4.5. Characterization of Silybum marianum Hydro-Methanolic Extract
The aqueous methanolic crude extract was diluted with water and then successively partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chloroform (CHCl₃), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) to isolate the primary compound responsible for the biological activity. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the molecular structures of the compounds in the resulting fractions. Proton NMR (¹H NMR, 600 MHz), Carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR, 151 MHz), and DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) NMR analyses were conducted. The fractions were dissolved in deuterated DMSO (DMSO-d6), and spectra were recorded using high-field NMR equipment, Varian Direct-Drive 600 (1H 600 MHz/13C 150 MHz). The recorded spectra were then analyzed for chemical shifts expressed in δ (ppm) with reference to TMS and coupling constants (J) in hertz and integration using Mnova software (Mestrelab Research S.L., 2021). Peaks were assigned by comparison with literature data, aiding in the identification and structural elucidation of the compounds.
Silydianin (1): 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.82 (s, 1H, 5-OH), 10.91 (s, 1H, 7-OH), 8.78 (s, 1H, 4"-OH), 7.17 (s, 1H, 3'-OH), 6.76 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-2''), 6.65 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, H-5''), 6.57 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6''), 6.04 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H, H-6'), 5.94 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H, 3-OH), 5.92 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-8), 5.90 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.87 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.45 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.14 (dd, J = 8.0, 3.3 Hz, 1H, H-ɣ a), 3.79 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, H-ɣ b), 3.75 (s, 3H, 3''-OCH3), 3.46 (dd, J = 4.3, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-2'), 3.32 – 3.30 (m, 1H, H-α), 3.19 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H, H-5'), 2.77 – 2.71 (m, 1H, H-β). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 201.96 (C-4'), 196.51 (C-4), 166.93 (C-7), 163.39 (C-5),162.08 (C-9), 147.20 (C-3"), 145.13 (C4"), 139.55 (C-1'), 133.0 (C-1"), 124.08 (C-6'), 120.37 (C-6"), 114.62 (C-5"), 112.49 (C-2"), 100.30 (C10), 96.75 (C-3'), 96.30 (C-8), 95.08 (C-6), 81.71 (C-2), 72.83 (C-ɣ), 70.87 (C-3), 55.49 4 (3"-OCH3), 53.42 (C-5'), 48.67 (C-2'), 46.09 (C-α), 44.05 (C-β).
Isosilychristin A (2): 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.87 (s, 1H, 5-OH), 6.94 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H, H-6' ), 6.86 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-2''), 6.77 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-6''), 6.75 – 6.74 (m, 1H, H-5' ), 6.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, H-5''), 5.93 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-8), 5.87 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6), 5.59 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H, H-α), 5.18 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.61 (dd, J = 10.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 3.72 (ddd, J = 9.7, 4.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H, H-ɣ a), 3.69 (s, 3H, 3''-OCH3), 3.55 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H, H-β), 3.42 – 3.33 (m, 1H, H-ɣ b ). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 197.80 (C-4), 166.86 (C-7), 163.36 (C-9), 162.57 (C-5), 147.48 (C-3"), 146.30 (C-4') 145.78 (C-4"), 141.63 (C-3'), 133.00 (C-1"), 128.92 (C-2'), 124.05 (C-1'), 120.40 (C-6'), 118.53 (C-6"), 116.46 (C-5'), 115.36 (C-5"), 110.26 (C-2"), 100.49 (C-10), 96.28 (C-6), 95.06 (C8), 83.07 (C-α), 80.04 (C-2), 72.51 (C-3), 63.10 (C-ɣ), 55.61 (3"-OCH3), 53.40 (C-β).
Isosilybin B (3): 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 11.90 (s, 1H, 5-OH), 7.09 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-2'), 7.01 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-2''), 7.00 – 6.96 (m, 1H, H-6'), 6.94 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H, H-5'), 6.87 (ddd, J = 9.9, 4.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H-6''), 6.82 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H-5''), 5.90 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-8), 5.87 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, H-6), 5.12 (dd, J = 11.3, 0.5 Hz, 1H, H-2), 4.93 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, H-α), 4.63 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.22 – 4.09 (m, 1H, H-β), 3.78 (3H, s, 3''- OCH3), 3.50 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H, H-ɣ a ), 3.37 – 3.33 (m, 1H, , H-ɣ b). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 197.80 (C-4), 166.86 (C-7), 163.34 (C-5), 162.49 (C-9), 147.61 (C-3"), 147.01 (C-4"), 143.90 (C-3'), 142.91 (C4'), 130.32 (C-1'), 127.49 (C-1"), 120.90 (C-6'), 120.46 (C-6"), 116.46 (C-5') , 115.36 (C-5"), 111.72 (C-2"), 100.49 (C-10), 96.09 (C-8), 95.06 (C-6), 82.56 (C-2), 78.03 (C-β), 75.87 (C-α), 71.54 (C3), 60.19 (C-ɣ), 55.70 (3"-OCH3).
Dehydrosilychristin A (4): 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.34 (s, 1H, 5-OH), 8.78 (s, 1H, 4"-OH), 7.32 (s, 1H, 3'-OH), 6.98 – 6.95 (m, 1H, H-6'), 6.68 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, H2''), 6.63 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H-5''), 6.52 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H-6''), 6.42 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H. H-8, H-6), 6.21 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H-6), 4.24 – 4.22 (m, 1H, H-9"a), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H, H-2' ), 3.89 – 3.80 (m, 1H, H-9"b), 3.69 (s, 3H, 3''-OCH3), 3.46 – 3.42 (m, 1H, H-5'), 3.41 (s, 1H, H-7"), 2.82 (s, 1H, H-8"). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO) δ 202.05 (C-4'), 174.51 (C-4), 163.90 (C-7), 162.49 (C-5), 161.86 (C-9), 147.13 (C-3"), 145.11(C-4"), 143.90 (C-2), 138.94 (C-3), 133.26 (C-1'), 133.00 (C-1"), 124,0 (C-6'), 120.34 (C-6"), 115.15 (C5"), 112.72 (C-2"), 100.50 (C10), 96.73 (C-6), 96.09 (C-3'), 94.85 (C-8), 72.81 (C-9"), 55.46 (3"-OCH3), 53.40 (C-5'), 48.53 (C-2'), 46.24 (C-7"), 44.30 (C-8").