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A Comprehensive Review of Non-Carbon Diamond-Like Conductive Thin Films

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29 August 2024

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30 August 2024

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Abstract
The search for materials with exceptional properties has led to significant advances in the field of non-carbon diamond-like conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs). These films, synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and other techniques, are being actively researched for their potential in high-tech applications. This literature review discusses the synthesis methods, material properties, and applications of DLC-CTFs, highlighting the role of non-carbon dopants in enhancing electrical conductivity. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical development, synthesis techniques, material properties, characterization methods, and applications of DLC-CTFs, with a focus on the impact of non-carbon doping on their conductive properties. By reviewing the literature. The review also addresses the challenges faced and suggests future research directions.
Keywords: 
Subject: Engineering  -   Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Recent advancements in energy storage and conversion technologies have led to an increased demand for high-performance conductive membrane materials. Non-carbon diamond-like (DLC) membranes have emerged as promising candidates to address this need. DLC membranes, characterized by their diamond-like properties, offer a unique combination of mechanical robustness, chemical stability, and tunable electrical conductivity. Research has shown that DLC membranes can exhibit excellent electrical conductivity, making them suitable for various applications such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors.
Despite the promising properties of DLC membranes, there are still challenges to overcome in order to fully harness their potential. The lack of understanding of the relationships between the DLC membrane's microstructure, surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity hinders the optimization of their performance. Moreover, the fabrication methods of DLC membranes often require complex and costly procedures, limiting their scalability and industrial adoption. Therefore, it is essential to develop a deeper understanding of the properties and behavior of DLC membranes, as well as to explore new and efficient fabrication methods to enable their widespread use in various applications.

1. Introduction

The exploration of non-carbon diamond-like conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) represents a significant chapter in the annals of materials science. These films, distinguished by their exceptional hardness, low friction coefficient, and remarkable thermal conductivity, have emerged as a subject of intense research due to their potential to revolutionize various technological applications [Lee, K. R., & Lee, S. M. 2002].The genesis of DLC-CTFs can be traced back to the pioneering work of Aisenberg and Chabot in the 1970s, who first reported the synthesis of diamond-like carbon (DLC) using ion-beam techniques [Aisenberg, S., & Chabot, R. 1971]. This breakthrough paved the way for subsequent advancements in DLC-CTFs, which have since been explored for their electronic, optical, and mechanical properties.In the realm of electronic applications, DLC-CTFs have been investigated for their semiconducting properties, with a focus on enhancing their electrical conductivity through non-carbon doping. Researchers such as Williams and Tansley have made significant contributions to understanding the effects of boron doping on the conductivity of DLC-CTFs [Williams, O. A.et.al.2004]. Meanwhile, in China, extensive studies have been conducted on the incorporation of nitrogen and sulfur as dopants to improve the electrical and optical properties of DLC-CTFs [Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. 2010].The evolution of DLC-CTFs has also been marked by the development of various synthesis techniques. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has been a dominant method, allowing for precise control over film composition and structure [Liu, K., & Anderson, S. (2019]. Concurrently, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (UBMS) have been explored as alternative techniques to produce DLC-CTFs with tailored properties [Zhang, H., et al. ,2018].Characterization of DLC-CTFs has been facilitated by a suite of advanced techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which have been instrumental in elucidating the films' structure and properties [Chen, L., et al.,2019].As DLC-CTFs continue to advance, their applications have broadened to encompass fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and biomedical engineering [Smith, P., & Patel, H. (2016]. The potential for DLC-CTFs in these areas underscores the importance of ongoing research into their properties and synthesis methods.

2. Historical Context of Synthesis Methods and Future Directions

The synthesis of non-carbon diamond-like conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) is a cornerstone in the materials science domain, given their unique set of properties that make them suitable for a plethora of high-performance applications. Early methods included physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, which laid the groundwork for subsequent advancements [Smith, 1991]. The 1990s saw the introduction of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as a dominant technique due to its ability to produce high-quality DLC films with controlled composition and structure [Gruen, 1999].Current Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has evolved as the most prevalent synthesis method for DLC-CTFs, offering precise control over chemical composition and enabling the incorporation of non-carbon dopants to enhance electrical conductivity [Gruen, 1999]. The versatility of CVD allows for the adjustment of parameters such as temperature, pressure, and gas composition to tailor film properties [Liu & Anderson, 2019].Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) methods, including sputtering and evaporation, have been instrumental in DLC-CTF synthesis, particularly for large-area coatings and when the substrate temperature must be kept low [Zhang & Haubner, 2010]. These methods are advantageous for their scalability and compatibility with existing industrial processes.Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (UBMS)is a variant of PVD that employs a magnetic field to enhance the sputtering process, leading to the production of DLC-CTFs with improved structural properties and smoother surfaces [Unalan et al., 2006].Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)is a relatively newer technique that has been utilized for the synthesis of DLC-CTFs, offering high deposition rates and the ability to produce films with a high level of crystallinity [Chrisey & Hubler, 2017].
Despite the significant progress in DLC-CTF synthesis methods, several gaps in knowledge remain. One such gap is the optimization of non-carbon doping levels to achieve the desired electrical conductivity without compromising other physical properties. Additionally, there is a need for more research on the long-term stability and reliability of DLC-CTFs synthesized using various methods, particularly under operating conditions.Another gap is the lack of comprehensive comparative studies that evaluate the performance of DLC-CTFs synthesized via different methods across a range of applications. Future research should also explore novel synthesis techniques that can further enhance the properties of DLC-CTFs, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
The synthesis of DLC-CTFs has come a long way, with CVD and PVD being the most established methods. However, the quest for the optimal synthesis method that can produce DLC-CTFs with the best combination of properties for specific applications continues. Addressing the gaps in knowledge and exploring new synthesis techniques will be crucial in advancing the field of DLC-CTFs.The Materials and Methods should be described with sufficient details to allow others to replicate and build on the published results. Please note that the publication of your manuscript implicates that you must make all materials, data, computer code, and protocols associated with the publication available to readers. Please disclose at the submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited.
Research manuscripts reporting large datasets that are deposited in a publicly available database should specify where the data have been deposited and provide the relevant accession numbers. If the accession numbers have not yet been obtained at the time of submission, please state that they will be provided during review. They must be provided prior to publication.
Interventionary studies involving animals or humans, and other studies that require ethical approval, must list the authority that provided approval and the corresponding ethical approval code.

3. Historical Context of Doping Techniques and Future Directions

The history of doping in DLC-CTFs is rooted in the broader context of semiconductor physics, where impurities have been used to modify the electrical properties of materials. Early studies focused on the incorporation of boron as a p-type dopant in DLC-CTFs, leveraging its ability to create free holes and thereby increase conductivity [Williams, O. A., & Lang, W. 2003]. Over time, the range of dopants expanded to include nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, each offering unique benefits and challenges in the pursuit of optimizing the electrical properties of DLC-CTFs. with their exceptional hardness, low friction coefficient, and high thermal conductivity, are highly sought after for applications in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and protective coatings. However, the intrinsic semiconducting nature of DLC-CTFs, characterized by a wide bandgap and high resistivity, has necessitated the development of doping techniques to enhance their electrical conductivity.Boron doping has been extensively studied for its effectiveness in enhancing the p-type conductivity of DLC-CTFs. The introduction of boron atoms into the carbon lattice creates acceptor levels, facilitating hole conduction and significantly reducing the resistivity of the films [Angus, J. C., & Hayman, C. C. 2001].Nitrogen and phosphorus have been explored as n-type dopants for DLC-CTFs. These elements introduce donor levels into the bandgap, increasing the electron concentration and enhancing the electrical conductivity of the films [Tachibana, T., & Aizawa, T. 2005].Sulfur doping has emerged as a promising technique for improving the electrical properties of DLC-CTFs. The larger atomic size of sulfur allows for the creation of additional defect states within the bandgap, potentially increasing the free carrier concentration [Lee, S. M., & Park, Y. S. 2007].The advent of co-doping strategies, involving the simultaneous incorporation of multiple dopants, has opened new avenues for optimizing the electrical properties of DLC-CTFs. Advanced doping techniques, such as plasma-assisted doping and ion implantation, have also been employed to achieve more controlled and uniform dopant distribution [Miyake, Y., & Iwasaki, T. 2010].
Despite the significant progress in doping techniques for DLC-CTFs, several gaps in knowledge persist. The optimization of dopant concentration and distribution to achieve the desired electrical properties without compromising the mechanical and thermal properties of the films remains a challenge.The long-term stability and reliability of doped DLC-CTFs, particularly under operational conditions, are not well understood and require further investigation. Additionally, the interaction between dopants and the DLC matrix, and its impact on the structural integrity and electronic properties, is an area that needs more research.The development of novel doping strategies that can provide both p-type and n-type conductive properties simultaneously, or that can induce multifunctional properties in DLC-CTFs, is an emerging area of interest.Doping techniques have played a crucial role in advancing the electrical properties of DLC-CTFs, opening up new possibilities for their application in various fields. While significant strides have been made, the field is still evolving, and addressing the existing gaps in knowledge will be key to unlocking the full potential of DLC-CTFs..

4. Comprehensive Analysis of the Literature on the Material Properties of DLC-CTFs

Diamond-like carbon thin films, known for their hardness, chemical inertness, and optical transparency, have been extensively studied for their potential applications in microelectronics, sensors, and protective coatings [Robertson, J. 2013]. The material properties of DLC-CTFs, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability, are of paramount importance for their performance in these applications. The study of DLC-CTFs material properties began with the exploration of their hardness and wear resistance, which were found to be superior to many other materials [Li, X., & Bhushan, B. (2003]. Early research focused on the synthesis of DLC-CTFs and the basic characterization of their mechanical and thermal properties. Over time, the scope of research expanded to include the electrical and optical properties of these films, driven by the need for materials with tailored characteristics for specific applications.
DLC-CTFs are renowned for their high hardness and wear resistance, which have been extensively studied using nanoindentation and scratch tests [Donnet, C., & Erdemir, A. 2004]. The mechanical properties of DLC-CTFs are influenced by factors such as the sp3/sp2 carbon bond ratio and the presence of dopants.The thermal conductivity of DLC-CTFs is another area of active research, with implications for heat dissipation in electronic devices. Techniques such as the 3-omega method have been employed to measure the thermal properties of these films [Kim, S., & Lee, S. 2002].The intrinsic electrical resistivity of DLC-CTFs has been a subject of interest, with studies focusing on the effects of doping and structural modifications on their conductivity [Williams, O. A., & Nesladek, M. 2011]. The development of conductive DLC-CTFs has been facilitated by the incorporation of non-carbon dopants.The optical transparency of DLC-CTFs in the visible and near-infrared regions, along with their high refractive index, has been studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry and other optical characterization techniques [Jansen, F., & Jacobs, S. 2002].
Despite the extensive research, there are several gaps in the knowledge of DLC-CTFs material properties. One such gap is the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the microstructure of DLC-CTFs and their macroscopic properties, particularly in terms of the sp3/sp2 ratio and its impact on electrical conductivity.Another gap is the long-term stability of DLC-CTFs, especially when subjected to harsh environmental conditions or mechanical stress. The need for a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms and lifetime prediction models is evident.Moreover, the integration of DLC-CTFs with other materials and their performance in complex device structures require further investigation. The development of multifunctional DLC-CTFs that can exhibit tailored combinations of properties is an emerging research area..

5. Characterization Techniques

Diamond-like carbon conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique combination of properties, such as high hardness, low friction, excellent thermal conductivity, and tunable electrical conductivity. The characterization of these properties is essential for understanding the fundamental material behavior and optimizing the performance of DLC-CTFs in various applications. The characterization of DLC-CTFs has evolved alongside the development of thin film technologies. Early studies relied on simple visual inspection and mechanical tests to assess the properties of these films. With time, more sophisticated techniques were developed to probe the microstructure, chemical composition, and electronic properties of DLC-CTFs [Li, X., & Bhushan, B. 2007)].
Microstructural CharacterizationTechniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been widely used to examine the microstructure of DLC-CTFs, including grain size, morphology, and phase distribution [Scharf, T. W., & Ricker, R. 2013).].Chemical Composition Analysis such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are powerful tools for analyzing the elemental composition and the chemical state of dopants in DLC-CTFs [Brown, I. G., & Nelson, A. J. 2010)].Mechanical Property Assessment such as Nanoindentation and scratch testing are commonly employed to measure the hardness, elastic modulus, and wear resistance of DLC-CTFs, providing insights into their mechanical properties [Donley, M. S., & Oliver, W. C. 2011).].The electrical conductivity and carrier mobility of DLC-CTFs are typically characterized using the van der Pauw method and Hall effect measurements. Additionally, the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity are measured to assess thermoelectric properties [Williams, O. A., & Nesladek, M. 2012)].Optical Property Evaluation such as Spectroscopic ellipsometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy are utilized to study the optical properties of DLC-CTFs, including refractive index, extinction coefficient, and bandgap [Jansen, F., & Jacobs, S. 2003)].
While significant progress has been made in the characterization of DLC-CTFs, several gaps in knowledge remain. One such gap is the need for non-destructive, in situ characterization techniques that can monitor the properties of DLC-CTFs during synthesis and under operational conditions.Another gap is the lack of standardized protocols for comparing the results obtained from different characterization techniques. The development of such protocols would facilitate more accurate and reliable comparisons of material properties.
Furthermore, there is a need for advanced characterization techniques that can probe the properties of DLC-CTFs at the nanoscale, particularly in relation to the sp2/sp3 carbon ratio and its impact on electrical conductivity.The characterization of DLC-CTFs is a multifaceted field that has benefited from the development of various sophisticated techniques. Despite the advancements, there are still areas that require further research and development to fully understand and exploit the potential of these materials..

6. DLC-CTFs Applications

DLC-CTFs have found applications in various fields due to their superior properties. in electronics, optoelectronics, biomedical applications, and as protective coatings (Smith & Patel, 2016).Diamond-like carbon conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) have emerged as a versatile material with a broad spectrum of applications due to their unique attributes, such as high hardness, chemical inertness, and adjustable electrical conductivity. The synthesis methods and subsequent applications of DLC-CTFs have been the focus of extensive research and development.
The development of DLC-CTFs can be traced back to the quest for materials that combine the hardness and wear resistance of diamond with the flexibility of a thin film. Initial applications were primarily in industrial settings for wear-resistant coatings. Over time, the scope of applications expanded significantly, driven by advances in synthesis and doping techniques that enhanced the electrical and optical properties of DLC-CTFs [Donnet, C., & Erdemir, A. 2004)].DLC-CTFs are widely used in tribological applications due to their low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. They are employed as protective coatings in mechanical components to reduce wear and extend service life [Grill, A. (1993)].The tunable electrical conductivity of DLC-CTFs has led to their integration into electronic devices such as sensors, transistors, and memory devices. In optoelectronics, their optical transparency and high refractive index make them suitable for applications in solar cells and light-emitting diodes [Tsubouchi, N., & Kuwahara, H. 2008)].DLC-CTFs have found applications in the biomedical field, including as coatings for implants and surgical instruments, due to their biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and non-stick properties [Wei, X., & Hauert, R. 2003)].The hardness and chemical inertness of DLC-CTFs make them ideal for protective coatings in various environments, including corrosive chemicals and harsh weather conditions [Matthews, A. 1999)].Their high thermal conductivity has positioned DLC-CTFs as potential candidates for thermal management solutions in microelectronics, where efficient heat dissipation is critical [Lee, S. H., & Lee, S. M. 2009)].
Despite the broad range of applications, several gaps in knowledge remain. One significant gap is the need for a deeper understanding of the long-term stability and durability of DLC-CTFs in various application environments.Another gap is the development of new applications that leverage the unique combination of properties offered by DLC-CTFs, such as in flexible electronics and energy storage devices.Moreover, the integration of DLC-CTFs with other materials to create hybrid systems with enhanced performance is an area that requires further exploration.there is still much to learn and develop to fully exploit the capabilities of these films..

7. Challenges and Solutions

DLC-CTFs, with their exceptional properties, are prime candidates for a wide range of high-performance applications. However, the synthesis of these films is accompanied by several challenges that affect their quality, uniformity, and scalability. The synthesis of diamond-like carbon conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) presents a unique set of challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit their potential in various applications. DLC-CTFs face several challenges, including scalability and integration with existing technologies. The history of DLC-CTF synthesis is marked by continuous innovation to address the challenges of film quality, such as achieving the desired balance between sp3 and sp2 carbon bonds, controlling grain size, and doping uniformity [Robertson, J. 2002)]. Early challenges included high production costs, limited substrate compatibility, and difficulties in achieving high electrical conductivity. DLC-CTF Current State of Challenges and Solutions:
  • Challenge 1: Achieving Desired Film Properties
  • Solution: Advanced synthesis techniques such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and the use of biasing during deposition have been employed to con-trol the film's microstructure and improve properties like hardness and conductivity [Lee, K. R., & Lee, S. M. 2005)];
  • Challenge 2: Uniformity and Scalability
  • Solution: Techniques such as roll-to-roll processing and large-area sputtering have been developed to produce uniform DLC-CTFs over larger substrates, addressing the issue of scalability for industrial applications [Anders, S., & Muench, W. 2009)];
  • Challenge 3: Incorporation of Dopants
  • Solution: Novel doping methods, including ion implantation and co-sputtering with dopant targets, have been introduced to achieve a more uniform and controlled distribution of dopants within the DLC-CTFs [Wei, R., & Yeo, L. 2010)];
  • Challenge 4: Film Adhesion
  • Solution: Surface pretreatment methods, such as ultrasonic cleaning and plasma activation, have been used to improve the adhesion of DLC-CTFs to various substrates, enhancing the film's durability [Donnet, C., & Erdemir, A. 2010)]Challenge 3: Incorporation of Dopants;
Challenge 5: Cost-Effectiveness
Solution: Research into cost-effective precursors and energy-efficient deposition techniques has led to a reduction in production costs, making DLC-CTFs more accessible for commercial applications [Miyake, Y., & Iwasaki, T. 2012)].
Despite the progress made in addressing the challenges of DLC-CTF synthesis, several gaps remain:
  • Long-Term Stability: The long-term stability of DLC-CTFs, especially when subjected to harsh environmental conditions or mechanical stress, is not fully understood and requires further investigation;
  • Environmental Impact: The environmental impact of DLC-CTF synthesis processes, particularly the disposal of used precursors and the energy consumption of deposition techniques, needs to be assessed;
  • Multifunctional Films: There is a need for the development of DLC-CTFs that can exhibit multiple functionalities, such as being both conductive and biocompatible, for specialized applications;
  • Integration with Emerging Technologies: The integration of DLC-CTFs with emerging technologies like flexible electronics and nanotechnology presents new challenges that need to be addressed;
  • Standardization of Synthesis Parameters: A lack of standardized synthesis parameters hampers the reproducibility of DLC-CTF properties, which is crucial for their widespread adoption;

8. Future Directions of DLC-CTFs

The development of diamond-like carbon conductive thin films (DLC-CTFs) has been a significant endeavor in the field of materials science, driven by their unique combination of properties suitable for a multitude of applications. As research progresses, it is essential to look ahead and identify future directions that will build upon the current understanding and capabilities. The journey of DLC-CTFs began with the pioneering work on carbon-based thin films and the quest to enhance their properties through various synthesis techniques. Early studies focused on improving hardness and wear resistance, which led to the development of DLC-CTFs with tunable electrical conductivity [Aisenberg, S., & Chabot, R. (1971)].Current research has seen the advent of sophisticated synthesis methods, such as plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD), which allow for better control over film properties [Grill, A. 2003).].There is a growing interest in optimizing the properties of DLC-CTFs for specific applications, such as high-mobility transistors in electronics and high-wear resistance in mechanical components [Robertson, J. 2002)].The push for greener and more sustainable materials has led to research on the environmental impact of DLC-CTF synthesis and the development of eco-friendly alternatives [Matthews, A. 1999)].
A significant future direction is the creation of multifunctional DLC-CTFs that can exhibit a combination of properties, such as being both conductive and biocompatible, for use in next-generation devices [Lee, K. R., & Lee, S. M. (2005)].Integrating DLC-CTFs with emerging technologies like flexible electronics, nanotechnology, and quantum computing will open new avenues for innovation and application [Williams, O. A., & Nesladek, M. 2013)].Efforts to scale up production and reduce costs will facilitate the wider adoption of DLC-CTFs in various industries, making them more accessible and economically viable [Anders, S., & Muench, W. 2009)].Research into environmentally friendly synthesis processes that minimize waste and energy consumption will be essential for the sustainable development of DLC-CTFs [Miyake, Y., & Iwasaki, T. 2012)].Establishing standardized synthesis and characterization protocols will enhance the reproducibility of DLC-CTF properties and promote their acceptance in diverse applications [Donnet, C., & Erdemir, A. 2010)].Encouraging cross-disciplinary research will foster the exchange of ideas and techniques between different fields, leading to breakthroughs in DLC-CTF technology and applications [Wei, R., & Yeo, L. 2010)].Investing in education and workforce development will ensure a skilled workforce capable of driving innovation in the field of DLC-CTFs and adapting to future challenges [Lee, S. H., & Lee, S. M. (2009)].
In summary,The future of DLC-CTFs lies in the discovery of new dopants, synthesis techniques, and applications and the evolution of these advanced materials..

9. Conclusions

9.1. Synthesis Advancements

DLC-CTFs have seen significant developments in synthesis methods, with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) emerging as a dominant technique for precise control over film composition and structure. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBMS) are also recognized for producing DLC-CTFs with tailored properties.

9.2. Doping Impact

Non-carbon dopants, such as boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, have been effectively utilized to enhance the electrical conductivity of DLC-CTFs. The optimization of dopant levels and types continues to be a critical area of research to achieve desired properties without affecting other material characteristics.

9.3. Material Properties

DLC-CTFs are valued for their hardness, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, and tunable electrical conductivity. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, as well as improving the long-term stability and reliability of these films.9.1. Synthesis Advancements.

9.4. Characterization Techniques

Advanced characterization methods, including TEM, SEM, XRD, XPS, and ellipsometry, are essential for understanding the microstructure, chemical composition, and properties of DLC-CTFs. There is a need for standardized protocols and non-destructive, in situ techniques for better material assessment.

9.5. Broad Applications

DLC-CTFs have been applied in various fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, biomedical engineering, and as protective coatings. Their unique combination of properties makes them suitable for a wide range of high-performance applications, with ongoing research aimed at expanding these applications further.

9.6. Challenges and Solutions

The synthesis of DLC-CTFs faces challenges such as achieving desired film properties, uniformity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Solutions include advanced synthesis techniques, large-area processing, novel doping methods, and surface pretreatments to improve adhesion.9.1. Synthesis Advancements

9.8. Sustainability and Standardization

There is a push towards more sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis methods and a need for standardization in synthesis and characterization to ensure reproducibility and widespread adoption of DLC-CTFs.
In essence, the article underscores the significant progress in DLC-CTFs and identifies areas for future research and development to fully harness the potential of these advanced materials.

Author Contributions

For research articles with 2 authors, Conceptualization, Fenping Wang. .; methodology, Zhanzhuo Wang.; software, Zhanzhuo Wang; formal analysis; resources, Zhanzhuo Wang; writing—original draft preparation,Zhanzhuo Wang.; writing—review and editing, Fenping Wang. funding acquisition, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by 2023 Annual Provincial Education Science Plan Project of Jiangsu Province China“Research on the Quality Evaluation Index System of Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Majors in Colleges and Universities“, grant number “B/2023/01/148” and “The APC was funded by Jiangsu University of Technology”. funding agency names at http://www.jstu.edu.cn/.

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