analysis; C-Reactive Protein, analysis; Calcium, analysis; Cardiovascular Diseases, blood, diagnosis, epidemiology, genetics; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cohort Studies; Coronary Vessels, chemistry; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Sensitivity and Specificity; United States},
  mid             = {NIHMS617631},
  nlm-id          = {7501160},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {1352110},
  pmc             = {PMC4141475},
  pmid            = {22910756},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Visseren2021,
  author          = {Visseren, Frank L. J. and Mach, François and Smulders, Yvo M. and Carballo, David and Koskinas, Konstantinos C. and Bäck, Maria and Benetos, Athanase and Biffi, Alessandro and Boavida, José-Manuel and Capodanno, Davide and Cosyns, Bernard and Crawford, Carolyn and Davos, Constantinos H. and Desormais, Ileana and Di Angelantonio, Emanuele and Franco, Oscar H. and Halvorsen, Sigrun and Hobbs, F. D. Richard and Hollander, Monika and Jankowska, Ewa A. and Michal, Matthias and Sacco, Simona and Sattar, Naveed and Tokgozoglu, Lale and Tonstad, Serena and Tsioufis, Konstantinos P. and van Dis, Ineke and van Gelder, Isabelle C. and Wanner, Christoph and Williams, Bryan and Societies, E.S.C. National Cardiac and Group, E.S.C. Scientific Document},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice.},
  year            = {2021},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = sep,
  pages           = {3227--3337},
  volume          = {42},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2021-10-11},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484},
  investigator    = {ESC Scientific Document Group and De Backer, Guy and Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera and Aamodt, Anne Hege and Abdelhamid, Magdy and Aboyans, Victor and Albus, Christian and Asteggiano, Riccardo and Bäck, Magnus and Borger, Michael A and Brotons, Carlos and Čelutkienė, Jelena and Cifkova, Renata and Cikes, Maja and Cosentino, Francesco and Dagres, Nikolaos and De Backer, Tine and De Bacquer, Dirk and Delgado, Victoria and Den Ruijter, Hester and Dendale, Paul and Drexel, Heinz and Falk, Volkmar and Fauchier, Laurent and Ference, Brian A and Ferrières, Jean and Ferrini, Marc and Fisher, Miles and Fliser, Danilo and Fras, Zlatko and Gaita, Dan and Giampaoli, Simona and Gielen, Stephan and Graham, Ian and Jennings, Catriona and Jorgensen, Torben and Kautzky-Willer, Alexandra and Kavousi, Maryam and Koenig, Wolfgang and Konradi, Aleksandra and Kotecha, Dipak and Landmesser, Ulf and Lettino, Madalena and Lewis, Basil S and Linhart, Aleš and Løchen, Maja-Lisa and Makrilakis, Konstantinos and Mancia, Giuseppe and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and McEvoy, John William and McGreavy, Paul and Merkely, Bela and Neubeck, Lis and Nielsen, Jens Cosedis and Perk, Joep and Petersen, Steffen E and Petronio, Anna Sonia and Piepoli, Massimo and Pogosova, Nana Goar and Prescott, Eva Irene Bossano and Ray, Kausik K and Reiner, Zeljko and Richter, Dimitrios J and Rydén, Lars and Shlyakhto, Evgeny and Sitges, Marta and Sousa-Uva, Miguel and Sudano, Isabella and Tiberi, Monica and Touyz, Rhian M and Ungar, Andrea and Verschuren, W M Monique and Wiklund, Olov and Wood, David and Zamorano, Jose Luis and Hammoudi, Naima and Zelveian, Parounak and Siostrzonek, Peter and Alakbarov, Elman and Pavlova, Olga and De Sutter, Johan and Dilić, Mirza and Nina, Gotcheva and Skoric, Bosko and Heracleous Moustra, Hera and Cifkova, Renata and Bovin, Ann and Zarif, Bassem and Viigimaa, Margus and Hekkala, Anna-Mari and Kownator, Serge and Pagava, Zurab and Landmesser, Ulf and Grassos, Harry and Szabados, Eszter and Andersen, Karl and McEvoy, John William and Zafrir, Barak and Barillà, Francesco and Ibrahimi, Pranvera and Mirrakhimov, Erkin and Mintale, Iveta and Arnaout, Samir and Šlapikas, Rimvydas and Banu, Cristiana and Abela, Mark and Rudi, Victor and Boskovic, Aneta and Alami, Mohamed and Kemps, Hareld M C and Bosevski, Marijan and Ekker Solberg, Erik and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Rabaçal, Carlos and Gaita, Dan and Belenkov, Yury and Bertelli, Luca and Giga, Vojislav and Fras, Zlatko and Dalmau, Regina and Kiessling, Anna and Pfister, Otmar and Bani Marjeh, Yassin and Abdessalem, Salem and Ozdogan, Oner and Nesukay, Elena and Patel, Riyaz and Mullabayeva, Guzal},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {34},
  keywords        = {Cardiovascular Diseases, prevention & control; Humans; Primary Prevention; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Guidelines; air pollution; blood pressure; climate change; diabetes; healthy lifestyle; lifetime benefit; lifetime risk; lipids; nutrition; personalized; population; prevention; psychosocial factors; risk estimation; risk management; shared decision-making; smoking; stepwise approach},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {6358713},
  pmid            = {34458905},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-09-09},
}

@Article{Palanca2019,
  author          = {Palanca, Ana and Castelblanco, Esmeralda and Betriu, Àngels and Perpiñán, Hèctor and Soldevila, Berta and Valdivielso, José Manuel and Bermúdez-Lopez, Marcelino and Puig-Jové, Carlos and Puig-Domingo, Manel and Groop, Per-Henrik and Fernández, Elvira and Alonso, Núria and Mauricio, Didac},
  journal         = {Cardiovascular diabetology},
  title           = {Subclinical atherosclerosis burden predicts cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.},
  year            = {2019},
  issn            = {1475-2840},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {93},
  volume          = {18},
  abstract        = {Individuals with diabetes have remarkably high rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the incremental cardiovascular risk in diabetes is heterogeneous and has often been related to renal involvement. The purpose of this study was to analyse the prognostic value of subclinical atherosclerosis in determining the incidence of first cardiovascular events (CVEs) in individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to CKD individuals without diabetes. We included data from individuals with CKD with and without diabetes, free from pre-existing cardiovascular disease, from the NEFRONA cohort. Participants underwent baseline carotid and femoral ultrasound and were followed up for 4 years. All CVEs during follow-up were registered. Bivariate analysis and Fine-Gray competing risk models were used to perform the statistical analysis. During the mean follow-up time of 48 months, a total of 203 CVE was registered. 107 CVE occurred among participants without diabetes (19.58 per 1000 person-years) and 96 CVE occurred among participants with diabetes (44.44 per 1000 person-years). Following the competing risk analysis, the variables predicting CVEs in CKD individuals without diabetes were the number of territories with plaque at baseline (HR 1.862, 95% CI [1.432;2.240]), age (HR 1.026, 95% CI [1.003;1.049]) and serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D (HR 0.963, 95% CI [0.933;0.094]). The only variable predicting CVEs among CKD participants with diabetes was the number of territories with plaque at baseline (HR 1.782, 95% CI [1.393, 2.278]). For both models, concordance (C) index yielded was over 0.7. The burden of subclinical atherosclerosis is the strongest predictor of future CVEs in diabetic individuals with CKD. Early detection of subclinical atherosclerotic burden by multiterritorial vascular ultrasound could improve CVE prediction in this population.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2020-03-30},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1186/s12933-019-0897-y},
  issn-linking    = {1475-2840},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Asymptomatic Diseases; Atherosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus, diagnosis, epidemiology; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, diagnosis, epidemiology; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Spain, epidemiology; Time Factors; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; Cardiovascular events; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Multiterritorial arterial ultrasound; Subclinical atherosclerosis},
  nlm-id          = {101147637},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {93},
  pmc             = {PMC6639953},
  pmid            = {31324183},
  pubmodel        = {Electronic},
  pubstate        = {epublish},
  revised         = {2020-03-30},
}

@Article{FernandezFriera2015,
  author          = {Fernández-Friera, Leticia and Peñalvo, José L. and Fernández-Ortiz, Antonio and Ibañez, Borja and López-Melgar, Beatriz and Laclaustra, Martín and Oliva, Belén and Mocoroa, Agustín and Mendiguren, José and Martínez de Vega, Vicente and García, Laura and Molina, Jesús and Sánchez-González, Javier and Guzmán, Gabriela and Alonso-Farto, Juan C. and Guallar, Eliseo and Civeira, Fernando and Sillesen, Henrik and Pocock, Stuart and Ordovás, José M. and Sanz, Ginés and Jiménez-Borreguero, Luis Jesús and Fuster, Valentín},
  journal         = {Circulation},
  title           = {Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study.},
  year            = {2015},
  issn            = {1524-4539},
  pages           = {2104--2113},
  volume          = {131},
  abstract        = {Data are limited on the presence, distribution, and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged populations. The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study prospectively enrolled 4184 asymptomatic participants 40 to 54 years of age (mean age, 45.8 years; 63% male) to evaluate the systemic extent of atherosclerosis in the carotid, abdominal aortic, and iliofemoral territories by 2-/3-dimensional ultrasound and coronary artery calcification by computed tomography. The extent of subclinical atherosclerosis, defined as presence of plaque or coronary artery calcification ≥1, was classified as focal (1 site affected), intermediate (2-3 sites), or generalized (4-6 sites) after exploration of each vascular site (right/left carotids, aorta, right/left iliofemorals, and coronary arteries). Subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 63% of participants (71% of men, 48% of women). Intermediate and generalized atherosclerosis was identified in 41%. Plaques were most common in the iliofemorals (44%), followed by the carotids (31%) and aorta (25%), whereas coronary artery calcification was present in 18%. Among participants with low Framingham Heart Study (FHS) 10-year risk, subclinical disease was detected in 58%, with intermediate or generalized disease in 36%. When longer-term risk was assessed (30-year FHS), 83% of participants at high risk had atherosclerosis, with 66% classified as intermediate or generalized. Subclinical atherosclerosis was highly prevalent in this middle-aged cohort, with nearly half of the participants classified as having intermediate or generalized disease. Most participants at high FHS risk had subclinical disease; however, extensive atherosclerosis was also present in a substantial number of low-risk individuals, suggesting added value of imaging for diagnosis and prevention. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01410318.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2015-08-26},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014310},
  issn-linking    = {0009-7322},
  issue           = {24},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Factors; Ankle Brachial Index; Aorta, Abdominal, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Aortic Diseases, epidemiology, pathology; Aortography; Asymptomatic Diseases; Atherosclerosis, pathology; Calcinosis, pathology; Carotid Artery Diseases, pathology; Comorbidity; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease, pathology; Disease Progression; Female; Femoral Artery, pathology; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iliac Artery, pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, epidemiology; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Spain, epidemiology; Ultrasonography; atherosclerosis; epidemiology; multidetector computed tomography; population; risk assessment; ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0147763},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014310},
  pmid            = {25882487},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-25},
}

@Article{Mitu2017,
  author          = {Mitu, Ovidiu and Roca, Mihai and Floria, Mariana and Petris, Antoniu Octavian and Graur, Mariana and Mitu, Florin},
  journal         = {Clinica e investigacion en arteriosclerosis : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Arteriosclerosis},
  title           = {Subclinical cardiovascular disease assessment and its relationship with cardiovascular risk SCORE in a healthy adult population: A cross-sectional community-based study.},
  year            = {2017},
  issn            = {1578-1879},
  pages           = {111--119},
  volume          = {29},
  abstract        = {The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship and the accuracy of SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project) risk correlated to multiple methods for determining subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a healthy population. This cross-sectional study included 120 completely asymptomatic subjects, with an age range 35-75 years, and randomly selected from the general population. The individuals were evaluated clinically and biochemical, and the SCORE risk was computed. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by various methods: carotid ultrasound for intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaque detection; aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV); echocardiography - left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and aortic atheromatosis (AA); ankle-brachial index (ABI). SCORE mean value was 2.95±2.71, with 76% of subjects having SCORE <5. Sixty-four percent of all subjects have had increased subclinical CVD changes, and SCORE risk score was correlated positively with all markers, except for ABI. In the multivariate analysis, increased cIMT and aPWV were significantly associated with high value of SCORE risk (OR 4.14, 95% CI: 1.42-12.15, p=0.009; respectively OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01-1.96, p=0.039). A positive linear relationship was observed between 3 territories of subclinical CVD (cIMT, LVMI, aPWV) and SCORE risk (p<0.0001). There was evidence of subclinical CVD in 60% of subjects with a SCORE value <5. As most subjects with a SCORE value <5 have subclinical CVD abnormalities, a more tailored subclinical CVD primary prevention program should be encouraged.},
  chemicals       = {Biomarkers},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2018-09-07},
  country         = {Spain},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.arteri.2016.10.004},
  issn-linking    = {0214-9168},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Ankle Brachial Index; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis, epidemiology, pathology; Biomarkers, metabolism; Cardiovascular Diseases, physiopathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Echocardiography, methods; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, pathology; Pulse Wave Analysis; Risk Factors; Asintomático; Asymptomatic; Aterosclerosis subclínica; Cardiovascular diseases; Enfermedades cardiovasculares; Puntuación; Riesgo; Risk; SCORE; Subclinical atherosclerosis},
  nlm-id          = {9208512},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0214-9168(16)30175-9},
  pmid            = {28377040},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2018-09-07},
}

@Article{Szaboova2024,
  author    = {Szabóová, Eva and Lisovszki, Alexandra and Kolarčik, Peter and Fatĺová, Eliška and Molnár, Tomáš and Bujdoš, Martin and Szabó, Peter},
  journal   = {Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine},
  title     = {Impact of Classical Risk Factors on Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression: Insights from a Non-Diabetic Cohort},
  year      = {2024},
  issn      = {1530-6550},
  month     = mar,
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {103},
  volume    = {25},
  doi       = {10.31083/j.rcm2503103},
  publisher = {IMR Press},
}

@Article{Darabian2013,
  author          = {Darabian, Sirous and Hormuz, Mehera and Latif, Muhammad Aamir and Pahlevan, Sogol and Budoff, Matthew J.},
  journal         = {Current atherosclerosis reports},
  title           = {The role of carotid intimal thickness testing and risk prediction in the development of coronary atherosclerosis.},
  year            = {2013},
  issn            = {1534-6242},
  month           = mar,
  pages           = {306},
  volume          = {15},
  abstract        = {Carotid ultrasonography is a safe and available noninvasive diagnostic tool that provides information about the carotid arteries' characteristics and may be used for early detection of coronary artery disease as well as cardiovascular and stroke event risk stratifications. We performed a systematic search of articles discussing carotid ultrasonography in the English literature recorded in PubMed from 2010 to September 2012. Generally, the studies showed that internal carotid artery intima-media thickness is a more powerful variable than common carotid artery intima-media thickness. Moreover, the presence of carotid plaque and plaque volumes are more reliable and accurate estimators of coronary artery disease and risk of a stroke or cardiovascular event than intima-media thickness.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2013-07-02},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1007/s11883-012-0306-4},
  issn-linking    = {1523-3804},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery, Internal, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging; Disease Progression; Endothelium, Vascular, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors},
  mid             = {NIHMS437115},
  nlm-id          = {100897685},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmc             = {PMC3583351},
  pmid            = {23328906},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2021-10-21},
}

@Article{Hallan2004,
  author          = {Hallan, Stein and Asberg, Arne and Lindberg, Morten and Johnsen, Harald},
  journal         = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
  title           = {Validation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for estimating GFR with special emphasis on calibration of the serum creatinine assay.},
  year            = {2004},
  issn            = {1523-6838},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {84--93},
  volume          = {44},
  abstract        = {The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula is recommended by European and American guidelines for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, the accuracy of the formula has been questioned in several studies. Our objective is to evaluate the performance of the MDRD formula with special emphasis on the possibility that interlaboratory calibration differences for serum creatinine reduce the accuracy of the formula. The MDRD and 7 other commonly used formulae were evaluated regarding bias, precision, and accuracy. The 215 adults included were patients with chronic kidney disease, potential kidney donors, and patients referred before nephrotoxic chemotherapy. Serum creatinine was measured by means of a kinetic Jaffé method (Hitachi 917, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan; reagents from Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). GFR, measured as plasma clearance of chromium 51-labeled EDTA (Cr-EDTA), ranged from 3 to 162 mL/min/1.73 m2. The MDRD formula was heavily biased, but it still had significantly better accuracy than the other formulae tested. After recalibrating our serum creatinine values (serum creatinine [mg/dL] = -0.215 + 1.08 * serum creatinine), systematic bias was greatly reduced and better accuracy was achieved: 45.6% of results differed less than 15% from Cr-EDTA, 64.2% differed less than 30%, and 81.4% differed less than 50%. The equation for recalibrating creatinine values was based on data with traceability to reference methods and on sensitivity analysis. The MDRD formula seems to be the best formula available for GFR estimating, but it is based on a serum creatinine method calibrated to give much lower values than most laboratories, leading to underestimation of GFR in mild renal insufficiency.},
  chemicals       = {Creatinine},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2004-10-26},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.03.027},
  issn-linking    = {0272-6386},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Calibration; Chronic Disease; Creatinine, blood; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Diseases, diagnosis; Kidney Function Tests, standards; Male; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic, standards; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity},
  nlm-id          = {8110075},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0272638604005104},
  pmid            = {15211442},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Piepoli2016,
  author          = {Piepoli, Massimo F. and Hoes, Arno W. and Agewall, Stefan and Albus, Christian and Brotons, Carlos and Catapano, Alberico L. and Cooney, Marie-Therese and Corrà, Ugo and Cosyns, Bernard and Deaton, Christi and Graham, Ian and Hall, Michael Stephen and Hobbs, F. D. Richard and Løchen, Maja-Lisa and Löllgen, Herbert and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Perk, Joep and Prescott, Eva and Redon, Josep and Richter, Dimitrios J. and Sattar, Naveed and Smulders, Yvo and Tiberi, Monica and van der Worp, H. Bart and van Dis, Ineke and Verschuren, W. M. Monique and Binno, Simone and Group, E.S.C. Scientific Document},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {2016 {E}uropean {G}uidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: {T}he {S}ixth {J}oint {T}ask {F}orce of the {E}uropean {S}ociety of {C}ardiology and {O}ther {S}ocieties on {C}ardiovascular {D}isease {P}revention in {C}linical {P}ractice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) {D}eveloped with the special contribution of the {E}uropean {A}ssociation for {C}ardiovascular {P}revention {\&} {R}ehabilitation {(EACPR)}.},
  year            = {2016},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {2315--2381},
  volume          = {37},
  chemicals       = {Antihypertensive Agents, Biomarkers},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2018-04-09},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106},
  investigator    = {De Backer, Guy and Roffi, Marco and Aboyans, Victor and Bachl, Norbert and Bueno, Héctor and Carerj, Scipione and Cho, Leslie and Cox, John and De Sutter, Johan and Egidi, Günther and Fisher, Miles and Fitzsimons, Donna and Franco, Oscar H and Guenoun, Maxime and Jennings, Catriona and Jug, Borut and Kirchhof, Paulus and Kotseva, Kornelia and Lip, Gregory Yh and Mach, François and Mancia, Giuseppe and Bermudo, Franz Martin and Mezzani, Alessandro and Niessner, Alexander and Ponikowski, Piotr and Rauch, Bernhard and Rydén, Lars and Stauder, Adrienne and Turc, Guillaume and Wiklund, Olov and Windecker, Stephan and Zamorano, Jose Luis and Zamorano, Jose Luis and Aboyans, Victor and Achenbach, Stephan and Agewall, Stefan and Badimon, Lina and Barón-Esquivias, Gonzalo and Baumgartner, Helmut and Bax, Jeroen J and Bueno, Héctor and Carerj, Scipione and Dean, Veronica and Erol, Çetin and Fitzsimons, Donna and Gaemperli, Oliver and Kirchhof, Paulus and Kolh, Philippe and Lancellotti, Patrizio and Lip, Gregory Yh and Nihoyannopoulos, Petros and Piepoli, Massimo F and Ponikowski, Piotr and Roffi, Marco and Torbicki, Adam and Vaz Carneiro, António and Windecker, Stephan and Metzler, Bernhard and Najafov, Ruslan and Stelmashok, Valeriy and De Maeyer, Catherine and Dilic, Mirza and Gruev, Ivan and Milicic, Davor and Vaverkova, Helena and Gustafsson, Ida and Attia, Ihab and Duishvili, Davit and Kostova, Nela and Ferrières, Jean and Klimiashvili, Zurab and Hambrecht, Rainer and Tsioufis, Konstantinos and Szabados, Eszter and Andersen, Karl and Vaughan, Carl and Zafrir, Barak and Novo, Salvatore and Davletov, Kairat and Jashari, Fisnik and Kerimkulova, Alina and Mintale, Iveta and Saade, Georges and Petrulioniene, Zaneta and Delagardelle, Charles and Magri, Caroline J and Rudi, Victor and Oukerraj, Latifa and Çölkesen, B Ersen and Schirmer, Henrik and Jankowski, Piotr and Dos Reis, Roberto Palma and Gherasim, Daniel and Nedogoda, Sergey and Zavatta, Marco and Giga, Vojislav and Filipova, Slavomira and Padial, Luis Rodríguez and Kiessling, Anna and Mach, François and Mahdhaoui, Abdallah and Ural, Dilek and Nesukay, Elena and Gale, Chris},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {29},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antihypertensive Agents, therapeutic use; Biomarkers, metabolism; Cardiac Rehabilitation, economics, methods; Cardiovascular Diseases, ethnology, prevention & control; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diabetic Angiopathies, prevention & control; Diagnostic Imaging, methods; Diet, Healthy; Exercise, physiology; General Practice, methods; Health Promotion, methods; Healthy Lifestyle; Humans; Hyperlipidemias, prevention & control; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Multiple Chronic Conditions; Pedigree; Practice Patterns, Physicians', standards; Risk Assessment; Sex Factors; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Blood pressure; Clinical settings; Diabetes; Guidelines; Healthy lifestyle; Lipid; Nutrition; Physical activity; Population; Prevention; Primary care; Psychosocial factors; Rehabilitation; Risk assessment; Risk management; Smoking; Stakeholder},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {ehw106},
  pmc             = {PMC4986030},
  pmid            = {27222591},
  priority        = {prio1},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  readstatus      = {read},
  revised         = {2021-01-09},
}

@Article{Cosentino2020,
  author          = {Cosentino, Francesco and Grant, Peter J. and Aboyans, Victor and Bailey, Clifford J. and Ceriello, Antonio and Delgado, Victoria and Federici, Massimo and Filippatos, Gerasimos and Grobbee, Diederick E. and Hansen, Tina Birgitte and Huikuri, Heikki V. and Johansson, Isabelle and Jüni, Peter and Lettino, Maddalena and Marx, Nikolaus and Mellbin, Linda G. and Östgren, Carl J. and Rocca, Bianca and Roffi, Marco and Sattar, Naveed and Seferović, Petar M. and Sousa-Uva, Miguel and Valensi, Paul and Wheeler, David C. and Group, E.S.C. Scientific Document},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {2019 {ESC G}uidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the {EASD}.},
  year            = {2020},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = jan,
  pages           = {255--323},
  volume          = {41},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2021-01-07},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486},
  investigator    = {Piepoli, Massimo Francesco and Birkeland, Kåre I and Adamopoulos, Stamatis and Ajjan, Ramzi and Avogaro, Angelo and Baigent, Colin and Brodmann, Marianne and Bueno, Héctor and Ceconi, Claudio and Chioncel, Ovidiu and Coats, Andrew and Collet, Jean-Philippe and Collins, Peter and Cosyns, Bernard and Di Mario, Carlo and Fisher, Miles and Fitzsimons, Donna and Halvorsen, Sigrun and Hansen, Dominique and Hoes, Arno and Holt, Richard I G and Home, Philip and Katus, Hugo A and Khunti, Kamlesh and Komajda, Michel and Lambrinou, Ekaterini and Landmesser, Ulf and Lewis, Basil S and Linde, Cecilia and Lorusso, Roberto and Mach, François and Mueller, Christian and Neumann, Franz-Josef and Persson, Frederik and Petersen, Steffen E and Petronio, Anna Sonia and Richter, Dimitrios J and Rosano, Giuseppe M C and Rossing, Peter and Rydén, Lars and Shlyakhto, Evgeny and Simpson, Iain A and Touyz, Rhian M and Wijns, William and Wilhelm, Matthias and Williams, Bryan and Aboyans, Victor and Bailey, Clifford J and Ceriello, Antonio and Delgado, Victoria and Federici, Massimo and Filippatos, Gerasimos and Grobbee, Diederick E and Hansen, Tina Birgitte and Huikuri, Heikki V and Johansson, Isabelle and Jüni, Peter and Lettino, Maddalena and Marx, Nikolaus and Mellbin, Linda G and Östgren, Carl J and Rocca, Bianca and Roffi, Marco and Sattar, Naveed and Seferović, Petar M and Sousa-Uva, Miguel and Valensi, Paul and Wheeler, David C and Windecker, Stephan and Aboyans, Victor and Baigent, Colin and Collet, Jean-Philippe and Dean, Veronica and Delgado, Victoria and Fitzsimons, Donna and Gale, Chris P and Grobbee, Diederick E and Halvorsen, Sigrun and Hindricks, Gerhard and Iung, Bernard and Jüni, Peter and Katus, Hugo A and Landmesser, Ulf and Leclercq, Christophe and Lettino, Maddalena and Lewis, Basil S and Merkely, Bela and Mueller, Christian and Petersen, Steffen E and Petronio, Anna Sonia and Richter, Dimitrios J and Roffi, Marco and Shlyakhto, Evgeny and Simpson, Iain A and Sousa-Uva, Miguel and Touyz, Rhian M and Zelveian, Parounak H and Scherr, Daniel and Jahangirov, Tofig and Lazareva, Irina and Shivalkar, Bharati and Naser, Nabil and Gruev, Ivan and Milicic, Davor and Petrou, Petros M and Linhart, Aleš and Hildebrandt, Per and Hasan-Ali, Hosam and Marandi, Toomas and Lehto, Seppo and Mansourati, Jacques and Kurashvili, Ramaz and Siasos, Gerasimos and Lengyel, Csaba and Thrainsdottir, Inga S and Aronson, Doron and Di Lenarda, Andrea and Raissova, Aigul and Ibrahimi, Pranvera and Abilova, Saamai and Trusinskis, Karlis and Saade, Georges and Benlamin, Hisham and Petrulioniene, Zaneta and Banu, Cristiana and Magri, Caroline Jane and David, Lilia and Boskovic, Aneta and Alami, Mohamed and Liem, An Ho and Bosevski, Marijan and Svingen, Gard Frodahl Tveitevaag and Janion, Marianna and Gavina, Cristina and Vinereanu, Dragos and Nedogoda, Sergey and Mancini, Tatiana and Ilic, Marina Deljanin and Fabryova, Lubomira and Fras, Zlatko and Jiménez-Navarro, Manuel F and Norhammar, Anna and Lehmann, Roger and Mourali, Mohamed Sami and Ural, Dilek and Nesukay, Elena and Chowdhury, Tahseen Ahmad},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Cardiology; Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnosis, etiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, complications, diagnosis; Europe; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prediabetic State, diagnosis; Societies, Medical; Guidelines; cardiovascular diseases; cardiovascular risk assessment; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; impaired glucose tolerance; patient management; patient-centred care; pharmacological treatment; prevention; revascularization; risk factors},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {5556890},
  pmid            = {31497854},
  priority        = {prio1},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  readstatus      = {read},
  revised         = {2021-04-01},
}

@Article{Bunting2019,
  author          = {Bunting, Karina V. and Steeds, Richard P. and Slater, Luke T. and Rogers, Jennifer K. and Gkoutos, Georgios V. and Kotecha, Dipak},
  journal         = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
  title           = {A Practical Guide to Assess the Reproducibility of Echocardiographic Measurements.},
  year            = {2019},
  issn            = {1097-6795},
  month           = dec,
  pages           = {1505--1515},
  volume          = {32},
  abstract        = {Echocardiography plays an essential role in the diagnosis and assessment of cardiovascular disease. Measurements derived from echocardiography are also used to determine the severity of disease, its progression over time, and to aid in the choice of optimal therapy. It is therefore clinically important that echocardiographic measurements be reproducible, repeatable, and reliable. There are a variety of statistical tests available to assess these parameters, and in this article the authors summarize those available for use by echocardiographers to improve their clinical practice. Correlation coefficients, linear regression, Bland-Altman plots, and the coefficient of variation are explored, along with their limitations. The authors also provide an online tool for the easy calculation of these statistics in the clinical environment (www.birmingham.ac.uk/echo). Quantifying and enhancing the reproducibility of echocardiography has important potential to improve the value of echocardiography as the basis for good clinical decision-making.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2020-10-14},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.015},
  issn-linking    = {0894-7317},
  issue           = {12},
  keywords        = {Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Echocardiography, methods; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; United Kingdom; Echocardiography; Reliability; Repeatability; Reproducibility},
  nlm-id          = {8801388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0894-7317(19)30946-0},
  pmid            = {31653530},
  priority        = {prio1},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  readstatus      = {skimmed},
  revised         = {2021-03-12},
}

@Article{Touboul2012,
  author          = {Touboul, P.-J. and Hennerici, M. G. and Meairs, S. and Adams, H. and Amarenco, P. and Bornstein, N. and Csiba, L. and Desvarieux, M. and Ebrahim, S. and Hernandez Hernandez, R. and Jaff, M. and Kownator, S. and Naqvi, T. and Prati, P. and Rundek, T. and Sitzer, M. and Schminke, U. and Tardif, J.-C. and Taylor, A. and Vicaut, E. and Woo, K. S.},
  journal         = {Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
  title           = {Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). {A}n update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th {E}uropean {S}troke {C}onferences, {M}annheim, {G}ermany, 2004, {B}russels, {B}elgium, 2006, and {H}amburg, {G}ermany, 2011.},
  year            = {2012},
  issn            = {1421-9786},
  pages           = {290--296},
  volume          = {34},
  abstract        = {Intima-media thickness (IMT) provides a surrogate end point of cardiovascular outcomes in clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of cardiovascular risk factor modification. Carotid artery plaque further adds to the cardiovascular risk assessment. It is defined as a focal structure that encroaches into the arterial lumen of at least 0.5 mm or 50% of the surrounding IMT value or demonstrates a thickness >1.5 mm as measured from the media-adventitia interface to the intima-lumen interface. The scientific basis for use of IMT in clinical trials and practice includes ultrasound physics, technical and disease-related principles as well as best practice on the performance, interpretation and documentation of study results. Comparison of IMT results obtained from epidemiological and interventional studies around the world relies on harmonization on approaches to carotid image acquisition and analysis. This updated consensus document delineates further criteria to distinguish early atherosclerotic plaque formation from thickening of IMT. Standardized methods will foster homogenous data collection and analysis, improve the power of randomized clinical trials incorporating IMT and plaque measurements and facilitate the merging of large databases for meta-analyses. IMT results are applied to individual patients as an integrated assessment of cardiovascular risk factors. However, this document recommends against serial monitoring in individual patients.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2013-04-24},
  country         = {Switzerland},
  doi             = {10.1159/000343145},
  issn-linking    = {1015-9770},
  issue           = {4},
  keywords        = {Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnostic imaging, etiology, pathology; Carotid Arteries, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, diagnosis, diagnostic imaging; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Stroke, pathology},
  mid             = {NIHMS429840},
  nlm-id          = {9100851},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {000343145},
  pmc             = {PMC3760791},
  pmid            = {23128470},
  priority        = {prio1},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  readstatus      = {read},
  revised         = {2019-01-08},
}

@Article{Salonen1991,
  author          = {Salonen, R. and Haapanen, A. and Salonen, J. T.},
  journal         = {Ultrasound in medicine {\&} biology},
  title           = {Measurement of intima-media thickness of common carotid arteries with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography: inter- and intra-observer variability.},
  year            = {1991},
  issn            = {0301-5629},
  pages           = {225--230},
  volume          = {17},
  abstract        = {High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography enables quantitative measurement of the thickness of the intima-media layer of superficial large arteries noninvasively. We investigated the inter- and intra-observer variability of this measurement in the common carotid arteries in 10 randomly selected men. The maximal right and left carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured with calipers during the scanning from frozen images by four observers in a blinded fashion. Three observers also repeated the scanning and the measurements twice with a week's intervals, with no knowledge of the previous readings. The inter-observer coefficient of variation (CV) was 10.5%. The intra-observer CV (mean of right and left CCA) was 5.4-5.8% for the three observers who carried out the measurements three times. The mean absolute difference between the first and third measurement was 0.087 mm. The intra-observer variation accounted for only 4% of the total measurement variability, 96% being attributable to inter-observer variation. These data show that most of the measurement variability in ultrasonographic B-mode IMT measurements is due to differences between observers, whereas the within-observer variability over time appears proportionately very small.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1991-10-10},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1016/0301-5629(91)90043-v},
  issn-linking    = {0301-5629},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Analysis of Variance; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Carotid Arteries, pathology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0410553},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {1887507},
  priority        = {prio1},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  readstatus      = {skimmed},
  revised         = {2019-08-28},
}

@Article{Salonen1991a,
  author          = {Salonen, J. T. and Salonen, R.},
  journal         = {Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology},
  title           = {Ultrasonographically assessed carotid morphology and the risk of coronary heart disease.},
  year            = {1991},
  issn            = {1049-8834},
  pages           = {1245--1249},
  volume          = {11},
  abstract        = {As ultrasonographically assessed carotid arteriosclerosis is being used as a surrogate measure for coronary arteriosclerosis, we performed a prospective longitudinal study of the association of our high-resolution ultrasound assessment of extracranial carotid morphology with the risk of acute coronary events in 1,288 eastern Finnish men. The presence of any structural changes in the common carotid arteries or carotid bulbs was associated with a 3.29-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.31-8.29; p = 0.0074), intimal-medial thickening with a 2.17-fold (95% confidence interval, 0.70-6.74; p = NS), small carotid plaques with a 4.15-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.51-11.47; p less than 0.01), and large ("stenotic") plaques with a 6.71-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.33-33.91; p less than 0.01) risk of acute myocardial infarction compared with men free of any structural changes in the carotid artery wall at baseline. These data confirm the close relation between carotid artery wall morphology and coronary heart disease.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1991-10-25},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1245},
  issn-linking    = {1049-8834},
  issue           = {5},
  keywords        = {Adult; Arteriosclerosis, complications, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging; Confidence Intervals; Coronary Disease, etiology; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {9101388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {1911709},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-21},
}

@Article{Stein2008,
  author          = {Stein, James H. and Korcarz, Claudia E. and Hurst, R. Todd and Lonn, Eva and Kendall, Christopher B. and Mohler, Emile R. and Najjar, Samer S. and Rembold, Christopher M. and Post, Wendy S. and of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force, American Society},
  journal         = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
  title           = {Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine.},
  year            = {2008},
  issn            = {1097-6795},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {93--111; quiz 189-90},
  volume          = {21},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2008-03-27},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011},
  issn-linking    = {0894-7317},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Advisory Committees; Age Factors; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnostic imaging, physiopathology; Carotid Stenosis, physiopathology; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Societies, Medical; Tunica Intima, pathology; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed, methods},
  nlm-id          = {8801388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0894-7317(07)00818-8},
  pmid            = {18261694},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  references      = {96},
  revised         = {2022-04-10},
}

@Article{Denarie2000,
  author          = {Denarié, N. and Gariepy, J. and Chironi, G. and Massonneau, M. and Laskri, F. and Salomon, J. and Levenson, J. and Simon, A.},
  journal         = {Atherosclerosis},
  title           = {Distribution of ultrasonographically-assessed dimensions of common carotid arteries in healthy adults of both sexes.},
  year            = {2000},
  issn            = {0021-9150},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {297--302},
  volume          = {148},
  abstract        = {Our objective was to provide a description of 'normal' carotid artery dimensions which are increasingly used for detecting early atherosclerosis and predicting clinical complications. Far wall intima-media thickness (IMT), lumen diameter and cross-sectional area intima-media thickness (CSA-IMT) were measured on 1 cm-distal common carotid artery segments on both sides by B-mode ultrasound, using an automated computerized edge-detection program, in 133 men and 216 women aged 17-65 years and free from cardiovascular disease and traditional risk factors. IMT and CSA-IMT increased with age in both sexes and on both sides, while diameter did not, except on the right side in men. Women had lower diameter than men except on the left side at 30 years or below, while IMT did not differ between sexes except on the left side from 31 to 50 years where IMT was higher in men; as a result of their lower diameter, women had lower CSA-IMT than men except on the right side above 50 years. IMT was lower on the right side than on the left side in both sexes, except in 30-year old or younger men and 31- to 40-year old women, while diameter was higher on the right side than on the left side in men and women aged 31-40 years and in women aged 41-50 years; also CSA-IMT was lower on the right side than on the left side in both sexes above 40 years. These data provide reference values of carotid artery dimensions and show that age, sex and side of measurement should be taken into account in the interpretation of 'normal' values of IMT and diameter in clinical practice and trials.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2000-03-29},
  country         = {Ireland},
  doi             = {10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00276-2},
  issn-linking    = {0021-9150},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging, physiology; Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Sex Characteristics; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0242543},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0021-9150(99)00276-2},
  pmid            = {10657565},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  ranking         = {rank1},
  revised         = {2019-07-18},
}

@Article{Mackinnon2004,
  author          = {Mackinnon, Andrew D. and Jerrard-Dunne, Paula and Sitzer, Matthias and Buehler, Alexandra and von Kegler, Stefan and Markus, Hugh S.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Rates and determinants of site-specific progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness: the carotid atherosclerosis progression study.},
  year            = {2004},
  issn            = {1524-4628},
  month           = sep,
  pages           = {2150--2154},
  volume          = {35},
  abstract        = {Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) progression rates are increasingly used as an intermediate outcome for vascular risk. The carotid bifurcation (BIF) and internal carotid artery (ICA) are predilection sites for atherosclerosis. IMT measures from these sites may be a better estimate of atherosclerosis than common carotid artery (CCA) IMT. The study aim was to evaluate site-specific IMT progression rates and their relationships to vascular risk factors compared with baseline IMT measurements. In a community population (n=3383), ICA-IMT, BIF-IMT, CCA-IMT, and vascular risk factors were evaluated at baseline and at 3-year follow-up. Mean (SD) IMT progression was significantly greater at the ICA (0.032 [0.109] mm/year) compared with the BIF (0.023 [0.108] mm/year) and the CCA (0.001 [0.040] mm/year) (P<0.001). Only ICA-IMT progression significantly correlated with baseline vascular risk factors (age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking). Change in risk factor profile over follow-up, estimated using the Framingham risk score, was a predictor of IMT progression only. For all arterial sites, correlations were stronger, by a factor of 2 to 3, for associations with baseline IMT compared with IMT progression. Progression rates at the ICA rather than the CCA yield greater absolute changes in IMT and better correlations with vascular risk factors. Vascular risk factors correlate more strongly with baseline IMT than with IMT progression. Prospective data on IMT progression and incident vascular events are required to establish the true value of progression data as a surrogate measure of vascular risk.},
  chemicals       = {Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2005-04-05},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.STR.0000136720.21095.f3},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {9},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Carotid Artery, Common, Internal, pathology; Carotid Stenosis, pathology; Cholesterol, HDL, blood; Cholesterol, LDL, blood; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus, epidemiology; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypertension, epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity, epidemiology; Risk Factors; Smoking, epidemiology; Tunica Intima, pathology; Tunica Media, pathology; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {01.STR.0000136720.21095.f3},
  pmid            = {15243147},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-08},
}

@Article{LopezMelgar2020,
  author          = {López-Melgar, Beatriz and Fernández-Friera, Leticia and Oliva, Belén and García-Ruiz, José Manuel and Sánchez-Cabo, Fátima and Bueno, Héctor and Mendiguren, José María and Lara-Pezzi, Enrique and Andrés, Vicente and Ibáñez, Borja and Fernández-Ortiz, Antonio and Sanz, Javier and Fuster, Valentín},
  journal         = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
  title           = {Short-Term Progression of Multiterritorial Subclinical Atherosclerosis.},
  year            = {2020},
  issn            = {1558-3597},
  month           = apr,
  pages           = {1617--1627},
  volume          = {75},
  abstract        = {Atherosclerosis progression predicts cardiovascular events; however, progression of multiterritorial subclinical atherosclerosis is incompletely understood. This study sought to study short-term progression of atherosclerosis using different noninvasive imaging techniques and their relationship with cardiovascular risk. The study included 3,514 PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study participants (45.7 ± 4.2 years of age; 63% men). Participants underwent 2-dimensional vascular ultrasound (2DVUS) of abdominal aorta, carotid, iliac, and femoral territories to determine a plaque number score; 3DVUS to quantify carotid and femoral plaque volume; and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) at baseline and 2.8 years later. The authors calculated the rate of new disease incidence and changes in disease extent. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of progression rates with baseline cardiovascular risk factors and estimated 10-year risk. Imaging detected short-term (3-year) atherosclerosis progression in 41.5% of participants (26.4% by 2DVUS, 21.3% by 3DVUS, and 11.5% by CACS), particularly in peripheral territories examined by vascular ultrasound. New atherosclerosis onset accounted for approximately one-third of total progression, also more frequently by 2DVUS and 3DVUS (29.1% and 16.6%, respectively), than by CACS (2.9%). Participants with baseline disease by all 3 modalities (n = 432) also showed significant atherosclerosis progression (median: 1 plaque [interquartile range (IQR): -1 to 3 plaques] by 2DVUS; 7.6 mm  [IQR: -32.2 to 57.6 mm ] by 3DVUS; and 21.6 Agatston units [IQR: 4.8 to 62.6 Agatston units] by CACS). Age, sex, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease contributed to progression, with dyslipidemia the strongest modifiable risk factor. Although disease progression correlated with cardiovascular risk, progression was detected in 36.5% of participants categorized as low risk. With this multimodal and multiterritorial approach, the authors detected short-term progression of early subclinical atherosclerosis in a substantial proportion (41.5%) of apparently healthy middle-aged men and women, more frequently by peripheral 2D/3DVUS than by CACS. Disease progression, as defined in this study, correlated with almost all cardiovascular risk factors and estimated risk. (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis [PESA]; NCT01410318).},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2020-12-23},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.026},
  issn-linking    = {0735-1097},
  issue           = {14},
  keywords        = {Arteries, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis, physiopathology; Cardiovascular Diseases, physiopathology; Coronary Artery Disease, epidemiology; Disease Progression; Dyslipidemias, epidemiology; Early Diagnosis; Female; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Arterial Disease, physiopathology; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Research Design; Time Factors; Ultrasonography, Doppler, methods; cardiovascular risk; cardiovascular risk factors; coronary and noncoronary atherosclerosis progression; multiterritory noninvasive imaging; short-term atherosclerosis progression},
  nlm-id          = {8301365},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0735-1097(20)30624-0},
  pmid            = {32273027},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2020-12-23},
}

@Article{Bots1997,
  author          = {Bots, M. L. and Hofman, A. and Grobbee, D. E.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Increased common carotid intima-media thickness. Adaptive response or a reflection of atherosclerosis? Findings from the Rotterdam Study.},
  year            = {1997},
  issn            = {0039-2499},
  pages           = {2442--2447},
  volume          = {28},
  abstract        = {Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements are used widely to study atherosclerosis. Some have suggested that an increased IMT reflects a nonatherosclerotic adaptive response to changes in shear stress and tensile stress. This stems from the hypothesis that changes in shear stress and subsequently in lumen diameter are followed by changes in IMT to keep tensile stress constant. We studied the relation of common carotid IMT to common carotid end-diastolic lumen diameter and tensile stress, as approximated by mean arterial pressure (lumen diameter/IMT)]. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with data obtained from the first 1715 participants in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study among 7983 subjects aged 55 years and over who underwent ultrasonographic examination of the carotid arteries. End-diastolic lumen diameter and IMT of the common carotid arteries were evaluated and quantified. With increasing IMT, inner and outer lumen diameters increased gradually, and beyond an IMT of 1.10 mm, the inner lumen diameter decreased. Tensile stress increased with increasing lumen diameter instead of being constant. The lumen-to-IMT ratio was constant across levels of mean arterial pressure. Our findings are compatible with the view that at lower degrees of IMT, the thickening appears to reflect an equilibrium state in which the effects of pressure and flow on the arteries are in balance, given a characteristic relation between shear stress and local transmural pressure. Beyond a certain level, IMT more likely may represent atherosclerosis. Regardless of whether common carotid IMT reflects local atherosclerosis, it may still serve as a graded marker for cardiovascular risk.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1998-01-23},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.str.28.12.2442},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {12},
  keywords        = {Adaptation, Physiological, physiology; Aged; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging; Blood Pressure, physiology; Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging, physiology; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stress, Mechanical; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography; Vasoconstriction, physiology},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {9412629},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-07-27},
}

@Article{Herder2012,
  author          = {Herder, Marit and Johnsen, Stein Harald and Arntzen, Kjell Arne and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Risk factors for progression of carotid intima-media thickness and total plaque area: a 13-year follow-up study: the Tromsø Study.},
  year            = {2012},
  issn            = {1524-4628},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {1818--1823},
  volume          = {43},
  abstract        = {Data on risk factors for progression of intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque are scarce. The objective was to determine long-term risk factors for total plaque area (TPA) and IMT as well as risk factors for progression (ΔTPA and ΔIMT). Subjects were 1307 men and 1436 women who participated in a longitudinal population-based study with ultrasound examination of the right carotid artery at baseline and after 13 years of follow-up. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index, and information about smoking habits, prevalent diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were obtained at baseline. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed as TPA and mean IMT of plaque-free segments of the common carotid artery. Associations between z-scores of risk factors and carotid atherosclerosis were assessed in multiple linear regression models. In multivariable models, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking were stronger predictors of follow-up TPA than of IMT, whereas sex and age were stronger predictors of IMT. Total cholesterol (standardized β=0.081), systolic blood pressure (standardized β=0.062), and smoking (standardized β=0.107) were significant predictors of ΔTPA, whereas only total cholesterol (standardized β=0.084) was an independent predictor of ΔIMT. The variance explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors was somewhat greater for TPA than for IMT. The cardiovascular risk factors total cholesterol, smoking, and systolic blood pressure were stronger long-term predictors of TPA and TPA progression than for IMT and IMT progression.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2012-09-04},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.646596},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {7},
  keywords        = {Aged; Carotid Artery Diseases, epidemiology, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, trends; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Norway, epidemiology; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, pathology; Population Surveillance, methods; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {STROKEAHA.111.646596},
  pmid            = {22550052},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-22},
}

@Article{AzcuiAparicio2021,
  author          = {Azcui Aparicio, Roberto Enrique and Ball, Jocasta and Yiallourou, Stephanie and Venkataraman, Prasanna and Marwick, Thomas and Carrington, Melinda J.},
  journal         = {Preventive medicine},
  title           = {Imaging-guided evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis to enhance cardiovascular risk prediction in asymptomatic low-to-intermediate risk individuals: A systematic review.},
  year            = {2021},
  issn            = {1096-0260},
  month           = dec,
  pages           = {106819},
  volume          = {153},
  abstract        = {Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), plaque quantification and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring have been suggested to improve risk prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly for asymptomatic individuals classified as low-to-intermediate risk. We aimed to compare the predictive value of cIMT, carotid plaque identification, and CAC scoring for identifying sub-clinical atherosclerosis and assessing future risk of CVD in asymptomatic, low-to-intermediate risk individuals. We conducted a comprehensive search of Ovid (Embase and Medline), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Medline complete (EBSCO health). A total of 30 papers were selected and data were extracted. Comparisons were made according to the cIMT measurement (mean, maximum), carotid plaque evaluation (presence or area), and CAC scoring. CVD event rates, hazard ratios (HR), net reclassification index (NRI), and c-statistic of the markers were compared. There were 27 studies that reported cIMT, 24 reported carotid plaque, and 6 reported CAC scoring. Inclusion of CAC scores yielded the highest HR ranging from 1.45 (95% CI, 1.11-1.88, p = 0.006) to 3.95 (95% CI, 2.97-5.27, p < 0.001), followed by maximum cIMT (HR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.11, p < 0.001 to 2.58; 95% CI, 1.83-3.62, p < 0.001) and carotid plaque presence (HR 1.21; 95% CI, 0.5-1.2, p = 0.39 to 2.43; 95% CI, 1.7-3.47, p < 0.001). The c-statistic enhanced predictive value by a minimum increase of 0.7. Finally, the NRI ranked higher with CAC (≥11.2%), followed by carotid plaque (≥2%) and cIMT (3%). CAC scoring was superior compared to carotid plaque and cIMT measurements in asymptomatic individuals classified as being at low-to-intermediate risk.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2022-03-21},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106819},
  issn-linking    = {0091-7435},
  keywords        = {Atherosclerosis, diagnostic imaging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; CAC scoring; Cardiovascular disease; Carotid plaque; Prevention; Risk prediction; cIMT},
  nlm-id          = {0322116},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0091-7435(21)00388-1},
  pmid            = {34599926},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-21},
}

@Article{Lynch1997,
  author          = {Lynch, J. and Kaplan, G. A. and Salonen, R. and Salonen, J. T.},
  journal         = {Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology},
  title           = {Socioeconomic status and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Prospective evidence from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.},
  year            = {1997},
  issn            = {1079-5642},
  pages           = {513--519},
  volume          = {17},
  abstract        = {Socioeconomic status (SES) is importantly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but no information exists on the relationship between SES and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. We investigated the association between education and income and the 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis in a population-based sample of Finnish men. Data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were used to estimate changes in maximum and mean intima-media thickness (IMT) and maximum plaque height across levels of SES in 1022 men. Associations between SES and atherosclerotic progression were examined in relation to risk factors and stratified by baseline levels of atherosclerosis and prevalent ischemic heart disease (IHD). There were significant, inverse, graded relationships between levels of education and income for all three progression measures, which were largely unaffected by risk factor adjustment. For education, the age- and baseline IMT-adjusted maximum progression for those with primary schooling or less was 0.28 mm and for those who graduated from high school, 0.24 mm (P = .05). Compared with the lowest SES group, men with the highest SES had 14% to 29% less atherosclerotic progression, depending on the measure used. Associations of the same magnitude were evident in subgroups without advanced baseline IMT and in men who were free of IHD. These results show that men with poor education and low income have significantly greater progression of carotid atherosclerosis than men with more advantages. The findings strengthen the contention that SES plays a significant role early in the atherosclerotic disease process and that reducing the burden of atherosclerotic vascular disease associated with lower SES will require approaches that focus on all stages of the life course.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1997-04-15},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.atv.17.3.513},
  issn-linking    = {1079-5642},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Adult; Arteriosclerosis, epidemiology, psychology; Carotid Artery Diseases, psychology; Educational Status; Finland, epidemiology; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors},
  nlm-id          = {9505803},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {9102170},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-08-31},
}

@Article{Wagenknecht2003,
  author          = {Wagenknecht, Lynne E. and Zaccaro, Daniel and Espeland, Mark A. and Karter, Andrew J. and O'Leary, Daniel H. and Haffner, Steven M.},
  journal         = {Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology},
  title           = {Diabetes and progression of carotid atherosclerosis: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study.},
  year            = {2003},
  issn            = {1524-4636},
  month           = jun,
  pages           = {1035--1041},
  volume          = {23},
  abstract        = {We sought to determine the rate of progression of carotid atherosclerosis in persons with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and undiagnosed and diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) is an observational cohort study in which 1192 men and women were examined at a 5-year interval. Participants of 3 ethnic groups (non-Hispanic white, African American, and Hispanic) were selected from the general population to represent a range of glucose tolerance. Baseline and follow-up ultrasound studies were obtained to estimate progression of common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) intimal-medial thickness (IMT). Baseline glucose tolerance status was defined by an oral glucose tolerance test and World Health Organization criteria. In persons with normal glucose tolerance, progression of CCA IMT was 3.8 microm/y, and ICA IMT, 17.7 microm/y. In both CCA and ICA, progression of IMT, unadjusted for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, was approximately twice the rate in persons with diabetes than in those with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. Adjustment for CVD risk factors attenuated these differences somewhat in both sites of the carotid artery. Persons with undiagnosed diabetes had a greater ICA IMT progression rate than did persons with diagnosed diabetes (33.9 microm/y vs 26.6 microm/y, P=NS). Progression rates did not differ between persons with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Progression of carotid atherosclerosis is accelerated in persons with diabetes. Progression of ICA IMT is most pronounced in persons with undiagnosed diabetes. Early identification of diabetes and CVD risk factor control might reduce its atherosclerotic complications.},
  chemicals       = {Blood Glucose},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2004-02-26},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.ATV.0000072273.67342.6D},
  issn-linking    = {1079-5642},
  issue           = {6},
  keywords        = {Anthropometry; Blacks; Blood Glucose, analysis; California, epidemiology; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, etiology; Cohort Studies; Colorado, epidemiology; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, complications, diagnosis, epidemiology; Disease Progression; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Hypertension, epidemiology; Insulin Resistance; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking, epidemiology; Texas, epidemiology; Ultrasonography; Whites},
  nlm-id          = {9505803},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {01.ATV.0000072273.67342.6D},
  pmid            = {12702517},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2021-12-03},
}

@Article{Sturlaugsdottir2018,
  author          = {Sturlaugsdottir, Ran and Aspelund, Thor and Bjornsdottir, Gudlaug and Sigurdsson, Sigurdur and Thorsson, Bolli and Eiriksdottir, Gudny and Gudnason, Vilmundur},
  journal         = {Atherosclerosis},
  title           = {Predictors of carotid plaque progression over a 4-year follow-up in the Reykjavik REFINE-study.},
  year            = {2018},
  issn            = {1879-1484},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {57--62},
  volume          = {269},
  abstract        = {Carotid plaque is an arterial marker suggested as a surrogate end point for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine the association of risk factors at visit 1 with plaque formation and progression of total plaque area (TPA) during follow-up. We examined 1894 participants (50-69 years of age) in the population-based REFINE (Risk Evaluation For INfarct Estimates)-Reykjavik study. Among those with no plaque at baseline, plaque formation was associated with low density lipoprotein, sex, waist, former smoker and physical activity. Furthermore, both the Icelandic Heart Association (IHA) coronary heart disease (CHD) risk score and the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score were highly associated with plaque formation in these individuals (p < 0.001) and a better cardiovascular health score was protective. In those with plaque present at baseline, metabolic syndrome was associated with increased risk, while older age and statin use were associated with reduced risk of new plaque formation. Statin use was the only factor associated with the relative TPA progression, where participants not on treatment had 5.7% (p=0.029) greater rate of progression compared with statin users. A number of conventional risk factors at visit 1 were individually associated with plaque formation, also when combined into CHD and ASCVD risk scores, but not with the relative progression in TPA. Medical intervention with statins can reduce the relative progression rate of TPA in the general population with low grade of atherosclerosis, supporting statin use to slow progression of atherosclerosis.},
  chemicals       = {Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2019-05-28},
  country         = {Ireland},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.005},
  issn-linking    = {0021-9150},
  keywords        = {Aged; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging, drug therapy, epidemiology; Carotid Artery, Common, drug effects; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, therapeutic use; Iceland, epidemiology; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Carotid ultrasound; Plaque progression; Risk factors},
  nlm-id          = {0242543},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0021-9150(17)31424-7},
  pmid            = {29274849},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-05-28},
}

@Article{Chambless2000,
  author          = {Chambless, L. E. and Folsom, A. R. and Clegg, L. X. and Sharrett, A. R. and Shahar, E. and Nieto, F. J. and Rosamond, W. D. and Evans, G.},
  journal         = {American journal of epidemiology},
  title           = {Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.},
  year            = {2000},
  issn            = {0002-9262},
  pages           = {478--487},
  volume          = {151},
  abstract        = {Few studies have determined whether carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated prospectively with risk of first ischemic stroke. In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, carotid IMT, an index of generalized atherosclerosis, was defined as the mean of IMT measured by B-mode ultrasonography at six sites of the carotid arteries. The authors assessed the relation of mean IMT to stroke incidence over 6-9 years' follow-up (1987-1995) among 7,865 women and 6,349 men aged 45-64 years without prior stroke at baseline in four US communities. There were 90 incident ischemic stroke events for women and 109 for men. In sex-specific Cox proportional hazards models adjusting only for age, race, and community, the hazard rate ratios comparing extreme mean IMT values (> or =1 mm) to values less than 0.6 mm were 8.5 for women (95% confidence interval: 3.5, 20.7) and 3.6 for men (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 9.2). The relation was graded, and models with cubic splines indicated significant nonlinearity, with hazards increasing more rapidly at lower IMTs than at higher IMTs. Thus, models using linear IMT values substantially underestimate the strength of the association at lower IMTs. The strength of the association was reduced by the inclusion of putative stroke risk factors, but it remained elevated at higher IMTs. Hence, mean carotid IMT is a noninvasive predictor of future ischemic stroke incidence.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2000-03-17},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010233},
  issn-linking    = {0002-9262},
  issue           = {5},
  keywords        = {Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Carotid Artery Diseases, complications, diagnostic imaging; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stroke, epidemiology, etiology; Tunica Intima, pathology; Ultrasonography; United States},
  nlm-id          = {7910653},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {10707916},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Chen2016,
  author          = {Chen, Pei-Chun and Jeng, Jiann-Shing and Hsu, Hsiu-Ching and Su, Ta-Chen and Chien, Kuo-Liong and Lee, Yuan-Teh},
  journal         = {Scientific reports},
  title           = {Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in a Community in Taiwan.},
  year            = {2016},
  issn            = {2045-2322},
  month           = may,
  pages           = {25733},
  volume          = {6},
  abstract        = {The authors investigated the association between progression of carotid atherosclerosis and incidence of cardiovascular disease in a community cohort in Taiwan. Data has rarely been reported in Asian populations. Study subjects were 1,398 participants who underwent ultrasound measures of common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and extracranial carotid artery plaque score at both 1994-1995 and 1999-2000 surveys. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the risk of incident cardiovascular disease. During a median follow-up of 13 years (1999-2013), 71 strokes and 68 coronary events occurred. The 5-year individual IMT change was not associated with development of cardiovascular events in unadjusted and adjusted models. Among subjects without plaque in 1994-1995, we observed elevated risk associated with presence of new plaque (plaque score >0 in 1999-2000) in a dose-response manner in unadjusted and age- and sex- adjusted models. The associations attenuated and became statistically non-significant after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] for plaque score >2 vs. 0: stroke, 1.61 [0.79-3.27], coronary events, 1.13 [0.48-2.69]). This study suggested that carotid plaque formation measured by ultrasound is associated increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk factors explain the associations to a large extent.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2018-03-27},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1038/srep25733},
  issn-linking    = {2045-2322},
  keywords        = {Cardiovascular Diseases, pathology; Carotid Artery Diseases, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Disease Progression; Endpoint Determination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, pathology; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Taiwan},
  nlm-id          = {101563288},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {srep25733},
  pmc             = {PMC4864369},
  pmid            = {27169625},
  pubmodel        = {Electronic},
  pubstate        = {epublish},
  revised         = {2019-04-23},
}

@Article{Johri2020,
  author          = {Johri, Amer M. and Nambi, Vijay and Naqvi, Tasneem Z. and Feinstein, Steven B. and Kim, Esther S. H. and Park, Margaret M. and Becher, Harald and Sillesen, Henrik},
  journal         = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
  title           = {Recommendations for the Assessment of Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk: From the American Society of Echocardiography.},
  year            = {2020},
  issn            = {1097-6795},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {917--933},
  volume          = {33},
  abstract        = {Atherosclerotic plaque detection by carotid ultrasound provides cardiovascular disease risk stratification. The advantages and disadvantages of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound methods for carotid arterial plaque quantification are reviewed. Advanced and emerging methods of carotid arterial plaque activity and composition analysis by ultrasound are considered. Recommendations for the standardization of focused 2D and 3D carotid arterial plaque ultrasound image acquisition and measurement for the purpose of cardiovascular disease stratification are formulated. Potential clinical application towards cardiovascular risk stratification of recommended focused carotid arterial plaque quantification approaches are summarized.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2021-09-24},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.echo.2020.04.021},
  issn-linking    = {0894-7317},
  issue           = {8},
  keywords        = {Atherosclerosis, diagnostic imaging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Echocardiography; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, diagnostic imaging; Risk Factors; United States, epidemiology; Atherosclerosis; Carotid plaque; Risk stratification},
  nlm-id          = {8801388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0894-7317(20)30252-2},
  pmid            = {32600741},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-08-23},
}

@Article{Novo2019,
  author          = {Novo, Salvatore and Carità, Patrizia and Lo Voi, Annamaria and Muratori, Ida and Tantillo, Rosalba and Corrado, Egle and Kalodiki, Evi and Novo, Giuseppina},
  journal         = {Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)},
  title           = {Impact of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis on global cardiovascular risk stratification and events in a 10-year follow-up: comparison between the algorithms of the Framingham Heart Study, the European SCORE and the Italian 'Progetto Cuore'.},
  year            = {2019},
  issn            = {1558-2035},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {91--96},
  volume          = {20},
  abstract        = {The aim of the study was to compare three widely used algorithms for stratification of the global cardiovascular risk (GCVR): the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) score, the European systemic coronary risk estimation (SCORE) and the Italian 'Progetto Cuore' (heart project) score. It was also investigated how preclinical carotid atherosclerosis (pre-ATS) might influence the incidence and improve the risk prediction of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Subjects (n = 358) without previous history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recruited and the GCVR was calculated for each patient. An ultrasound evaluation of the carotid arteries was also performed. According to SCORE, the recruited population had globally a low risk of cardiovascular mortality and the risk equation estimated a GCVR of 2% in spite of the in spite of the observed rate of 0.8% (95% CI -0.001 to 0.02) of fatal events. The FHS and the 'Progetto Cuore' risk equations, regarding a 10-year risk of fatal and nonfatal events, predicted a low GCVR of 31 and 30%, an intermediate risk of 64 and 66%, and a high risk of 5 and 4% of the population respectively. They also estimated a general GCVR of 6.9 and 6.4% respectively versus an observed event rate 27.7 (95% CI 23.0 to 32.0). The discriminative power, calculated with the area under the receiving operator curve (AUROC), was 0.53 for SCORE, 0.54 for FHS and 0.55 for Progetto Cuore. Based on the ultrasound evaluation of carotid arteries, a first clinical event at 10-year follow-up was reported in 3% of subjects with normal ultrasound examination, 32% with intima-media thickening (IMT) and 62% with asymptomatic carotid plaque (ACP). The present study has evaluated for the first time the prediction of GCVR in an asymptomatic population, comparing three different risk scores. Carotid pre-ATS was related to the major cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) and was independently associated with a major incidence of cerebro- and cardiovascular events, therefore enhancing the predictive value of the three different risk scores.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2019-04-09},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.2459/JCM.0000000000000740},
  issn-linking    = {1558-2027},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Algorithms; Asymptomatic Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, mortality, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cerebrovascular Disorders, diagnosis, mortality; Decision Support Techniques; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Italy, epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors},
  nlm-id          = {101259752},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {30557211},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-04-09},
}

@Article{KablakZiembicka2021,
  author       = {Kabłak-Ziembicka, Anna and Przewłocki, Tadeusz},
  journal      = {Journal of clinical medicine},
  title        = {Clinical Significance of Carotid Intima-Media Complex and Carotid Plaque Assessment by Ultrasound for the Prediction of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Primary and Secondary Care Patients.},
  year         = {2021},
  issn         = {2077-0383},
  month        = oct,
  number       = {20},
  pages        = {4628},
  volume       = {10},
  abstract     = {Recently published recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography on 'Carotid Arterial Plaque Assessment by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk' provoked discussion once more on the potential clinical applications of carotid intima-media complex thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque assessment in the context of cardiovascular risk in both primary and secondary care patients. This review paper addresses key issues and milestones regarding indications, assessment, technical aspects, recommendations, and interpretations of CIMT and carotid plaque findings. We discuss lacks of evidence, limitations, and possible future directions.},
  country      = {Switzerland},
  doi          = {10.3390/jcm10204628},
  issn-linking = {2077-0383},
  issue        = {20},
  keywords     = {cardiovascular risk; carotid intima-media complex; carotid plaque; major adverse cardiac and cerebral events; prevention; scores},
  nlm-id       = {101606588},
  owner        = {NLM},
  pii          = {4628},
  pmc          = {PMC8538659},
  pmid         = {34682751},
  pubmodel     = {Electronic},
  pubstate     = {epublish},
  revised      = {2021-10-26},
}

@Article{Engelen2013,
  author          = {Engelen, Lian and Ferreira, Isabel and Stehouwer, Coen D. and Boutouyrie, Pierre and Laurent, Stéphane and for Arterial Measurements Collaboration, Reference Values},
  journal         = {European heart journal},
  title           = {Reference intervals for common carotid intima-media thickness measured with echotracking: relation with risk factors.},
  year            = {2013},
  issn            = {1522-9645},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {2368--2380},
  volume          = {34},
  abstract        = {Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCIMT) is widely used as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, given its predictive association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The interpretation of CCIMT values has been hampered by the absence of reference values, however. We therefore aimed to establish reference intervals of CCIMT, obtained using the probably most accurate method at present (i.e. echotracking), to help interpretation of these measures. We combined CCIMT data obtained by echotracking on 24 871 individuals (53% men; age range 15-101 years) from 24 research centres worldwide. Individuals without CVD, cardiovascular risk factors (CV-RFs), and BP-, lipid-, and/or glucose-lowering medication constituted a healthy sub-population (n = 4234) used to establish sex-specific equations for percentiles of CCIMT across age. With these equations, we generated CCIMT Z-scores in different reference sub-populations, thereby allowing for a standardized comparison between observed and predicted ('normal') values from individuals of the same age and sex. In the sub-population without CVD and treatment (n = 14 609), and in men and women, respectively, CCIMT Z-scores were independently associated with systolic blood pressure [standardized βs 0.19 (95% CI: 0.16-0.22) and 0.18 (0.15-0.21)], smoking [0.25 (0.19-0.31) and 0.11 (0.04-0.18)], diabetes [0.19 (0.05-0.33) and 0.19 (0.02-0.36)], total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio [0.07 (0.04-0.10) and 0.05 (0.02-0.09)], and body mass index [0.14 (0.12-0.17) and 0.07 (0.04-0.10)]. We estimated age- and sex-specific percentiles of CCIMT in a healthy population and assessed the association of CV-RFs with CCIMT Z-scores, which enables comparison of IMT values for (patient) groups with different cardiovascular risk profiles, helping interpretation of such measures obtained both in research and clinical settings.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2014-03-10},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1093/eurheartj/ehs380},
  investigator    = {Boutouyrie, Pierre and Laurent, Stéphane and Jouven, Xavier and Empana, Jean-Philippe and Bozec, Erwan and Simon, Tabassome and Pannier, Bruno and Mattace-Raso, Francesco U S and Hofman, Albert and Franco, Oscar H and Kavousi, Maryam and van Rooij, Frank J and Witteman, Jacqueline and Rietzschel, Ernst and Vermeersch, Sebastian and Segers, Patrick and Van Bortel, Luc and De Bacquer, Dirk and Van Daele, Caroline and De Buyzere, Marc and Bots, Michiel L and van der Schouw, Yvonne T and Grobbee, Diederick E and Uiterwaal, Cuno S and Evelein, Annemieke and van der Graaf, Yolanda and Visseren, Frank L J and Stehouwer, Coen and Ferreira, Isabel and Dekker, Jacqueline and Nijpels, Giel and Twisk, Jos and Smulders, Yvo and Schalkwijk, Casper and van Greevenbroek, Marleen and van der Kallen, Carla and van de Laar, Roel and Feskens, Edith and Staessen, Jan and Thijs, Lutgarde and Kouznetsova, Tatyana and Jin, Yu and Liu, Yanping and Benetos, Athanase and Labat, Carlos and Lacolley, Patrick and Wang, Jiguang and Li, Yan and Fischer, Joachim and Terris, Darcey and Jarczok, Marc and Thole, Maren and Heuten, Hilde and Goovaerts, Inge and Ennekens, Guy and Vrints, Christiaan and Ryliskyte, Ligita and Laucevicius, Aleksandras and Ryliskiene, Kristina and Kuzmickiene, Jurgita and Bianchini, Elisabetta and Ghiadoni, Lorenzo and Bruno, Rosa Maria and Cartoni, Giulia and Taddei, Stefano and Tolezani, Elaine C and Hong, Valéria and Bortolotto, Luiz and Vermeer, Cees and Braam, Lavienja and Knapen, Marjo and Drummen, Nadja and Rimoldi, Stefano F and Stucki, Fabian and Hutter, Damian and Rexhaj, Emrush and Faita, Francesco and Sartori, Claudio and Scherrer, Urs and Allemann, Yves and Delahousse, Michel and Karras, Alexandre and Giannattasio, Cristina and Cesana, Francesca and Nava, Stefano and Maloberti, Alessandro and Kollai, Márk and Pintér, Alexandra and Horváth, Tamás and Narkiewicz, Krzysztof and Szyndler, Anna and Hoffmann, Michał and Nowak, Robert and Polonis, Katarzyna and Thuillez, Christian and Joannidès, Robinson and Bellien, Jérémy and Angel, Kristin and Atar, Dan and Filipovský, Jan and Agharazii, Mohsen},
  issn-linking    = {0195-668X},
  issue           = {30},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, statistics & numerical data; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Risk Factors; Young Adult; Ageing; Atherosclerois; Carotid intima-media thickness; Echotracking; Reference intervals; Risk factors},
  nlm-id          = {8006263},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {ehs380},
  pmid            = {23186808},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-21},
}

@Article{Alizargar2019,
  author          = {Alizargar, Javad and Bai, Chyi-Huey},
  journal         = {BMC public health},
  title           = {Value of the arterial stiffness index and ankle brachial index in subclinical atherosclerosis screening in healthy community-dwelling individuals.},
  year            = {2019},
  issn            = {1471-2458},
  month           = jan,
  pages           = {65},
  volume          = {19},
  abstract        = {Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and the carotid plaque score (cPS) are valid markers for detecting subclinical atherosclerosis. Evaluation of ASI and ABI for detection of atherosclerosis is assessed in this study. Finding a model to see which individual has a risk of having atherosclerosis, so those people can be further assessed by invasive but more accurate atherosclerosis detection methods like angiography is another objective of this study. Data of 212 healthy community-dwelling subjects, consisting of carotid duplex records, ASI and ABI measurements, certain laboratory tests, and related cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks were analyzed for correlations. The ABI was independently associated with high cPS. Age, hypertension and Waist circumference are determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis as in high cIMT and high cPS. The use of the ASI cannot replace carotid ultrasound in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis because it is not independently associated with high cIMT and cPS while ABI can be used in detection of high cPS in healthy community-dwelling individuals. Public health policies to encourage weight reduction and treating hypertension can help prevention of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy community-dwelling individuals. Models consist of age, body compositions like waist circumference and hypertension history can be used in further assessment of atherosclerosis.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2019-02-18},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1186/s12889-019-6398-9},
  issn-linking    = {1471-2458},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Ankle Brachial Index; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis, etiology, pathology, physiopathology; Carotid Arteries, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Female; Humans; Hypertension, complications; Independent Living; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Risk Factors; Vascular Stiffness; Waist Circumference; Ankle brachial index; Arterial stiffness; Atherosclerosis; Carotid artery plaque; Carotid intima media thickness},
  nlm-id          = {100968562},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {10.1186/s12889-019-6398-9},
  pmc             = {PMC6332638},
  pmid            = {30646893},
  pubmodel        = {Electronic},
  pubstate        = {epublish},
  revised         = {2020-02-25},
}

@Article{Gepner2006,
  author          = {Gepner, Adam D. and Keevil, Jon G. and Wyman, Rachael A. and Korcarz, Claudia E. and Aeschlimann, Susan E. and Busse, Kjersten L. and Stein, James H.},
  journal         = {Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography},
  title           = {Use of carotid intima-media thickness and vascular age to modify cardiovascular risk prediction.},
  year            = {2006},
  issn            = {1097-6795},
  month           = sep,
  pages           = {1170--1174},
  volume          = {19},
  abstract        = {This study identified predictors of patients for whom carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement and determination of vascular age could change cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment. We studied consecutive patients who were asymptomatic and nondiabetic, referred for ultrasound measurement of CIMT. Individuals with CIMT 75th percentile or greater for age, sex, and race were defined as having advanced subclinical atherosclerosis. CIMT values were converted to vascular age estimates and were used to modify Framingham 10-year CVD risk estimates. Of 506 patients, 261 (51.6%) were not taking lipid-lowering therapy. Advanced subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 77 (30%). There were 62 patients (23.8%) with a change in CVD risk of 5% or more. Predictors of 5% or more change in CVD risk were systolic blood pressure (P < .001), total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (P < .001), and male sex (P < .001). Of the 97 patients at moderate or moderately high risk, 56.7% changed risk classification. Measurement of CIMT and determination of vascular age can identify individuals with advanced subclinical atherosclerosis, resulting in clinically meaningful alterations in CVD risk estimates.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2006-09-25},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.echo.2006.04.009},
  issn-linking    = {0894-7317},
  issue           = {9},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Distribution; Age Factors; Aged; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Female; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, methods; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Assessment, methods; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography, Doppler, methods, statistics & numerical data; Wisconsin, epidemiology},
  nlm-id          = {8801388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0894-7317(06)00392-0},
  pmid            = {16950473},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Lucatelli2016,
  author    = {Lucatelli, Pierleone and Fagnani, Corrado and Tarnoki, Adam Domonkos and Tarnoki, David Laszlo and Stazi, Maria Antonietta and Salemi, Miriam and Cirelli, Carlo and Sacconi, Beatrice and d’Adamo, Alessandro and Fanelli, Fabrizio and Catalano, Carlo and Pucci, Giacomo and Schillaci, Giuseppe and Baracchini, Claudio and Medda, Emanuela},
  journal   = {Angiology},
  title     = {Femoral Artery Ultrasound Examination: A New Role in Predicting Cardiovascular Risk},
  year      = {2016},
  issn      = {1940-1574},
  month     = sep,
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {257--265},
  volume    = {68},
  doi       = {10.1177/0003319716651777},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
}

@Article{Polak2011,
  author          = {Polak, Joseph F. and Pencina, Michael J. and O'Leary, Daniel H. and D'Agostino, Ralph B.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Common carotid artery intima-media thickness progression as a predictor of stroke in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.},
  year            = {2011},
  issn            = {1524-4628},
  month           = nov,
  pages           = {3017--3021},
  volume          = {42},
  abstract        = {Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is a marker of cardiovascular disease associated with incident stroke. We studied whether IMT rate of change is associated with stroke. We studied 5028 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) comprising white, Chinese, Hispanic, and black participants free of cardiovascular disease. In this MESA IMT progression study, IMT rate of change (mm/year) was the difference in right common carotid artery far wall IMT (mm) divided by the interval between 2 ultrasound examinations (median interval, 32 months). Common carotid artery IMT was measured in a region free of plaque. Cardiovascular risk factors and baseline IMT were determined when IMT rate of change was measured. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models generated hazard risk ratios (HR) with cardiovascular risk factors, ethnicity, and education level/income as predictors. There were 42 first-time strokes seen during a mean follow-up of 3.22 years (median, 3.0 years). Average age was 64.2 years, with 48% males. In multivariable models, age (HR, 1.05 per year), systolic blood pressure (HR, 1.02 per mm Hg), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HR, 0.96 per mg/dL), and IMT rate of change (HR, 1.23 per 0.05 mm/year; 95% confidence limit, 1.02-1.48) were significantly associated with incident stroke. The upper quartile of IMT rate of change had HR of 2.18 (95% confidence limit, 1.07-4.46) compared to the lower 3 quartiles combined. Common carotid artery IMT progression is associated with incident stroke in this cohort free of prevalent cardiovascular disease and atrial fibrillation at baseline.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2012-08-13},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625186},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {11},
  keywords        = {Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis, ethnology; Carotid Artery, Common, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cohort Studies; Disease Progression; Ethnicity, ethnology; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Stroke, ethnology; Tunica Intima, pathology; Tunica Media, pathology},
  mid             = {NIHMS321170},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {STROKEAHA.111.625186},
  pmc             = {PMC3202068},
  pmid            = {21885840},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2021-12-03},
}

@Article{Sillesen2012,
  author          = {Sillesen, Henrik and Muntendam, Pieter and Adourian, Aram and Entrekin, Robert and Garcia, Mario and Falk, Erling and Fuster, Valentin},
  journal         = {JACC. Cardiovascular imaging},
  title           = {Carotid plaque burden as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis: comparison with other tests for subclinical arterial disease in the High Risk Plaque BioImage study.},
  year            = {2012},
  issn            = {1876-7591},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {681--689},
  volume          = {5},
  abstract        = {The purpose of this study was to compare carotid plaque burden, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), ankle-brachial index (ABI), and abdominal aortic diameter (AAD) to coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in people without known cardiovascular disease. The clinical utility of risk factors to predict cardiovascular events is limited. Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis by noninvasive tests such as CACS, cIMT, carotid plaque burden, AAD, and ABI may improve risk prediction above that of established risk scoring models, namely, Framingham Risk Score. The High Risk Plaque BioImage study investigated 6.101 asymptomatic persons and reports baseline CACS, cIMT, ABI, and AAD. In addition, we present findings from a new 3-dimensional-based ultrasound approach, where the carotid artery was investigated in cross section from proximal in the neck to as distal as possible. From the resulting 10-s video, plaque was outlined on cross-sectional images and all plaque areas were summarized into "plaque burden." The mean age was 68.8 years, and 65.3% of subjects had intermediate Framingham Risk Score (6% to 20% 10-year risk). Carotid plaques were identified in 78% of cases, abnormal ABI in 10%, AAD >20 mm in 28%, and coronary calcium in 68% of participants. Carotid plaque burden was found to correlate stronger with CACS (chi-square 450, p < 0.0001) than did cIMT (chi-square 24, p < 0.0001), AAD (chi-square 2.9, p = 0.091), and ABI (chi-square 35.2, p < 0.0001). In the BioImage study, a new 3-dimensional-based ultrasound method identified more carotid plaques than in previous studies. Compared to other methods, carotid plaque burden was the strongest cross-sectional predictor of CACS, and its clinical utility as predictor of future cardiovascular events is being evaluated in the BioImage study. (BioImage Study: A Clinical Study of Burden of Atherosclerotic Disease in an At-Risk Population; NCT00738725).},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2012-12-03},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.03.013},
  issn-linking    = {1876-7591},
  issue           = {7},
  keywords        = {Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ankle Brachial Index; Aorta, Abdominal, diagnostic imaging; Asymptomatic Diseases; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnosis, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Chi-Square Distribution; Chicago; Coronary Angiography, methods; Coronary Artery Disease, pathology; Coronary Vessels, pathology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Florida; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Odds Ratio; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Vascular Calcification},
  nlm-id          = {101467978},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S1936-878X(12)00397-X},
  pmid            = {22789936},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-17},
}

@Article{Boesing2001,
  author          = {Bösing, N. and Hort, W. and Losch-Coche, U.},
  journal         = {Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie},
  title           = {[The site and extent of arteriosclerosis. Comparative planimetric studies of the left descending coronary artery, internal carotid artery, superficial femoral artery and abdominal aorta in 104 cadavers].},
  year            = {2001},
  issn            = {0300-5860},
  month           = may,
  pages           = {327--338},
  volume          = {90},
  abstract        = {Arteriosclerosis is generally considered to be a generalized disease, involving different vascular regions to approximately the same extent. In order to assess the extent of ateriosclerosis quantitatively, all arteriosclerotic lesions and additionally the complicated (calcified, ulcerated, thrombosed) arteriosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta, the superficial femoral arteries, the left descending coronary artery and the internal carotid arteries were measured by planimetry in 102 autopsies (64 male, 38 female; mean age: 62 +/- 16 years). Arteriosclerosis increased with age. The overall extent of arteriosclerotic lesions of each artery was classified to one of the following 4 degrees of intimal involvement (0-25, 26-50, 51-75%, 76-100%). When comparing the 4 different vascular regions of each patient we found maximal deviations by 1 degree in 34%, by 2 degrees in 41% and by 3 degrees in 20%. In only 5% of the patients studied were all arteriosclerotic lesions of the same degree. In order to analyze the complicated plaques 7 degrees were used (intimal involvement: 0, 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50% and > 50%). In 14 patients we found no complicated plaques. The remaining 88 showed complicated lesions in at least 1 vascular region. Deviations by 1 degree were found in 22%, by 2 degrees in 32%, and by 3 or more degrees in 46%. In the paired arteries (carotid, femoral) there were no significant differences comparing the mean values of the extent of arteriosclerotic lesions on the right and left side. In many cases, however, remarkable intraindividual differences occurred. Patients with main risk factors usually had more pronounced arteriosclerotic lesions than those without. In patients who died from coronary artery disease the extent of arteriosclerotic lesions was also usually larger in the other vascular regions as compared to those patients who died from other reasons. Comparing postmortem and intravital extent of arteriosclerotic lesions some peculiarities of postmortem specimens should be considered. A uniform involvement of all vascular regions by arteriosclerosis occurs only rarely. Considerable intraindividual differences are the rule and a severe, generalized uniform affection is an exception. This, however, does not exclude in patients with severe arteriosclerosis of one region that a larger involvement of other vascular regions may also occur, as this was found for patients with severe arteriosclerosis in coronary arteries. Regarding the extent of arteriosclerosis there are artery- and additional localization-specific features.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2001-08-30},
  country         = {Germany},
  doi             = {10.1007/s003920170162},
  issn-linking    = {0300-5860},
  issue           = {5},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aorta, Abdominal, pathology; Aortic Diseases, pathology; Arteriosclerosis, pathology; Calcinosis, pathology; Carotid Artery, Internal, pathology; Carotid Stenosis, pathology; Coronary Artery Disease, pathology; Coronary Vessels, pathology; Female; Femoral Artery, pathology; Humans; Ischemia, pathology; Leg, blood supply; Male; Middle Aged; Thrombosis, pathology; Ulcer, pathology},
  nlm-id          = {0360430},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {11452894},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-10-25},
}

@Article{Lisowska2005,
  author          = {Lisowska, Anna and Musiał, Włodzimierz J. and Knapp, Małgorzata and Prokop, Jolanta and Dobrzycki, Sławomir},
  journal         = {Kardiologia polska},
  title           = {Carotid and femoral atherosclerotic lesions in patients with coronary heart disease confirmed by angiography.},
  year            = {2005},
  issn            = {0022-9032},
  month           = dec,
  pages           = {636--42; discussion 643-4},
  volume          = {63},
  abstract        = {Clinically evident atherosclerosis is preceded by preclinical changes in the arterial wall. These changes are characterised by increased thickness of the intima-media complex (IMT). A complex ultrasound assessment of the peripheral vessels as well as an attempt to find ultrasound parameters correlating with the burden of atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries. 231 patients who underwent both coronary angiography and ultrasound examination of the following arteries: common carotid artery (CCA), carotid bulb and common femoral artery (CFA) were enrolled. The IMT value, presence of plaque and Doppler blood flow parameters were evaluated. Selected clinical and biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis were assessed. Two groups of patients were analysed: 200 patients with coronary artery disease confirmed by angiography (study group), and 31 patients with normal coronary arteries (control group). Significantly higher values of the IMT in the peripheral arteries were observed in patients with coronary artery lesions than in those without (CCA - 0.91 vs 0.61 mm, carotid bulb -- 1.31 vs 0.67 mm, CFA -- 1.38 vs 0.63 respectively, p<0.0001). Atherosclerotic plaques were present only in patients with coronary artery disease. Additionally, IMT values of the CCA, carotid bulb and CFA were significantly higher in patients with severe coronary artery disease (three vessel disease) than in patients with lesions in one or two coronary arteries. Patients with coronary lesions present with increased IMT values and higher plaque occurrence. Complex ultrasound evaluation of different peripheral arteries (CCA, carotid bulb and CFA) may be used as part of the cardiovascular risk stratification.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2006-07-26},
  country         = {Poland},
  issn-linking    = {0022-9032},
  issue           = {6},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging; Coronary Angiography, methods; Coronary Artery Disease, complications, diagnostic imaging; Coronary Disease, diagnostic imaging, etiology; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color, methods; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged},
  nlm-id          = {0376352},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {4130},
  pmid            = {16380865},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-24},
}

@Article{Kroeger1999,
  author          = {Kröger, K. and Kucharczik, A. and Hirche, H. and Rudofsky, G.},
  journal         = {Angiology},
  title           = {Atherosclerotic lesions are more frequent in femoral arteries than in carotid arteries independent of increasing number of risk factors.},
  year            = {1999},
  issn            = {0003-3197},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {649--654},
  volume          = {50},
  abstract        = {The authors investigated the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions in carotid and femoral arteries in people with varying risk factors. They searched for differences in the region of manifestation of atherosclerosis due to different risk factors. Over 5 years they investigated 4,200 people (2,600 men, 1,600 women aged 20 to 70 years) who reported feeling healthy. They did a B-mode sonography of the internal, external, and common carotid artery; and the common, the proximal superficial, and profundal femoral artery. They questioned the people regarding hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking habits. Isolated carotid artery atherosclerosis was found in 2.8% of the men and 1.6% of the women; 10.9% of the men and 4.4% of the women had isolated femoral artery lesions. A combination of atherosclerotic lesions in both arteries was present in 8.3% of the men and 4.0% of the women. When only one risk factor was present atherosclerotic lesions of the femoral arteries were predominant. Diffuse atherosclerosis dominated with increasing number of risk factors. The rate of people with isolated carotid atherosclerosis was highest when no risk factor was present and decreased to a fixed rate of 12% to 17% independent of the number of risk factors. An increasing number of risk factors can be associated with a diffuse manifestation of atherosclerotic lesions. However, there are a certain number of people who demonstrate only carotid artery or femoral artery atherosclerosis independent of the number of risk factors.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1999-08-30},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1177/000331979905000805},
  issn-linking    = {0003-3197},
  issue           = {8},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, etiology; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, etiology; Coronary Vessels, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Germany, epidemiology; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia, complications; Hypertension, complications; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0203706},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {10451232},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-09},
}

@Article{Yerly2012,
  author    = {Yerly, Patrick and Rodondi, Nicolas and Viswanathan, Barathi and Riesen, Walter and Vogt, Pierre and Bovet, Pascal},
  journal   = {The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging},
  title     = {Association between conventional risk factors and different ultrasound-based markers of atherosclerosis at carotid and femoral levels in a middle-aged population},
  year      = {2012},
  issn      = {1573-0743},
  month     = sep,
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {589--599},
  volume    = {29},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10554-012-0124-3},
  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
}

@Article{Fukudome1997,
  author          = {Fukudome, Y. and Fujii, K. and Abe, I. and Ohya, Y. and Fukuhara, M. and Kaseda, S. and Onaka, U. and Tsuchihashi, T. and Fujishima, M.},
  journal         = {Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension},
  title           = {Ultrasonographic assessment of regional differences in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or both.},
  year            = {1997},
  issn            = {0916-9636},
  month           = sep,
  pages           = {175--181},
  volume          = {20},
  abstract        = {We evaluated risk factors involved in regional differences in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or both. Using ultrasonography, we examined the brachial, common carotid, and common femoral arteries in 65 hospitalized Japanese patients (15 controls, 18 patients with hypertension, 16 with diabetes mellitus, and 16 with both hypertension and diabetes mellitus). They ranged in age from 39 to 81 yr, mean 60.3 yr. The thickness of the intima-media complex of the far wall was measured, and the severity of atherosclerotic plaques was graded according to maximal lumen stenosis. The intima-media thickness in the carotid and femoral arteries was significantly greater in the hypertensive patients and the hypertensive patients with diabetes than in the controls. Severity of plaque was greater in the hypertensive patients with diabetes than in the controls. Plaque grades were higher in the carotid and femoral arteries than in the brachial artery. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and mean blood pressure were strongly associated with the intima-media thickness in all three arteries. In the femoral artery, cigarette smoking and hyperglycemia also significantly correlated with the intima-media thickness. Plaque grades increased with age in the carotid and brachial arteries, while in the femoral artery the grade increased with cigarette smoking and serum cholesterol concentration. These findings suggest that the extent of atherosclerosis and its underlying risk factors differ among arterial sites. In addition, risk factors may partly differ according to the stage of atherosclerosis. To prevent or reverse atherosclerosis, the above differences should be taken into account.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1997-11-26},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1291/hypres.20.175},
  issn-linking    = {0916-9636},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arteriosclerosis, complications, diagnostic imaging; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, diagnostic imaging; Female; Humans; Hypertension, complications, diagnostic imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {9307690},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {9328798},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-10-24},
}

@Article{Lekakis2005,
  author          = {Lekakis, John P. and Papamichael, Christos and Papaioannou, Theodore G. and Stamatelopoulos, Kimon S. and Cimponeriu, Adriana and Protogerou, Athanassios D. and Kanakakis, John and Stamatelopoulos, Stamatios F.},
  journal         = {The international journal of cardiovascular imaging},
  title           = {Intima-media thickness score from carotid and femoral arteries predicts the extent of coronary artery disease: intima-media thickness and CAD.},
  year            = {2005},
  issn            = {1569-5794},
  month           = oct,
  pages           = {495--501},
  volume          = {21},
  abstract        = {In the present study we measured carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (IMT) by B-Mode ultrasonography, as well as angiographic extent and severity of coronary artery disease in patients referred for coronary arteriography, to assess the relation between individual IMT, scores incorporating IMT from the carotid and femoral arteries and the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. Two hundred and two patients referred for elective coronary angiography underwent ultrasound imaging of both carotid and femoral arteries for IMT measurements. An IMT score was developed as the number of sites with abnormal IMT (range 0-8). Multiple regression analysis indicated that IMT score was independently related to Gensini score, age and glucose levels. A high risk IMT score predicted an extended coronary artery disease although a low or medium risk IMT score cannot exclude the possibility of multivessel disease. Also, a high risk group could predict the performance of revascularization procedures and all cardiovascular events during a follow-up of 14.5 +/- 2.4 months. IMT incorporating data from common and internal carotid artery, carotid bifurcation and femoral artery are well correlated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, much better than individual IMT. Patients with high IMT score usually have multivessel coronary artery disease and are at increased risk for subsequent cardiovascular events.},
  chemicals       = {Blood Glucose},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2006-02-28},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1007/s10554-004-8165-x},
  issn-linking    = {1569-5794},
  issue           = {5},
  keywords        = {Age Factors; Blood Glucose, analysis; Carotid Arteries, pathology; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnosis; Female; Femoral Artery, pathology; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Regression Analysis; Risk Assessment, methods; Severity of Illness Index; Tunica Intima, pathology; Tunica Media, pathology},
  nlm-id          = {100969716},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {16175437},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2018-11-13},
}

@Article{Sosnowski2007,
  author          = {Sosnowski, Cezary and Pasierski, Tomasz and Janeczko-Sosnowska, Ewa and Szulczyk, Anna and Dabrowski, Rafał and Woźniak, Jacek and Sumiński, Andrzej and Ruzyłło, Witold},
  journal         = {Kardiologia polska},
  title           = {Femoral rather than carotid artery ultrasound imaging predicts extent and severity of coronary artery disease.},
  year            = {2007},
  issn            = {0022-9032},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {760--6; discussion 767-8},
  volume          = {65},
  abstract        = {Pathological, epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that there is coexistence between peripheral vascular disease and coronary artery disease (CAD). B-mode ultrasound of superficial arteries is a non-invasive, valid and reproducible method of directly visualising and assessing carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (IMT) and focal atherosclerosis. To evaluate the prognostic importance of carotid and femoral vascular changes in predicting CAD severity. 410 patients--300 (73.2%) males and 110 (26.8%) females--aged 29-75 years (mean age 55.9+/-9.5 years), referred for elective coronary arteriography, were studied. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed, and ultrasound assessments of IMT and atherosclerotic plaque thickness in the common carotid arteries and common femoral arteries were evaluated. Coronary angiography revealed CAD in 81% of patients (85% of males, 70% of females). Cox multiple hazards regression analyses showed a significant relationship between size of atherosclerotic plaques in peripheral arteries and CAD. Odds ratio of CAD associated with every 1-mm plaque thickening ranged from 1.7 to 3.0 (p <0.001) depending on examined artery. Using multiple stepwise regression analysis, the following parameters were found to be independent predictors of one-vessel CAD: myocardial infarction (MI) in anamnesis (OR=22.3; 95% CI 4.0-122.9), typical chest pain (OR=6.4; 95% CI 1.2-34.2), femoral IMT (OR=5.0; 95% CI 1.4-18.4), ex-smoking (OR=5.6; 95% CI 1.1-28.7), and pulse pressure (OR=1.8; 95% CI 1.0-3.2). Independent predictors of multi-vessel CAD were: MI (OR=3.7; 95% CI 1.8-7.5), typical angina (OR=3.3; 95% CI 1.7-6.5), age (OR=1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.08), number of cigarettes smoked (OR=0.8; 95% CI 0.6-0.9), total cholesterol level (OR=1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.2), and left femoral plaque thickness (OR=1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.0). Femoral IMT is an independent predictor of a single-vessel disease, whereas femoral atherosclerotic plaque presence indicates advanced CAD.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2007-11-27},
  country         = {Poland},
  issn-linking    = {0022-9032},
  issue           = {7},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0376352},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {8651},
  pmid            = {17694457},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-24},
}

@Article{Touboul2005,
  author          = {Touboul, Pierre-Jean and Labreuche, Julien and Vicaut, Eric and Amarenco, Pierre and Investigators, G. E. N. I. C.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Carotid intima-media thickness, plaques, and Framingham risk score as independent determinants of stroke risk.},
  year            = {2005},
  issn            = {1524-4628},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {1741--1745},
  volume          = {36},
  abstract        = {The Framingham stroke risk score (FSRS) and Framingham cardiovascular risk score (FCRS) estimate the individual absolute cardiovascular and stroke risks. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques (CPs) are markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and help in the early identification of presymptomatic individuals. The purpose of this study was to correlate Framingham risk score (FRS) with CCA-IMT and CPs and evaluate their respective contribution to stroke risk. In 510 consecutive patients with brain infarction and 510 matched controls, we calculated the FSRS and FCRS for each individual and performed carotid ultrasonography. Mean CCA-IMT was measured off-line at a central core laboratory, and presence of CPs was assessed. FRS progressively increased according to tertiles of CCA-IMT (P for trend <0.0001). The part of the variances of FSRS and FCRS explained by CCA-IMT was respectively 11% and 20%. The relationships between CCA-IMT and FRS were significantly different between patients with or without CPs (P for interaction <0.005). With increasing CCA-IMT, the 10-year FRS gradually increased between 10% and 20% in the presence of CPs and between 5% and 20% in the absence of CPs. Multiple conditional logistic regression for matched sets showed that CCA-IMT, FCRS, and CPs were independently associated with stroke risk, with an odds ratio of 1.68 (1.25 to 2.26; P=0.0006), 2.16 (1.57 to 2.98; P<0.0001), and 2.73 (1.68 to 4.44; P<0.0001), respectively, meaning that each of them may be important for evaluation of the individual cardiovascular risk. CCA-IMT, CPs, and FRSs correlated well. The CCA-IMT value may help discriminate between subjects at low or high 10-year risk.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2005-12-02},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.STR.0000174490.23495.57},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {8},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis, diagnosis, pathology; Brain, pathology; Cardiovascular Diseases, pathology; Carotid Arteries, pathology; Carotid Stenosis, pathology; Case-Control Studies; Cerebrovascular Disorders, pathology; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Risk; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Stroke, diagnosis, pathology; Time Factors; Tunica Intima, metabolism, pathology; Tunica Media, metabolism, pathology; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {01.STR.0000174490.23495.57},
  pmid            = {16020769},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-21},
}

@InBook{Roquer2010,
  author    = {Roquer, J. and Ois, Angel},
  pages     = {899--918},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  title     = {Atherosclerotic Burden and Mortality},
  year      = {2010},
  isbn      = {9780387786650},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_51},
}

@Article{Belcaro2001,
  author          = {Belcaro, G. and Nicolaides, A. N. and Ramaswami, G. and Cesarone, M. R. and De Sanctis, M. and Incandela, L. and Ferrari, P. and Geroulakos, G. and Barsotti, A. and Griffin, M. and Dhanjil, S. and Sabetai, M. and Bucci, M. and Martines, G.},
  journal         = {Atherosclerosis},
  title           = {Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(1)).},
  year            = {2001},
  issn            = {0021-9150},
  month           = jun,
  pages           = {379--387},
  volume          = {156},
  abstract        = {Subclinical arteriosclerotic lesions at the carotid and femoral bifurcations may be related to the occurrence of future cardiovascular events and of occult arteriosclerotic coronary disease. B-mode ultrasound of carotid and femoral arteriosclerotic bifurcation lesions may provide a simple screening method to select asymptomatic subjects at risk of future events. 13221 low-risk, healthy, asymptomatic individuals were included in a 10-year, prospective, follow-up based on carotid and femoral bifurcation morphology defined by B-mode ultrasound. Four classes were considered at inclusion (I: normal wall, II: wall thickening, III: non-stenosing plaques, IV: stenosing plaques). When 10000 subjects (75.6% of included subjects; 6055 males, 3945 females) completed the 10-year follow-up the study was concluded. At 10 years there were 10 events (out of 7989 subjects) in class I and 81 events in II (930 subjects; incidence=8.6%); 239 events were observed in class III (611 subjects; 39.28%) and 381 events (470 subjects; 81.06%) in IV; 61 deaths occurred in classes III+IV (1081 subjects) producing a death rate within these two classes of 5.5% (51 out of 61=81.5% in class IV). The increased event rates in classes III and IV were significant (log rank; P<0.02) in comparison with I and II. Carotid and femoral morphology identified 2011 subjects (20.1% of the population) in classes II,III,IV including 98.6% of cardiovascular events and deaths in the following 10 years. A higher (P<0.05) rate of progression in classes III and IV in comparison with I and II was also observed. The ultrasound carotid and femoral classification was useful in selecting subjects at very low risk of cardiovascular events (class I), those at limited risk (class II) and a group at moderate risk (class III). A subpopulation at high risk of cardiovascular events (IV) was identified.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2001-09-06},
  country         = {Ireland},
  doi             = {10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00665-1},
  issn-linking    = {0021-9150},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Cardiovascular Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Comorbidity; Disease Progression; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Italy, epidemiology; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Probability; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sampling Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking, epidemiology; Statistics, Nonparametric; Survival Rate; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0242543},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0021-9150(00)00665-1},
  pmid            = {11395035},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-10},
}

@Article{Laclaustra2016,
  author          = {Laclaustra, Martín and Casasnovas, José A. and Fernández-Ortiz, Antonio and Fuster, Valentin and León-Latre, Monserrat and Jiménez-Borreguero, Luis J. and Pocovi, Miguel and Hurtado-Roca, Yamilee and Ordovas, José M. and Jarauta, Estibaliz and Guallar, Eliseo and Ibañez, Borja and Civeira, Fernando},
  journal         = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
  title           = {Femoral and Carotid Subclinical Atherosclerosis Association With Risk Factors and Coronary Calcium: The AWHS Study.},
  year            = {2016},
  issn            = {1558-3597},
  month           = mar,
  pages           = {1263--1274},
  volume          = {67},
  abstract        = {Early subclinical atherosclerosis has been mainly researched in carotid arteries. The potential value of femoral arteries for improving the predictive capacity of traditional risk factors is an understudied area. This study sought to evaluate the association of subclinical carotid and femoral plaques with risk factors and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in middle-aged men. Participants (n = 1,423) of the AWHS (Aragon Workers' Health Study), a study designed to assess cardiovascular risk and subclinical atherosclerosis in a cohort of middle-aged men (40 to 59 years of age), underwent carotid and femoral ultrasound plus noncontrast coronary computed tomography. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of any plaque in carotid or femoral arteries and/or CACS ≥1. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the prevalence of atherosclerosis adjusted for risk factors and age, to evaluate the association of atherosclerosis with risk factors, and to calculate areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for the presence of positive CACS. Subclinical atherosclerosis was found in 72% of participants. Plaques were most common in femoral arteries (54%), followed by coronary calcification (38%) and carotid plaques (34%). Association of atherosclerosis with risk factors was stronger in femoral arteries than carotid or coronary arteries. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for prediction of positive CACS increased from 0.665 when considering only risk factors (dyslipidemia, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and age) to 0.719 when adding femoral and carotid plaques (p < 0.001). In this model, the femoral odds ratio (2.58) exceeded the carotid odds ratio (1.80) for prediction of positive CACS. Subclinical atherosclerosis was highly prevalent in this middle-aged male cohort. Association with risk factors and positive CACS was stronger in femoral than carotid arteries. Screening for femoral plaques may be an appealing strategy for improving cardiovascular risk scales and predicting coronary disease.},
  chemicals       = {Calcium},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2016-08-02},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.056},
  issn-linking    = {0735-1097},
  issue           = {11},
  keywords        = {Adult; Calcium, metabolism; Carotid Artery Diseases, complications, diagnosis, metabolism; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology; Coronary Vessels, diagnostic imaging, metabolism; Femoral Artery; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, complications, diagnosis, metabolism; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment, methods; Risk Factors; Spain, epidemiology; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography; cohort; computed tomography; risk assessment; ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {8301365},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {S0735-1097(16)00269-2},
  pmid            = {26988945},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-26},
}

@Article{Mendieta2023,
  author    = {Mendieta, Guiomar and Pocock, Stuart and Mass, Virginia and Moreno, Andrea and Owen, Ruth and García-Lunar, Inés and López-Melgar, Beatriz and Fuster, Jose J. and Andres, Vicente and Pérez-Herreras, Cristina and Bueno, Hector and Fernández-Ortiz, Antonio and Sanchez-Gonzalez, Javier and García-Alvarez, Ana and Ibáñez, Borja and Fuster, Valentin},
  journal   = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
  title     = {Determinants of Progression and Regression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Over 6 Years},
  year      = {2023},
  issn      = {0735-1097},
  month     = nov,
  number    = {22},
  pages     = {2069--2083},
  volume    = {82},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.814},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
}

@Article{Koc2018,
  author    = {Koç, Ayşe Selcan and Peköz, Burçak Çakır},
  journal   = {Journal of Surgery and Medicine},
  title     = {B-Mode ultrasound assessment of intima-media thickness of common carotid, internal carotid, brachial, femoral arteries and abdominal aorta in patients with cardiovascular risk factor},
  year      = {2018},
  issn      = {2602-2079},
  month     = jun,
  number    = {3},
  pages     = {244--248},
  volume    = {2},
  doi       = {10.28982/josam.421768},
  publisher = {SelSistem},
}

@Article{Langlois2008,
  author    = {Langlois, Michel R. and Rietzschel, Ernst R. and De Buyzere, Marc L. and De Bacquer, Dirk and Bekaert, Sofie and Blaton, Victor and De Backer, Guy G. and Gillebert, Thierry C.},
  journal   = {Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology},
  title     = {Femoral Plaques Confound the Association of Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein With Carotid Atherosclerosis in a General Population Aged 35 to 55 Years: The Asklepios Study},
  year      = {2008},
  issn      = {1524-4636},
  month     = aug,
  number    = {8},
  pages     = {1563--1568},
  volume    = {28},
  doi       = {10.1161/atvbaha.108.167346},
  publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
}

@Article{Paul2011,
  author    = {Paul, Timir K. and Chen, Wei and Srinivasan, Sathanur R. and He, Jiang and Berenson, Gerald S.},
  journal   = {Atherosclerosis},
  title     = {Contrast of the impact of multiple cardiovascular risk factors on the femoral and carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study},
  year      = {2011},
  issn      = {0021-9150},
  month     = jun,
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {359--364},
  volume    = {216},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.023},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
}

@Article{Dalager2007,
  author    = {Dalager, Søren and Paaske, William P. and Bayer Kristensen, Ingrid and Marsvin Laurberg, Jacob and Falk, Erling},
  journal   = {Stroke},
  title     = {Artery-Related Differences in Atherosclerosis Expression: Implications for Atherogenesis and Dynamics in Intima-Media Thickness},
  year      = {2007},
  issn      = {1524-4628},
  month     = oct,
  number    = {10},
  pages     = {2698--2705},
  volume    = {38},
  doi       = {10.1161/strokeaha.107.486480},
  publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
}

@Article{Kannel1994,
  author          = {Kannel, W. B.},
  journal         = {Journal of cardiovascular risk},
  title           = {Risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in different arterial territories.},
  year            = {1994},
  issn            = {1350-6277},
  month           = dec,
  pages           = {333--339},
  volume          = {1},
  abstract        = {The major cardiovascular risk factors adversely affect all vascular territories, increasing the vulnerability to multiple clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. The population at risk was the Farmingham cohort of 5209 men and women assessed bienially for the development of overt events of coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure, intermittent claudication, and atheroembolic brain infarction. In persons younger than 65 years, all the major risk factors were found to impact significantly on the incidence of coronary heart disease and intermittent claudication. For stroke and cardiac failure, all but the serum cholesterol level were important. In those older than 65 years, serum total cholesterol levels and smoking no longer influenced the incidence of coronary heart disease. The ratio of total- to high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, however, was related to all cardiovascular outcomes except stroke at all ages. The impact of cigarette smoking on stroke and intermittent claudication persisted in advanced age. Modification of risk factors for the purpose of preventing a particular cardiovascular event should also prevent other outcomes. The impact of any particular risk factor on any atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcome is profoundly influenced by the frequent coexistence of other risk factors. A correct appraisal of the hazard and urgency for treatment is best obtained from a cardiovascular risk profile estimating the conditional probability of an event given the existing constellation of factors.},
  chemicals       = {Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1995-08-29},
  country         = {England},
  issn-linking    = {1350-6277},
  issue           = {4},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arteriosclerosis, epidemiology; Boston, epidemiology; Cerebrovascular Disorders, epidemiology; Cholesterol, blood; Cholesterol, HDL, blood; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Coronary Disease, epidemiology; Embolism, Cholesterol, epidemiology; Female; Heart Failure, epidemiology; Humans; Intermittent Claudication, epidemiology; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis, epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Smoking, epidemiology},
  nlm-id          = {9436980},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {7621317},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2013-11-21},
}

@Article{Meer2003,
  author          = {van der Meer, Irene M. and Iglesias del Sol, Antonio and Hak, A. Elisabeth and Bots, Michiel L. and Hofman, Albert and Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.},
  journal         = {Stroke},
  title           = {Risk factors for progression of atherosclerosis measured at multiple sites in the arterial tree: the Rotterdam Study.},
  year            = {2003},
  issn            = {1524-4628},
  month           = oct,
  pages           = {2374--2379},
  volume          = {34},
  abstract        = {Studies investigating determinants of atherosclerotic disease progression are relatively rare. Moreover, although atherosclerotic disease can be assessed noninvasively in different vascular beds, previous studies have not considered progression of atherosclerosis at >1 site. The present study was designed to identify risk factors for progression of atherosclerosis measured at multiple sites in the arterial tree. The Rotterdam Study is a population-based cohort study of 7983 men and women > or =55 years of age. Carotid plaques and intima-media thickness were assessed by ultrasound, aortic atherosclerosis by x-ray, and lower-extremity atherosclerosis by the ankle-arm index. Data on progression of atherosclerosis over an average period of 6.5 years were available for 3409 participants. Associations of established cardiovascular risk factors with mild, moderate, and severe progression of atherosclerosis were investigated through multinomial regression analysis. Age, smoking, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure and/or hypertension were strong, independent predictors of moderate and severe progression of atherosclerosis at multiple sites. Diabetes mellitus predicted only severe progression of atherosclerosis. Associations of sex with progression of atherosclerosis were remarkably modest. Age, smoking, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure and/or hypertension strongly predict progression of extracoronary atherosclerosis in the elderly, but sex remarkably does not. These results emphasize the need for prevention of progression of extracoronary atherosclerotic disease in men and women alike.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2003-11-10},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.STR.0000088643.07108.19},
  issn-linking    = {0039-2499},
  issue           = {10},
  keywords        = {Aged; Angiography; Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Arteriosclerosis, diagnosis, epidemiology; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular, statistics & numerical data; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands, epidemiology; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Smoking, epidemiology; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0235266},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {01.STR.0000088643.07108.19},
  pmid            = {12947155},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-04-09},
}

@Article{Ross1984,
  author          = {Ross, R. and Wight, T. N. and Strandness, E. and Thiele, B.},
  journal         = {The American journal of pathology},
  title           = {Human atherosclerosis. I. Cell constitution and characteristics of advanced lesions of the superficial femoral artery.},
  year            = {1984},
  issn            = {0002-9440},
  month           = jan,
  pages           = {79--93},
  volume          = {114},
  abstract        = {This study represents a systematic analysis of the fine-structural characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions of the superficial femoral artery in man together with the growth characteristics in culture of the smooth muscle cells derived from these lesions. Occlusive fibrous atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 29 male patients at the time of bypass surgery for occlusion of the superficial femoral artery and were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The occluded segment of each artery was obtained immediately after removal from the patient and examined with sterile techniques, and representative segments were fixed for light- and electron-microscopic study. Adjacent segments were used for dissection of the lesion away from the underlying media, and smooth muscle cells were cultured from lesion and nonlesion areas and compared in terms of their growth responses to increasing concentrations of a pool of human whole blood serum. The majority of the lesions were fibroproliferative and contained relatively little lipid. The fibrous cap that covered each lesion consisted of a special form of dense connective tissue that contained flat, pancake-shaped smooth muscle cells in a lacunalike space. This space consisted of concentric layers of basement membrane, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan. The majority of the cells beneath the fibrous cap were smooth muscle cells mixed with small but varying numbers of macrophages. Most of the lesions were occluded by a thrombus, which had undergone organization and recanalization. A small number of the lesions had deep lipid deposits together with foci of degeneration and calcification. The occluded thrombi contained smooth muscle cells and a larger proportion of macrophages than the lesions themselves. The in vitro growth properties of the smooth muscle cells isolated from the lesion and the underlying media suggested that the lesion cells had senesced, compared with the medial smooth muscle cells derived from the same artery.},
  chemicals       = {Proteoglycans, Collagen},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1984-02-22},
  country         = {United States},
  issn-linking    = {0002-9440},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Aged; Arteriosclerosis, complications, pathology; Blood Coagulation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Collagen, analysis; Connective Tissue, ultrastructure; Female; Femoral Artery, physiopathology, ultrastructure; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, pathology, ultrastructure; Proteoglycans, analysis},
  nlm-id          = {0370502},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmc             = {PMC1900400},
  pmid            = {6691417},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-10},
}

@Article{Lee2011,
  author    = {Lee, Kayoung and Sung, Joohon and Lee, Sang Cheol and Park, Seung Woo and Kim, Youn Sic and Lee, Joo Yeon and Ebrahim, Shah and Song, Yun-Mi},
  journal   = {European Journal of Preventive Cardiology},
  title     = {Segment-specific carotid intima-media thickness and cardiovascular risk factors in Koreans: the Healthy Twin Study},
  year      = {2011},
  issn      = {2047-4881},
  month     = sep,
  number    = {5},
  pages     = {1161--1172},
  volume    = {19},
  doi       = {10.1177/1741826711422763},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},
}

@Article{Tarnoki2015,
  author    = {Tarnoki, A. and Tarnoki, D.L. and Fejer, B. and Godor, E. and Molnar, A.A. and Horvat, P. Maurovich and Medda, E. and Fagnani, C. and Stazi, M.A. and Merkely, B. and Farina, F. and Baracchini, C. and Pucci, G. and Schillaci, G. and Jermendy, G.},
  journal   = {Journal of Hypertension},
  title     = {1A.12: GENETIC BACKGROUND OF FEMORAL ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION},
  year      = {2015},
  issn      = {0263-6352},
  month     = jun,
  number    = {Supplement 1},
  pages     = {e4},
  volume    = {33},
  doi       = {10.1097/01.hjh.0000467362.35205.d1},
  publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
}

@Article{Medda2014,
  author    = {Medda, E. and Fagnani, C. and Schillaci, G. and Tarnoki, A.D. and Tarnoki, D.L. and Baracchini, C. and Meneghetti, G. and Fanelli, F. and Alaeddin, A. and Pucci, G. and Alviti, S. and Cotichini, R. and Brescianini, S. and Boatta, E. and Lucatelli, P. and Nisticò, L. and Penna, L. and Salemi, M. and Toccaceli, V. and Zini, C. and Garami, Z. and Stazi, M.A.},
  journal   = {Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases},
  title     = {Heritability of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness: An Italian twin study},
  year      = {2014},
  issn      = {0939-4753},
  month     = may,
  number    = {5},
  pages     = {511--517},
  volume    = {24},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.031},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
}

@Article{Bedi2014,
  author    = {Bedi, Ram and Nagra, Aslam and Fukumoto, Takenori and Lynum, Steven and Sengupta, Partho and Aw, James and Mefford, Ivan and Panwar, Sadik Raja and Bansal, Nikhil and Insaan, Puneet and Singh, Shaanemeet and Panwar, Rajababoo and Vedanthan, Rajesh and Fuster, Valentin and Narula, Jagat},
  journal   = {Global Heart},
  title     = {Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Peripheral Arterial Beds With B-Mode Ultrasound: A Proposal for Guiding the Decision for Medical Intervention and an Artifact-Corrected Volumetric Scoring Index},
  year      = {2014},
  issn      = {2211-8160},
  month     = dec,
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {367},
  volume    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.gheart.2014.10.007},
  publisher = {Ubiquity Press, Ltd.},
}

@Article{Davidsson2010,
  author    = {Davidsson, L. and Fagerberg, B. and Bergström, G. and Schmidt, C.},
  journal   = {Atherosclerosis},
  title     = {Ultrasound-assessed plaque occurrence in the carotid and femoral arteries are independent predictors of cardiovascular events in middle-aged men during 10 years of follow-up},
  year      = {2010},
  issn      = {0021-9150},
  month     = apr,
  number    = {2},
  pages     = {469--473},
  volume    = {209},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.016},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
}

@Article{Yerly2015,
  author          = {Yerly, Patrick and Marquès-Vidal, Pedro and Owlya, Reza and Eeckhout, Eric and Kappenberger, Lukas and Darioli, Roger and Depairon, Michèle},
  journal         = {Journal of cardiovascular translational research},
  title           = {The atherosclerosis burden score (ABS): a convenient ultrasound-based score of peripheral atherosclerosis for coronary artery disease prediction.},
  year            = {2015},
  issn            = {1937-5395},
  month           = mar,
  pages           = {138--147},
  volume          = {8},
  abstract        = {Ultrasonographic detection of subclinical atherosclerosis improves cardiovascular risk stratification, but uncertainty persists about the most discriminative method to apply. In this study, we found that the "atherosclerosis burden score (ABS)", a novel straightforward ultrasonographic score that sums the number of carotid and femoral arterial bifurcations with plaques, significantly outperformed common carotid intima-media thickness, carotid mean/maximal thickness, and carotid/femoral plaque scores for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area under the curve (AUC) = 0.79; P = 0.027 to <0.001 with the other five US endpoints) in 203 patients undergoing coronary angiography. ABS was also more correlated with CAD extension (R = 0.55; P < 0.001). Furthermore, in a second group of 1128 patients without cardiovascular disease, ABS was weakly correlated with the European Society of Cardiology chart risk categories (R(2) = 0.21), indicating that ABS provided information beyond usual cardiovascular risk factor-based risk stratification. Pending prospective studies on hard cardiovascular endpoints, ABS appears as a promising tool in primary prevention.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2015-12-24},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1007/s12265-015-9617-5},
  issn-linking    = {1937-5387},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Area Under Curve; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery Diseases, complications, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease, diagnostic imaging, etiology; Decision Support Techniques; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Arterial Disease, complications, diagnostic imaging; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; ROC Curve; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Young Adult},
  nlm-id          = {101468585},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {25771948},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2018-11-13},
}

@Article{Kirhmajer2011,
  author          = {Kirhmajer, Majda Vrkic and Banfic, Ljiljana and Vojkovic, Marina and Strozzi, Maja and Bulum, Josko and Miovski, Zoran},
  journal         = {Angiology},
  title           = {Correlation of femoral intima-media thickness and the severity of coronary artery disease.},
  year            = {2011},
  issn            = {1940-1574},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {134--139},
  volume          = {62},
  abstract        = {The carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is an established surrogate marker of vascular risk. We assessed the common femoral artery IMT and its correlation with coronary artery disease (CAD). We also assessed the influence of vascular risk factors on the femoral IMT. Patients (n = 180; mean age 60.4 ± 10.5 years) who had undergone coronary angiography due to symptoms of CAD were enrolled in this study. We found significantly higher values of femoral IMT in patients with CAD than in those without CAD (P = .0000). A strong positive correlation between femoral IMT and the severity of CAD expressed by the Gensini Score (P = .0000) was observed. There was a positive correlation between femoral IMT and levels of triglycerides (P = .017), body mass index (BMI; P = .036), male gender (P = .0000), and smoking (P = .028). There was a negative correlation between femoral IMT and the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P = .001). Femoral IMT could be a novel cardiovascular risk marker.},
  chemicals       = {Cholesterol},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2011-02-24},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1177/0003319710375087},
  issn-linking    = {0003-3197},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Aged; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Cholesterol, blood; Coronary Artery Disease, blood, diagnosis, etiology; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0203706},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {0003319710375087},
  pmid            = {20705617},
  pubmodel        = {Print-Electronic},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-25},
}

@Article{Griffin2009,
  author          = {Griffin, Maura and Nicolaides, Andrew and Tyllis, Theodosis and Georgiou, Niki and Martin, Richard M. and Bond, Dawn and Panayiotou, Andrie and Tziakouri, Chrysa and Doré, Caroline J. and Fessas, Charris},
  journal         = {Vascular medicine (London, England)},
  title           = {Carotid and femoral arterial wall changes and the prevalence of clinical cardiovascular disease.},
  year            = {2009},
  issn            = {1358-863X},
  month           = aug,
  pages           = {227--232},
  volume          = {14},
  abstract        = {The Cyprus Study is a prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Its aim is to determine the relationship of intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid (IMTcc), maximum thickness of IMT in the carotid bifurcation (IMTmax), number of carotid and femoral bifurcations with plaque and total plaque thickness (TPT) (sum of the maximum plaque measurements taken from the four bifurcations scanned) with the prevalence of clinical CVD. A total of 767 individuals (46% male) over the age of 40 years were recruited from a mountain village and a town outside the capital Nicosia. In addition to clinical examination, carotid and common femoral bifurcations were scanned with ultrasound. After controlling for conventional risk factors, there was little evidence of an association of IMTcc with CVD prevalence. However, IMTmax and TPT were associated with 2.9-fold (1.22 to 7.07) and 6.87-fold (2.42 to 19.43) increased odds of CVD prevalence, respectively. In conclusion, the TPT and number of bifurcations with plaque are more strongly associated with the prevalence of CVD. These findings warrant investigation in prospective studies to document associations with incident CVD events.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2009-10-08},
  country         = {England},
  doi             = {10.1177/1358863X08101542},
  issn-linking    = {1358-863X},
  issue           = {3},
  keywords        = {Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases, epidemiology, etiology, pathology; Carotid Artery Diseases, complications, epidemiology, pathology; Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cyprus, epidemiology; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Peripheral Vascular Diseases, complications, epidemiology, pathology; Population Surveillance; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Tunica Intima, pathology; Tunica Media, pathology; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex},
  nlm-id          = {9610930},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {14/3/227},
  pmid            = {19651672},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-25},
}

@Article{Giannoukas2009,
  author          = {Giannoukas, A. D. and Antoniou, G. A. and Saleptsis, V. and Baros, C. and Griffin, M. and Nicolaides, A. N.},
  journal         = {VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten},
  title           = {Common femoral artery intima-media thickness as marker for cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic adults.},
  year            = {2009},
  issn            = {0301-1526},
  month           = may,
  pages           = {147--154},
  volume          = {38},
  abstract        = {The common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is considered as a marker of cardiovascular disease, while the value of the common femoral IMT is not well defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of common femoral IMT alone or in combination with the common carotid IMT as a marker of cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic adults. Eighty-three individuals with no history of cardiovascular disease were subjected to IMT measurement of both common carotid and common femoral arteries with high-resolution ultrasonography. The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) risk score was calculated for each subject (according to gender) and was correlated with the carotid IMT, femoral IMT, and the combined IMT measured at both arterial sites. The carotid and femoral IMT separately and in combination were found to be correlated with the FHS risk score, calculated based on either the total cholesterol or low density lipoprotein plasma levels (carotid IMT: r = 0.28, p = 0.035, and r = 0.35, p = 0.007, respectively, femoral IMT: r = 0.38, p = 0.003, and r = 0.43, p = 0.001, respectively, carotid-femoral IMT: r = 0.37, p = 0.005, and r = 0.46, p = 0.0001, respectively). In addition, femoral IMT was found to be correlated with the carotid IMT (r = 0.41, p = 0.001). Common carotid and common femoral IMT showed similar correlation with the FHS risk score. Additionally, the combination of IMT from both arterial sites was found to have similar correlation with the FHS risk score to carotid IMT alone.},
  chemicals       = {Cholesterol, LDL, Cholesterol},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2009-08-03},
  country         = {Switzerland},
  doi             = {10.1024/0301-1526.38.2.147},
  issn-linking    = {0301-1526},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases, blood, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery, Internal, diagnostic imaging; Cholesterol, blood; Cholesterol, LDL, blood; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Statistics as Topic; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0317051},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {19588302},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-25},
}

@Article{Wendelhag1993,
  author          = {Wendelhag, I. and Wiklund, O. and Wikstrand, J.},
  journal         = {Arteriosclerosis and thrombosis : a journal of vascular biology},
  title           = {Atherosclerotic changes in the femoral and carotid arteries in familial hypercholesterolemia. Ultrasonographic assessment of intima-media thickness and plaque occurrence.},
  year            = {1993},
  issn            = {1049-8834},
  month           = oct,
  pages           = {1404--1411},
  volume          = {13},
  abstract        = {B-mode ultrasound is increasingly used in clinical research to study the atherosclerotic process in the carotid arteries. The present investigation evaluated the feasibility of measuring intima-media thickness in the common femoral artery and assessed whether such measurement might provide further information on the extent of the atherosclerotic process in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. A further aim was to study the relationship between the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery and the occurrence of plaque in the carotid and femoral arteries. The results showed an increased intima-media thickness in the far wall of the common femoral artery in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia compared with the control subjects (P < .01). The results also showed a clear relationship between the thickness of the intima-media complex in the common carotid artery and the prevalence of plaque in the carotid and femoral arteries. This may be interpreted as an indication that an increase in intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery at least partly expresses a generalized atherosclerotic process. The atherosclerotic changes appeared to be more advanced in the femoral artery compared with the carotid artery. In future studies, therefore, valuable information on different stages of atherosclerotic changes may be achieved by combining information from B-mode recordings from both the carotid and femoral arteries.},
  chemicals       = {Lipids, Lipoproteins},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1993-11-05},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.atv.13.10.1404},
  issn-linking    = {1049-8834},
  issue           = {10},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aging, physiology; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Carotid Artery, Common, diagnostic imaging; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, blood, diagnostic imaging; Lipids, blood; Lipoproteins, blood; Male; Middle Aged; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {9101388},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {8399076},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2022-03-11},
}

@Article{Kocyigit2020,
  author    = {Kocyigit, Duygu and Gurses, Kadri Murat and Taydas, Onur and Poker, Ahmet and Ozer, Necla and Hazirolan, Tuncay and Tokgozoglu, Lale},
  journal   = {Journal of Cardiology},
  title     = {Role of femoral artery ultrasound imaging in cardiovascular event risk prediction in a primary prevention cohort at a medium-term follow-up},
  year      = {2020},
  issn      = {0914-5087},
  month     = may,
  number    = {5},
  pages     = {537--543},
  volume    = {75},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jjcc.2019.09.012},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
}

@Article{Gariepy1998,
  author          = {Gariepy, J. and Salomon, J. and Denarié, N. and Laskri, F. and Mégnien, J. L. and Levenson, J. and Simon, A.},
  journal         = {Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology},
  title           = {Sex and topographic differences in associations between large-artery wall thickness and coronary risk profile in a French working cohort: the AXA Study.},
  year            = {1998},
  issn            = {1079-5642},
  month           = apr,
  pages           = {584--590},
  volume          = {18},
  abstract        = {Previous reports have investigated associations between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and cardiovascular risk factors. Our objective was to investigate this question in greater depth by measuring both femoral and carotid IMT in relation to sex and multifactorial coronary risk. We investigated carotid and femoral artery IMT by using ultrasonography in 326 men and 462 women, 17 to 65 years old. We also evaluated body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, smoking, and Framingham coronary risk. In both vessels, IMT was lower in women than in men. Significant relations between carotid and femoral IMT existed with age and most risk factors in both sexes. After adjustment for age, carotid IMT was related to risk factors in both sexes except for diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and smoking in women, whereas femoral IMT was related to triglycerides and smoking in both sexes, systolic blood pressure and blood glucose in men, and total and HDL cholesterol in women. Significant unadjusted and age-adjusted relations of Framingham risk existed with carotid and femoral IMT in both sexes, but slopes of these relations were greater (1) before than after age adjustment, (2) in men than in women at both sites, except the femoral artery after age adjustment, and (3) at the carotid than at the femoral site in both sexes before age adjustment. Carotid IMT in men appears to be a more powerful predictor than it is in women and femoral IMT in both sexes in reflecting multifactorial coronary risk burden, but these differences are partly conditional on age.},
  chemicals       = {Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, HDL},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1998-05-01},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1161/01.atv.18.4.584},
  issn-linking    = {1079-5642},
  issue           = {4},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose, metabolism; Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Cholesterol, HDL, blood; Cohort Studies; Coronary Disease, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; France; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics; Smoking; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {9505803},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {9555864},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-08-31},
}

@Article{Depairon2000,
  author          = {Depairon, M. and Tutta, P. and van Melle, G. and Hayoz, D. and Kappenberger, L. and Darioli, R.},
  journal         = {Archives des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux},
  title           = {[Reference values of intima-medial thickness of carotid and femoral arteries in subjects aged 20 to 60 years and without cardiovascular risk factors].},
  year            = {2000},
  issn            = {0003-9683},
  month           = jun,
  pages           = {721--726},
  volume          = {93},
  abstract        = {Many studies have shown a close correlation between intima-medial thickness of the carotid artery measured by high resolution ultrasonography and the presence of coronary artery disease or atherogenic risk factors. However, reference values for the value of intima-medial thickness (IMT) in healthy subjects have not yet been established. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the reference values of carotid (C-IMT) and femoral intima-medial thickness (F-IMT) with respect to age and gender in healthy subjects (53 women and 45 men) aged 20 to 60, with no family or personal history of cardiovascular disease or atherogenic risk factors, underwent high resolution colour echo-Doppler examination. The mean C-IMT was 556 +/- 57 microns in women and 573 +/- 70 microns in men (NS), and the femoral equivalent was 543 +/- 63 microns in women and 562 +/- 74 microns in men (NS). Between the ages of 20 and 60, the C-IMT increased by 1.8 microns per year (p < 0.03) in women and 3.4 microns (p < 0.001) in men, the variations being respectively 1.2 microns (NS) and 3.1 microns (p < 0.002) in the femoral artery. Multiple regression analysis including gender and individual values of age, body mass index and lipid profile confirmed that only age was significantly correlated to the increase in thickness. The authors conclude that the reference values of IMT do not differ with gender or site of analysis, but there is a slight influence with respect to age.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2000-09-12},
  country         = {France},
  issn-linking    = {0003-9683},
  issue           = {6},
  keywords        = {Adult; Age Factors; Carotid Arteries, anatomy & histology, diagnostic imaging; Coronary Disease, etiology; Female; Femoral Artery, anatomy & histology, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Risk Factors; Tunica Intima, anatomy & histology, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, anatomy & histology, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {0406011},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {10916655},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-24},
}

@Article{Rietzschel2001,
  author          = {Rietzschel, E. R. and De Buyzere, M. L. and Duprez, D. A. and Clement, D. L.},
  journal         = {International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology},
  title           = {Interchangeability of carotid and femoral intima-media thickness in risk stratification.},
  year            = {2001},
  issn            = {0392-9590},
  month           = mar,
  pages           = {38--46},
  volume          = {20},
  abstract        = {Carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) is an intermediate phenotype not only for the local but also the global arteriosclerotic status, a concept which has been validated by its ability to act as a marker for future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Whether the association between c-IMT and risk factors, distant atherosclerotic disease and prognosis are the sole prerogative of the carotid artery, or whether these findings can be extrapolated to other arterial sites is less well studied. In view of the concept of vascular heterogeneity, we measured the IMT in a muscular, lower extremity artery, the common femoral (f-IMT), and in elastic upper extremity artery, the common carotid, in apparently healthy individuals and explored the relationship with risk factors and the individuals 10-year cardiovascular (CV) risk, calculated using the Framingham systolic blood pressure equation. A population of 156 apparently healthy normotensive Caucasian volunteers between 18 and 65 years was studied (mean age 43+/-13 years; 68 men, 88 women; mean arterial blood pressure 126 +/- 15/70 +/- 10 mmHg). The c-IMT and f-IMT were measured using a 10 MHz vascular linear array transducer at the far walls 1 to 2 centimetres proximal to the right common carotid and right common femoral artery bifurcations, respectively. Risk factors were assessed and the 10-year cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Framingham systolic blood pressure equation. The median c-IMT was 0.52 mm (interquartile range 0.45-0.62 mm) and f-INT was 0.52 mm (0.39-0.67). Both parameters were significantly correlated (r = 0.363; p < 0.01) and both were significantly correlated to the calculated 10-year CV risk (r = 0.579; p < 0.01 and r = 0.574; p < 0.01 for the carotid and c-IMT and f-IMT, respectively). Median risk was low: 2.11% (0.27-5.50). Although measures of agreement were higher for the f-IMT versus risk (0.47) than for the c-IMT versus risk (0.30), the former showed a significantly wider scatter with increasing age and with quartiles of CV risk. The c-IMT and f-IMT do not share determinant risk factors to the same extent and with only 20% of mutual variance explained, cannot be regarded as interchangeable. Although the c-IMT and f-IMT are significantly intercorrelated and correlate to the calculated 10-year CV risk, they are not interchangeable. While the f-IMT is less suited as a continuous variable for risk stratification in a low-risk population, our data suggest its possible use as a dichotomised risk marker.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2001-08-23},
  country         = {Italy},
  issn-linking    = {0392-9590},
  issue           = {1},
  keywords        = {Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis, etiology; Carotid Arteries, ultrastructure; Female; Femoral Artery, ultrastructure; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Tunica Intima, anatomy & histology},
  nlm-id          = {8402693},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {11342994},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-12-10},
}

@Article{Markus1997,
  author          = {Markus, R. A. and Mack, W. J. and Azen, S. P. and Hodis, H. N.},
  journal         = {The American journal of clinical nutrition},
  title           = {Influence of lifestyle modification on atherosclerotic progression determined by ultrasonographic change in the common carotid intima-media thickness.},
  year            = {1997},
  issn            = {0002-9165},
  month           = apr,
  pages           = {1000--1004},
  volume          = {65},
  abstract        = {The Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled angiographic trial of lipid-lowering therapy in subjects with coronary artery disease. Subjects were counseled to follow a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. At every clinic visit, data were obtained on body weight, dietary intake, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use. Semiannual determinations of early preintrusive atherosclerosis were made with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). We evaluated the effects of lifestyle modification (diet, alcohol, smoking, and weight loss) on the rate of carotid artery IMT progression on the 94 subjects randomly assigned to the placebo group. Dietary cholesterol, insoluble fiber, body mass index, and smoking were significant predictors of the annual rate of carotid artery IMT progression (P < 0.05). For subjects experiencing IMT progression, increased intakes of monounsaturated fat relative to saturated fat and stearic acid (18:0) consumption were significant predictors of a reduction in the annual rate of carotid artery IMT progression; for subjects experiencing IMT regression, male sex was a significant predictor of a reduction in the annual rate of carotid artery IMT regression. Modifications reducing body mass index by 5 kg/m2, quitting a 10 cigarette/d smoking habit, and reducing dietary cholesterol intake by 100 mg/d on average would reduce the annual rate of carotid wall IMT progression by 0.13 mm/y, which is equivalent to the maximum rate of IMT progression observed in the MARS placebo group. Progression of early preintrusive atherosclerosis can be reduced and overall regression can occur with dietary and lifestyle modification.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1997-04-29},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1000},
  issn-linking    = {0002-9165},
  issue           = {4},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Arteriosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, pathology, physiopathology; Body Mass Index; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging, pathology, physiopathology; Diet, standards; Disease Progression; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Life Style; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging, pathology, physiopathology; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging, pathology, physiopathology; Ultrasonography; Weight Loss},
  nlm-id          = {0376027},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {9094885},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2018-03-30},
}

@Article{Bossuyt2014,
  author          = {Bossuyt, Jelle and Van Bortel, Luc M. and De Backer, Tine L. M. and Van De Velde, Sandrien and Azermai, Majda and Segers, Patrick and De Buyzere, Marc and Van Daele, Caroline and Rietzschel, Ernst and Investigators, Asklepios},
  journal         = {Journal of hypertension},
  title           = {Asymmetry in prevalence of femoral but not carotid atherosclerosis.},
  year            = {2014},
  issn            = {1473-5598},
  month           = jul,
  pages           = {1429--1434},
  volume          = {32},
  abstract        = {Atherosclerotic disease is caused by a combination of systemic and local factors (e.g. geometry) affecting local flow conditions. In contrast to the carotid artery, at the iliac-femoral artery region, a large degree of bilateral asymmetry exists. Therefore, we aimed to determine the influence of body side on the prevalence of atherosclerosis (i.e. plaque and intima-media thickness; IMT) at the carotid and femoral arteries. Data were used from the ASKLEPIOS study, including 2524 apparently healthy individuals with a mean age of 46 years (range 35-55 years). Echographic images were obtained bilaterally of the carotid and femoral arteries. A single observer approach was used for the acquisition and quantification of plaques and IMT. The carotid artery displays no significant left-right difference in IMT values nor plaque prevalence (right: 12.0 vs. left 13.3%; P = 0.18). In contrast, for the femoral artery, the IMT distribution at the right common femoral artery is more skewed (P90 right: 1.11 mm, left 1.01 mm; P < 0.001), which is mirrored by a significantly higher plaque prevalence (right: 21.9 vs. left: 15.7%; P < 0.001). In the present study, atherosclerotic lesions are more prevalent at the right than at the left femoral artery. This finding highlights the possible role of local arterial geometry in the development of atherosclerosis and underscores the importance of the choice of body side when assessing vascular health.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {2015-05-11},
  country         = {Netherlands},
  doi             = {10.1097/HJH.0000000000000205},
  issn-linking    = {0263-6352},
  issue           = {7},
  keywords        = {Adult; Atherosclerosis, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, pathology; Belgium, epidemiology; Carotid Artery Diseases, diagnostic imaging, epidemiology, pathology; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Carotid Stenosis, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Female; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plaque, Atherosclerotic, diagnostic imaging, pathology; Prevalence},
  nlm-id          = {8306882},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pmid            = {24805957},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2016-11-25},
}

@Article{Gariepy1996,
  author          = {Gariepy, J. and Simon, A. and Massonneau, M. and Linhart, A. and Segond, P. and Levenson, J.},
  journal         = {American journal of hypertension},
  title           = {Echographic assessment of carotid and femoral arterial structure in men with essential hypertension. Group PCVMETRA.},
  year            = {1996},
  issn            = {0895-7061},
  month           = feb,
  pages           = {126--136},
  volume          = {9},
  abstract        = {Extracoronary in vivo structural arterial changes were studied in asymptomatic essential hypertension. Carotid and femoral arteries were examined with B-mode echography for the presence or absence of plaque (the whole vascular segments of each vessel in the both sides) and for automated measurement of the far wall intima-media thickness (the vascular segment of each vessel proximal to the bifurcation in the right side) in 53 never treated hypertensive men and 133 normotensive men similar with regard to age, serum cholesterol levels, and smoking history. In the hypertensive group carotid plaque was more frequent (P < .05) and carotid and femoral intima-media thicknesses were greater (P < .001) than in the normotensive group. In the overall normotensive and hypertensive population intima-media thickness was independently associated with age and systolic pressure in both arteries (P < .001) and with cholesterol in the femoral artery (P < .05) while plaque was associated with systolic pressure (P < .01), and cholesterol (P < .01) in the carotid arteries and with age (P < .01), cholesterol (P < .05), and smoking (P < .001) in the femoral arteries. No significant difference in intima-media thickness in both arteries existed between hypertensive subjects with plaque and those without. Wall thickening and plaque were more frequent in hypertensive patients. Thickening was distributed homogeneously to both arteries, while plaque affected preferentially the femoral bed. The influence of age and pressure was more marked on intima-media thickness than on plaque. The lack of association between wall thickening and plaque suggested that vascular hypertrophy and early atherosis might be two different structural changes.},
  citation-subset = {IM},
  completed       = {1996-11-13},
  country         = {United States},
  doi             = {10.1016/0895-7061(95)00262-6},
  issn-linking    = {0895-7061},
  issue           = {2},
  keywords        = {Adult; Aged; Carotid Arteries, diagnostic imaging; Femoral Artery, diagnostic imaging; Humans; Hypertension, diagnostic imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Tunica Intima, diagnostic imaging; Tunica Media, diagnostic imaging; Ultrasonography},
  nlm-id          = {8803676},
  owner           = {NLM},
  pii             = {0895706195002626},
  pmid            = {8924262},
  pubmodel        = {Print},
  pubstate        = {ppublish},
  revised         = {2019-05-12},
}

@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}
