Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Chemical Markers in Italian Propolis: Chrysin, Galangin and Cape as Indicators of Geographic Origin

Elisabetta Miraldi
ORCID logo ,
Giorgio Cappellucci
* ,
Giulia Baini
,
Elia Silvia Pistone
,
Marika Allodi
,
Gabriele Costantino
,
Chiara Spaggiari
* ORCID logo ,
Marco Biagi
Version 1 : Received: 11 September 2024 / Approved: 12 September 2024 / Online: 12 September 2024 (15:41:53 CEST)

How to cite: Miraldi, E.; Cappellucci, G.; Baini, G.; Pistone, E. S.; Allodi, M.; Costantino, G.; Spaggiari, C.; Biagi, M. Chemical Markers in Italian Propolis: Chrysin, Galangin and Cape as Indicators of Geographic Origin. Preprints 2024, 2024090997. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.0997.v1 Miraldi, E.; Cappellucci, G.; Baini, G.; Pistone, E. S.; Allodi, M.; Costantino, G.; Spaggiari, C.; Biagi, M. Chemical Markers in Italian Propolis: Chrysin, Galangin and Cape as Indicators of Geographic Origin. Preprints 2024, 2024090997. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.0997.v1

Abstract

The knowledge in chemical composition of propolis is crucial for understanding the characteristics of products of different origin, but also for quality control and regulatory purposes. To date, offical monographs or official analyses that allow to evaluate propolis in a proper way have not yet been released. This study focuses on the characterization of twenty-seven Italian propolis and the identification of chemical markers that define its geographical provenance. Total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) content, alongside the quantification of pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), were identified as as potential markers. Additionally, DPPH assays was conducted to evaluate antiradicalic activity of propolis samples. Our findings demonstrated that TP, TF and pinocembrin differed in propolis of different origin, especially in samples from the islands. However, the quantification of the sum of chrysin and galangin and CAP provided a clear distinction of the geographical origin of the propolis samples. In contrast, the DPPH assay did not prove useful for this purpose, as most results were similar and, therefore, not significant. This study lays the groundwork for future research on propolis. These findings could contribute to the development of more refined methods for distinguishing propolis origins, enhancing the understanding, valuation and quality control of this natural product in various applications.

Keywords

Italian propolis; flavonoids; pinocembrin; chrysin; CAPE; geographical diversity.

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Food Science and Technology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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