Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Article

Evaluation of Eucalyptus Globulus for Mixed Tree Plantation with Some Indigenous and Exotic Tree Species in Central Ethiopia Highlands

Altmetrics

Downloads

42

Views

15

Comments

0

supplementary.pdf (5.89MB )

Submitted:

24 October 2024

Posted:

28 October 2024

You are already at the latest version

Alerts
Abstract
Mono-crop plantation widely found in the world and dominated by few species such as Eucalyptus, Pinus and Tectona. While they lack diversified product, negative to environmental service and limited forest product for local use. The experiment was designed to evaluate the impact of mixed plantings on the early growth performance of the E. globulus tree species. The treatments included one monoculture of E. globulus and a combination of the plant with three other native and one foreign tree species. In four consecutive years after plantation, height, root collar diameter, DBH and leaf/branch count were measured. Following two years of out planting, the survival rates of seedlings were determined. Destructive sampling was applied to measure biomass of E. globulus. The growth performance of E. globulus in mixed plantations was compared to that of trees produced in pure plantations. The findings showed that there were no significant variations in growth parameters across the treatments. Following two years of out planting, the survival rates of seedlings were determined. The growth performance of E. globulus in mixed plantations was compared to that of trees produced in pure plantations. The findings showed that there were no significant variations in growth parameters across the treatments. The survival rate of E. globulus was good, ranging from 75 to 96.8%. Similarly, the growth performance of E. globulus's root collar diameter was larger even if the trial did not reveal a significant difference between the treatments for height. In comparison to other treatments, the one that included junipers and E. globulus had a higher mean height throughout the course of three years (1.28, 2.53, and 6.12 meters, respectively), as well as a lower RCD in the first and third years (1.3 and 5.34 cm). At year four, E. globulus attain higher in Height and DBH with high growth rate in mixed plantations compared to pure stands. The relative yield of E. globulus in pure stands compare to mixed stands greater than 1. Above and below ground biomass and carbon density of E, globulus is comparable in all treatment. Overall, the study's findings confirm that planting E. globulus improves its mingling with the examined tree species. Such studies ought to be conducted again over a longer time frame in order to examine the effects at a later stage and recommend technologies for broader implementation.
Keywords: 
Subject: Biology and Life Sciences  -   Forestry

Introduction

Most of the world’s plantations are monocultures, with just a small number of tree genera (e.g. Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Tectona) is widely used [1,2]. Such plantations have been criticized for having negative impacts on local environments and its services [3,4] and not providing many traditional forest goods used by local people, especially for biodiversity conservation [5].
Researches demonstrating that mixed-species plantations can increase stand level productivity relative to monocultures. However, such comparative advantages has not led to their commercial uptake; mixed species plantations are limited to less than0.1% of industrial plantations in the globe [6]. Commercial and experimental mixed species plantations rarely offer data on financial analyses, and small landholders appear to be the main innovators in establishing and demonstrating mixed species plantations [6]. Mixed-species plantations preferable as result of: increased yield, provide better environmental protection, biodiversity conservation and restoration [7].
Among the different monoculture plantations, monoculture plantation with Eucalyptus criticized most [1]. Eucalyptus species mainly suppresses ground vegetation, results less undergrowth, has an impact on biodiversity conservation [8]. On the other hand mixed plantation had diversity of component and products. For example, [9] recorded 39 woody plants regenerated in a 20-year-old E. camaldulensis plantation in North Eastern Zimbabwe. [10] recorded under E. globulus plantations in dry afro-mountain areas of Ethiopia: 16 species in a 13 year old stand, 13 species in a 16-year-old stand and 17 species in a 22-year-old plantation. [11] recorded 46 woody species in a 31-year E. grandis plantation in Southwestern Ethiopia, 37 woody plants were identified in a 27-year-old monoculture E. camaldulensis plantation in semi-arid areas of Ethiopia. However, these studies on mixed plantations of Eucalyptus were focused only on the growth and productivity of the plantation species. Therefore, this research is design to evaluate the effect of some selected tree species on the growth of Eucalyptus globulus in early stage. Despite our limited understanding of how to design, select species for, and manage mixed-species plantations in Australia, they are commonly promoted as more environmentally preferable to monocultures [4,12,13]. Therefore this research was design to identify most compatible tree species with Eucalyptus globulus for Gummer wereda.

Material and Methods

Site Description

The study was conducted in Gummer district, Gurage zone, southern Ethiopia. It is one of the woredas in the central Ethiopia region. Gummer is bordered on the southeast by the Silt’e Zone, on the southwest by Geta, on the northwest by Cheha, and on the north by Ezha. Water bodies in this woreda include Lake Arek’it, after which the town was named. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the central statistical agency, the district had a total population of 80,178, of whom 37,495 are men and 42,683 women; 2,923 or 3.65% of its population are urban dwellers.
Like most farmers in Ethiopia, the farmers in Gummer wereda produce both crops and livestock. The major crops in the grown in the Woredas are Barley, Faba Bean, Wheat, Potato, Enset and Field Pea. Wheat, Potato and Barley are also the top three contributors to farmers’ income. Sheep, Cow, and Horses constituted the largest proportion of total livestock in the wereda. The largest contributor to the livestock population in the Kebele was sheep (38.99%) followed by cows (24.93%), horses (15.03%), calves (6.98%) and heifers (6.76%). These top five accounted for 92.69% of the livestock population ([14]).
The major vegetation grown in the wereda are exotic tree species like Eucalyptus globulus, Cupresus lustanica Chamythesis palimnesis and Gravellia robusta and indigenous tree species such as Juniporus procera, Hygenia abysinica podocarpus falctus, Bundelija polystachyus. Eucalyptus globulus, Juniporus procera, Hygenia abysinica and Cupresus lustanica are dominantly grown tree species (personal observation). Eucalyptus globulus, Gravellia robusta, Chamythesis palminesis, apple and prim is preferred species by farmers in wereda. The bases of preference are their products and services such as wood products environmental services. Bamboo is the only and an important non-timber forest product in the wereda (SARI Quick survey).

Treatments, Experimental Design and Management

The treatments used for the study were
  • Eucalyptus globulus monoculture,
  • Eucalyptus globulus + Hygenia abysinica,
  • Eucalyptus globulus + Podocarpus falcatus,
  • Eucalyptus globulus + Cupressus lusitanica and
  • Eucalyptus globulus + Juniporus procera.
Seedlings of the tree were raised in Gummer wereda agriculture office nursery site, the nearby nursery to the study area. Then, field preparation began one month before planting. Planting holes were dug 50*40 cm deep and wid. The size of the plot was 5m X 5m. A plot consisted of six rows of trees that had six trees one line. One plots had a total of 36 seedlings. Distance between trees in the same row and between in row was 1m. The distance between plots and blocks was 4 m. In mixed plantation mixed species were planted alternative line, that means the line next to other line that plot contain other mixed species with in a plot.
Preprints 122186 g001
Figure 1. field design of the experiment containing all treatments with three replications; Where: Eg = Mono-crop Eucalyptus globulus; Eg + Jp = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Juniporus procera; Eg + H = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Haygenia abysinica; Eg + P = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus; Eg + C = Eucalyptus globulus mixed.
Figure 1. field design of the experiment containing all treatments with three replications; Where: Eg = Mono-crop Eucalyptus globulus; Eg + Jp = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Juniporus procera; Eg + H = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Haygenia abysinica; Eg + P = Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus; Eg + C = Eucalyptus globulus mixed.
Preprints 122186 g001
Treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Weeding and hoeing were applied after planting uniformly two times in a year to the entire plot in the first and second year of the growing period.
Preprints 122186 g002
Figure 2. field status of Eucalyptus globulus in mixed the left side and mono-crop in the right side.
Figure 2. field status of Eucalyptus globulus in mixed the left side and mono-crop in the right side.
Preprints 122186 g002
Preprints 122186 g003
Figure 3. harvesting tree for measurement of volume of log at the left; the middle and right side are wood samples collected to drive wood density for biomass estimation, these all piece of wood are collected from E. globulus by destructive method and labeled.
Figure 3. harvesting tree for measurement of volume of log at the left; the middle and right side are wood samples collected to drive wood density for biomass estimation, these all piece of wood are collected from E. globulus by destructive method and labeled.
Preprints 122186 g003
Preprints 122186 g004
Figure 4. measuring of the dry weight and volume of sampled wood using sensitive balance and graduated bicker in water displacement method respectively in laboratory.
Figure 4. measuring of the dry weight and volume of sampled wood using sensitive balance and graduated bicker in water displacement method respectively in laboratory.
Preprints 122186 g004

Data Collection

Measurements were taken on 6 trees in each of two lines (6 trees), each located in a different line alternatively in the interior of each plot. For most treatments, there were two rows of buffer trees between measurement trees and trees in other treatments. Early growth data were recorded like height, DBH, RCD, in each year for four year. Survival count was made in the second measurement season, 12 months after out-planting, and was constant when each tree was compared at>12 months of growing periods. Height was measured using Ruler during the first two year and Epyso-meter at year three and four when the trees are beyond to measurable height by ruler. RCD was measured by small caliper and DBH was measured caliper.
Distractive method was used to measure the log length of tree at different position. Wood density of the sample was measured using graduated cylinder by water displacement method.

Data Analysis

Dendrometric measurements were made for all trees for Eucalyptus globulus tree in the plot. Basal area (BA) (m2 ha−1) and volume (Vt) (m3 ha−1) for the planted tree were calculated using inventory data. Total volume was calculated using the conventional volume equation because local volume equations were not available for these species [15]:
R G R = ln ⁡ V 4 − l n ⁡ ( V 1 ) T 4 − T 1
[16]
Where ln= natural logarism; V4= tree Volume at year four (4th year); V1= tree Volume at year one (1st year); T4=year four ( the 4th year) T1= year one (the 1st year)
V = π D B H 2 4 X h . f
[15]
Where V= tree volume, DBH= tree diameter at breast height, h= tree height and f=form factor (0.42)
Basal area was calculated using the formula
B A = π D B H 2 / 4
Where, BA= basal area, DBH= tree diameter at breast height
To calculate Volume and basal Area increment
V I = V y r 1 − V y r 4
B A I = B A y r 1 − B A y r 4
Where VI= tree volume increment, Vyr1= tree volume in year one, Vyr4= tree volume in year four, BAI= tree basal area increment, BAyr1= tree basal area in year one, BAyr4= tree basal area in year four.

Relative Yield

The relative height, DBH, basal area and volume of E. globulus was calculated using E globulus under mixed plantation Vs pure E. globulus plantation. This parameter is used as land equivalent ratio of E. globulus. Those were calculated using the following formulas
R H = H e m i x − H e m H e m
Where RH= Relative Height, Hem= Height of Eucalyptus globulus in mono crop plantation, Hemix= height of Eucalyptus globulus in mixed plantation
Above Ground Biomass
Aboveground biomass was calculated using [17] (Eq. 4) because this equation is the most recent and important predictive variable for estimation using diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (H), basic wood density (ρ).
A G B e s t = 0.0673 p H D 2 0.976
Where AGBest = aboveground biomass (kg),D= DBH (cm), H= height (m), and ρ= basic wood density (gcm−3). Accumulated aboveground and belowground carbon density was calculated [18].
A C D = A G B X 0.47
[19,20]
B C D = A C D X 0.24
Where ACD = aboveground carbon density, BCD = belowground carbon density
Generally R software was used to analyzed the collected and manipulated data to determine significance difference at level of α=0.05. Mean separations was done using liner model (LM) and GLM to show the effect of year and treatment on the growth and yield of the E. globulus. The ggplot2 package from R soft ware was used to demonstrate some parameter in graphic way.

Result and Discussion

The results demonstrated that the growth performance of E. globules was not affected by mixing with different indigenous and exotics species in early growth period at field level. Height, Root collar diameter and number of branches in first two consecutive years have no showed significant difference.

Survival

The survival percent E. globulus was generally good, being greater than 75% for most of the tree species on all experimental plots in the study area. The highest survival was registered for Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Juniporous procera (96.27%) followed by Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Cupressus lusitanica (92.57%) and Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus (88.87%). The lower survival count was recorded for pure plantation and Eucalyptus globulus with Hygenia abysinica (85% and 75.9%). Several studies have found that mixed-species plantations are more productive in comparison with monocultures [21]. Similar studies reported that survival percent of Eucalyptus is greater in mixed plantation than pure stand [22].
Table 1. The growth performance of E. globulus mixed planting with selected tree species in year one.
Table 1. The growth performance of E. globulus mixed planting with selected tree species in year one.
Treatment Height (m) RCD (cm) Survival Branch
E. globulus + Cupressus lusitanica 1.16 1.53 92.57 16.87
E. globulus + Podocarpus falcatus 1.02 1.73 88.87 14.57
E. globulus + Juniporous procera 1.28 1.93 96.27 20.33
E. globulus + Hygenia abysinica 0.94 1.7 75.9 15.87
E. globulus only 1.04 1.53 85 16.6
CV 22.73 26.29 13.8 19.37
LSD NS NS NS NS

Height

The height of E. globulus ranged from 5.52 to 6.12 m in three years. The highest height of (6.12m) E. globulus was recorded on plots E. globulus mixed with Juniporous procera, while the lowest height was recorded in plots E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica. This was may be the growth performance of Hygenia abysinica was higher than other tree species mixed with E. globulus, which may be have higher resource competition than other. Another field observation in this study was height growth of E. globulus is better when it mixed with the tree species those have lower growth performance like Juniporus procera and Podocarpus falcatus (Table 2).
Root Collar Diameter (RCD)
RCD measurements made consecutively for three years to all the planted trees. Significant differences between treatment in RCD and DBH were not detected. However, in this study Plots treated with Eucalyptus globulus mixed with Cupressus lusitanica recorded the highest RCD, while plots treated with E. globulus mixed with Juniporous procera had higher m the highest DBH. Generally RCD growth for all the trees showed an increasing trend and no-significant differences along the growing periods are provided.
Table 2. The growth performance of E. globulus mixed planting with selected tree species in year two.
Table 2. The growth performance of E. globulus mixed planting with selected tree species in year two.
Treatment Height DBH Basal Area Log Volume
E.globulus +C. lustanica 5.24a 4.93 26.84 289.48a
E. globulus + P. falcatus 4.83ab 4.77 24.08 213.39ab
E. globulus +J. procera 4.82ab 4.82 23.89 146.8b
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 4.57b 4.77 25.11 185.79b
E. globulus Mono 4.56b 4.6 22.76 136.85
CV 14.67 11.75 26.73 49.95
LSD 0.58 NS NS 80.28
According to the present study all parameter measured from E. globulus have no shows significant difference (Table 3). This may be the tree those mixed with E. globulus were not be effect at their early growth stage rather than E. globulus is fast growing tree and have more resource consumption. In line with my study, the study at Hamakua coast reported that early height growth of Eucalyptus was very rapid than other mixed tree during the first 4 yr after out planting averaging nearly 4 m/yr and there is no significant difference among treatment [23]. Similar results were reported that competition from E. robusta planted with C. equisetifolia did not have any significant effect on the quantity of N fixed or by C. equisetifolia at early growing stage (between 6-24 months of age) [24]. However, this may be due to less intense competition in the plantation when compared to the pots. In addition, the competition for resource during at early growth stage at plantation site E. globulus is higher than other species. While E. globulus may have competed for N, the net effect of competition for all resources from E. globulus on C. cunninghamiana must have been less than the competition from other C. cunninghamiana [24].

Year Effect on Growth and Yield of E. globulus

According to the table below the height of E. globulus was affected by the interaction between years and mixed (Table 4). E. globulus mixed with Juniporus procera had attained higher height than other in the three year; on the other hand the height of E. globulus was higher in the third than the first year. It shows a very fast growth rate of the species. In addition monoculture E. globulus had recorded lower height growth rate than in mixed. In line with this research result the research done in Bangladish show that the initial growth performance of A. auriculiformis and G. arborea performed better in combinations than in pure plantations [25].
Table 3. Effect of year and planting system the growth performance and yield E. globulus.
Table 3. Effect of year and planting system the growth performance and yield E. globulus.
Treatment Height DBH Basal Area m2/ha Log Volume ton/ha
Year Planting System
Yea one E. globulus +C. lustanica 1.15fg 1.55e 1.99f 2.59d
E. globulus + P. falcatus 1.02g 1.71e 2.41f 2.76d
E. globulus +J. procera 1.28efg 1.92e 3.11f 3.38d
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 0.94g 1.68e 2.25f 2.04d
E. globulus Mono 1.04g 1.55e 1.95f 1d
year two E. globulus + C. lustanica 2.38de 3.23d 8.26ef 22.27d
E. globulus + P. falcatus 2.45d 3.17d 7.98ef 20.74d
E. globulus + J. procera 2.53d 3.16d 8.04ef 16.68d
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 2.25def 2.94d 6.81f 14.02d
E. globulus Mono 2.35de 3.01d 7.22f 13.34d
year three E. globulus + C. lustanica 5.84c 5.06c 20.13d 131.9d
E. globulus + P. falcatus 5.58c 5.22c 21.47d 125.25d
E. globulus + J. procera 6.12c 5.34c 22.46d 109.84d
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 5.52c 4.82c 18.37de 93.78d
E. globulus Mono 5.65c 3.01c 19.83d 86.91d
year Four E. globulus + C. lustanica 11.57a 9.89a 76.98a 100.17a
E. globulus + P. falcatus 10.27b 8.97ab 64.48bc 704.45b
E. globulus + J. procera 9.35b 8.88b 61.95c 457.31c
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 9.53b 9.64ab 73ab 633.35b
E. globulus Mono 9.23b 8.85b 62.05c 445.56c
CV 14.67 11.75 26.73 49.95
LSD 1.17 0.92 10.84 160.56

Year Effect on the Relative Growth Performance and Yield of E. globulus

The relative yield of Eucalyptus globulus under mixed were compared with mono-crop one. Height and log volume were declare significance difference on their relative growth where as there is no significant difference between DBH and basal area of the tree. As shown the table below except E. globulus mixed with H. abysinica and P. falcatus the relative yield of the tree is ≥1. In all planting system at year 4 the relative yield is greater than one which means the year increase the relative yield of E. globulus is greater in mixed than mono-crop. However, uncertainty remains about mixtures achieving greater productivity than monocultures [26,27]. According to Hossain many slow growing and shade demanding tropical trees are synecology is not suitable for growing in the open plantation areas. They suffer from weed competition and often need special micro-climates which do not exist in a plantation environment [28].
Table 4. the relative yields of E. globulus under mixed plantation compared to mono-crop system in height, DBH, basal-area and log-volume.
Table 4. the relative yields of E. globulus under mixed plantation compared to mono-crop system in height, DBH, basal-area and log-volume.
Treatment Height DBH Basal Area m2/ha Log Volume ton/ha
Year Planting System
Yea one E. globulus +C. lustanica 1.12ab 105 1.27 2.16ab
E. globulus + P. falcatus 0.98ab 1.11 1.22 1.68ab
E. globulus +J. procera 1.22ab 1.22 1.5 1.91ab
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 0.94b 1.15 1.4 1.87ab
E. globulus Mono 1ab 1 1 1b
year two E. globulus +C. lustanica 1.01ab 1.08 1.16 1.71ab
E. globulus + P. falcatus 1.05ab 1.05 1.12 1.58ab
E. globulus +J. procera 1.08ab 1.05 1.09 1.2b
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 1.17ab 0.99 0.99 1.14b
E. globulus Mono 1ab 1 1 1b
year three E. globulus + C. lustanica 1.03ab 1.02 1.05 1.57ab
E. globulus + P. falcatus 0.98ab 1.05 1.11 1.47ab
E. globulus + J. procera 1.08ab 1.07 1.14 1.27ab
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 0.97ab 0.97 0.94 1.1b
E. globulus Mono 1ab 1 1 1b
year Four E. globulus + C. lustanica 1.26a 1.13 1.303 2.45a
E. globulus + P. falcatus 1.13ab 1.04 1.13 1.85ab
E. globulus + J. procera 1.01ab 1.01 1.04 1.07b
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 1.03ab 1.09 1.22 1.52b
E. globulus Mono 1ab 1 1 1b
CV 16.72 15.3 32.14 49.95
LSD 0.291 NS NS 1.21

Growth Rate of Height and RCD

The growth rate of E. globulus was analyzed by using year one and year three measurements in height and root collar diameter. Even though E. globulus statically significance difference was on declare, the highest mean growth rate of height was measured on E. globulus mixed with Juniporus procera (242.4%) and lower was recorded on E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica (229.1%) (Figure 3). Similarly, in DBH highest means is recorded on treatment Cupressus lustanica with E. globulus (175.83%) and lower is recorded on E. globulus mixed with Juniporus procera(170.83) (Figure 4). Mixtures with stratification can also enhance individual-tree growth rates and stem quality of species in upper canopies, whilst minimizing the proportion of taller species that can reach the highest production [29,30].
Preprints 122186 g005
Figure 5. Means and 95% C.I. of height growth rate for E. globulus mixed with one type of exotics and three indigenous tree species in early growth.
Figure 5. Means and 95% C.I. of height growth rate for E. globulus mixed with one type of exotics and three indigenous tree species in early growth.
Preprints 122186 g005
Preprints 122186 g006
Figure 6. Means and 95% C.I. of Root Collar Diameter for E. globulus mixed with one type of exotics and three indigenous tree species in early growth. Where E = E. globulus only; Ec = E. globulus + Cupressus lustanica; Eh = E. globulus + Hygenia abysinica; Ej = E. globulus + Juniporus procera; Ep = E. globulus + Podocarpus falcatus.
Figure 6. Means and 95% C.I. of Root Collar Diameter for E. globulus mixed with one type of exotics and three indigenous tree species in early growth. Where E = E. globulus only; Ec = E. globulus + Cupressus lustanica; Eh = E. globulus + Hygenia abysinica; Ej = E. globulus + Juniporus procera; Ep = E. globulus + Podocarpus falcatus.
Preprints 122186 g006
Similarly, the study done at Hawaii showed that, eucalyptus diameters grown in stands with 50% Albania averaged nearly 20 cm at 10 yr and were significantly greater than those in pure, fertilized stands and mixed stands with lower amounts of Albania. Diameters of Eucalyptus in the 66% Albania treatment were larger yet (23.5 cm) and differed significantly from those of all other treatments [22].
Growth Rate of Tree Volume
Preprints 122186 g007
Figure 7. Trend of the rate of yield increment in volume through four year growth of E. globulus; E = pure E. globulus; Ec = E. globulus mixed with C. lustanica; Eh = E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica; Ej = E. globulus mixed with Juniporus procera; Ep = E. globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus.
Figure 7. Trend of the rate of yield increment in volume through four year growth of E. globulus; E = pure E. globulus; Ec = E. globulus mixed with C. lustanica; Eh = E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica; Ej = E. globulus mixed with Juniporus procera; Ep = E. globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus.
Preprints 122186 g007

Relative Yield

The annual yield increment of E. globulus in mixed plantation was analyzed relative to the mono-crop E. globulus in terms of tree height, DBH, basal area and volume of logs. Generally, there is the fluctuation of parameters from year to year. As shown below the table relative height increment and relative DBH increment of E, globulus declare significance difference between mixed plantation and mono-crop. The highest relative height increment and DBH increment E. globulus was recorded at the mixed with Juniporus procera where as the lowest was recorded at mono-crop (Table 5). On the other hand basal area increment was not shows significant difference among the treatments.
Table 5. the relative Height, DBH and Basal area increment of E. globulus under mixed plantation and mono-crop.
Table 5. the relative Height, DBH and Basal area increment of E. globulus under mixed plantation and mono-crop.
Yield
Treatment Relative Height Relative DBH Basal Area
E. globulus with Juniporus procera 1.3a 1.11a 10.9
E. globulus with Cupressus lustanica 1.06ab 1.05ab 10.23
E. globulus with Hygenia abysinica 1.03ab 1.03ab 9.89
E. globulus with Podocarpus falcatus 1.01b 1.07ab 10.61
E. globulus only 1b 1b 10.1
LSD 0.28 0.09 ns
CV 10.96 8.9 46.44
Preprints 122186 g008
Figure 8. Relative growth performance and yield of Eucalyptus globulus when mixed with other species compared to mono crops.
Figure 8. Relative growth performance and yield of Eucalyptus globulus when mixed with other species compared to mono crops.
Preprints 122186 g008

Relative Yield Increment of E. globulus under Mixed Plantation Compared to Mono-Crop at Different Year

Yield increment of E. globulus was evaluated under mixed plantation and mono-crop. Even though there was no significance yield increment difference on E. globulus under mixed and mono-crop but there was relative yield increment of E. globulus under mixed plantation than mono crop. According to the trend of yield increment there may be significant different in yield increment of E. globulus between in the two plantation system.

Relative Height and Diameter at Brest Height (DBH) Increment

The height of E. globulus tree mixed with Cupressus lustanica and Juniporus procera had showed that better growth increment under mixed plantation relative to the mono-crop in the first year. While, E. globulus tree mixed Podocarpus falcatus and Hygenia abysinica were had lower height growth in the same year relative to the mono-crop. On the other hand, in the second year even though they were not lower growth rate relative to the mono crop but there were the decline of height growth rate relative to the first year except E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica and Podocarpus falcatus. Generally the height growth increment of Eucalyptus globulus was better in mixed than mono crop plantation (Figure 4).
This study implies that when E. globulus planted mixed with some selected tree species like Cupressus lustanica, Podocarpus falcatus, Juniporus procera and Hygenia abysinica had relatively better DBH than mono-crop. While in the second year the DBH increment of E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica was lower than the mono-crop.

Pattern of Relative Growth and Yield

Mixing E. globulus with different tree species have effect on relative increment on growth parameters (height, DBH and basal area) and yield (volume) of the tree. Trend of relative increment on height and DBH shows that corresponding trend between E. globulus in mono and E. globulus mixed with other species from year one to year three. Whereas at year for relative height of E. globulus mixed with Cupressus lustanica and Hygenia abysinica had shows increasing trend. Similarly relative DBH of E. globulus mixed with Cupressus lustanica had shows increasing trend than mono and other mixed plantations.
As shown the figure below, except E. globulus mixed with Hygenia abysinica in second and third year, all other mixed plantation had better increment of basal area. Therefore, based on this study to get better basal area increment mixed plantation with selected tree species is better than mono-crops. Log volume increment of the E. globulus under mixed plantation was recorded compared with mono-crop plantation. According to our study, E. globulus under mixed plantation had shows more log volume annual increment than under mono-crop plantation.
This study was agree with the study done at the diluvial north of Germany that reports the relative yield of tree on mixed stand had higher relative volume than pure stand [31]. In addition the growth of C. lusitanica and E. camaldulensis in the mixed plantation is significantly higher than pure plantations by DBH (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0076). Similarly C. lusitanica declare significance difference between pure and mixed stand on the DBH growth (p = 0.001) [32].
Preprints 122186 g009aPreprints 122186 g009b
Figure 9. Trend of relative yield increment of E. globulus mixed with other species relative to mono-crop plantation in four year.
Figure 9. Trend of relative yield increment of E. globulus mixed with other species relative to mono-crop plantation in four year.
Preprints 122186 g009aPreprints 122186 g009b

Carbon Density

According to the present study the biomass yield of E. globulus under different cropping system was evaluated. Above ground biomass above and below ground carbon density of E. globulus have no significance different in mono crop and mixed plantation. While E. globulus mixed with H. abysinica declare significant difference from E. globulus mixed with Podocarpus falcatus. Therefore, mixing of E. globulus with those the above species will not have negative effect on the biomass yield of E. globulus. An example from [33] demonstrated that mixing hybrid poplar and white spruce increased wood production of poplar and sequestrated more carbon than monocultures of either poplar or white spruce.
Table 6. the effect mixed plantation on above ground biomass and carbon density of E. globulus.
Table 6. the effect mixed plantation on above ground biomass and carbon density of E. globulus.
Treatment Above Ground Biomass (ton) Above Ground Carbon Density (ton) Below Ground Carbon Density (ton)
E. globulus +C. lustanica 28.3ab 13.3ab 3.19ab
E. globulus + P. falcatus 31.4a 14.76a 3.54a
E. globulus +J. procera 21.3 ab 10.03ab 2.41ab
E. Globulus + H. abysinica 19.2 b 9.02b 2.16b
E. globulus mono 29.3 ab 13.74ab 3.29ab
CV 21.99 22.01 22.04
LSD 10.3 4.87 1.17

Conclusions and Recommendations

The results support that mixing eucalyptus with indigenous and exotic species did not affect the growth performance of E. globulus. This, in turn, suggests that E. globulus can be planted mixed with the tested plant species. Such studies should be conducted for longer period to see effects at latter stage and provide conclusive suggestion for wider adoption of the technologies.

Acknowledgments

We have great acknowledge for Central Ethiopia agricultural Research institute for supporting in finance and material for field experiment. We have also gratitude for all researchers in the center that gives us valuable comment and suggestion in the whole work.

Conflicts of Interest

There is no any conflict of interest related to this paper.

References

  1. FAO, “Chapter: Illegal activities and Corruption in the Forest Sector,” State World’s For. 2001, pp. 88–101, 2001, [Online]. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/003/y0900e/y0900e02.pdf.
  2. J. Evans and J. W. Turnbull, Plantation forestry in the tropics: The role, silviculture, and use of planted forests for industrial, social, environmental, and agroforestry purposes., no. 3. ed. Oxford University Press, 2004.
  3. D. Lamb, P. D. Erskine, and J. A. Parrotta, “Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes,” Science (80-. )., vol. 310, no. 5754, pp. 1628–1632. [CrossRef]
  4. P. D. Erskine, D. Lamb, and M. Bristow, “Tree species diversity and ecosystem function: Can tropical multi-species plantations generate greater productivity?,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 233, no. 2–3, pp. 205–210, 2006. [CrossRef]
  5. T. Payn et al., “Changes in planted forests and future global implications,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 352, pp. 57–67, 2015. [CrossRef]
  6. J. D. Nichols, M. Bristow, and J. K. Vanclay, “Mixed-species plantations: Prospects and challenges,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 233, no. 2, pp. 383–390, 2006. [CrossRef]
  7. F. Montagnini, E. Gonzalez, and C. Porras, “Mixed and pure forest plantations in the humid neotropics: a comparison of early growth, pest damage and establishment costs,” Commonw. For. Rev., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 306–314, 1995.
  8. P. J. and J. Pender, “the Role of Trees for Sustainable Management of Less-Favored Lands: the Case of Eucalyptus in Ethiopia,” Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. 2033 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A., no. 65, 2000.
  9. T. M. Tyynelä, “Species diversity in Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodlots and miombo woodland in Northeastern Zimbabwe,” New For., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 239–257. [CrossRef]
  10. F. Senbeta, D. Teketay, and B. Naslund, “Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest, southern Ethiopia,” New For., vol. 24, pp. 131–145, 2002. [CrossRef]
  11. S. Alem and T. Woldemariam, “A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest,” J. For. Res., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 31–36, 2009. [CrossRef]
  12. D. I. Forrester, A. L. Cowie, J. K. Vanclay, and E. Science, “Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen fixing trees: A review,” vol. 233, pp. 211–230, 2006. [CrossRef]
  13. M. Bristow, J. D. Nichols, and J. K. Vanclay, “Improving productivity in mixed-species plantations,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 233, no. 2–3, pp. 193–194, 2006,. [CrossRef]
  14. Temesgen and L. Estifanos, “Determinants of internal audit effectiveness: Evidence from Gurage Zone Ethiopia,” IISTE, vol. 9, 19, pp. 51–72, 2018. [CrossRef]
  15. J. Atta-Boateng and J. W. Moser Jr, “A method for classifying commercial tree species of an uneven-aged mixed species tropical forest for growth and yield model construction,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 104, no. 1–3, pp. 89–99, 1998.
  16. W. A. Hoffmann and H. Poorter, “Avoiding bias in calculations of relative growth rate,” Ann. Bot., vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2002. [CrossRef]
  17. J. Chave et al., “Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees,” Glob. Chang. Biol., vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 3177–3190, 2014. [CrossRef]
  18. IPCC, “INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas inventories.,” Inst. Glob. Environ. Strateg., 2006.
  19. H. K. Gibbs, S. Brown, J. O. Niles, and J. A. Foley, “Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: Making REDD a reality,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 2, no. 4, 2007. [CrossRef]
  20. R. Ponce-Hernandez, P. Koohafkan, and J. Antoine, Assessing carbon stocks and modelling win-win scenarios of carbon sequestration through land-use changes, vol. 1. Food & Agriculture Org., 2004.
  21. C. Li, H. Barclay, B. Roitberg, and R. Lalonde, “Forest Productivity Enhancement and Compensatory Growth: A Review and Synthesis,” Front. Plant Sci., vol. 11, no. September, pp. 1–19, 2020. [CrossRef]
  22. D. S. Debell, T. G. Cole, and C. D. Whitesell, “Growth, development, and yield in pure and mixed stands of Eucalyptus and Albizia.,” vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 286–298, 1997.
  23. D. S. Debell, C. D. Whitesell, and T. H. Schubert, “Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees Enhance Biomass Production,” For. Serv. U.S. departmemt Agric., p. 6, 1997.
  24. J. A. Parrotta, D. D. Baker, and M. Fried, “Application of 15N-enrichment methodologies to estimate nitrogen fixation in Casuarinaequisetifolia,” Can. J. For. Res., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 201–207, Feb. 1994. [CrossRef]
  25. S. Dutta and M. K. Hossain, “Effects of Mixed Plantation on Growth and Biomass Yield of Two Common Plantation Trees,” vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 22–32, 2017.
  26. V. C. Griess and T. Knoke, “Growth performance, windthrow, and insects: meta-analyses of parameters influencing performance of mixed-species stands in boreal and northern temperate biomes,” Can. J. For. Res., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1141–1159, 2011.
  27. L. Drössler, R. Övergaard, P. M. Ekö, H. Böhlenius, and P. Gemmel, “to the manuscript Early development of pure and mixed tree species plantations in Snogeholm , southern Sweden submitted to the Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research * Corresponding author : Lars.drossler@slu.se Table S1 . Total production of standing vo,” South. SwedenScand. J. For. Res., vol. 30 (4), no. 1005127, pp. 304–316, 2015.
  28. M. Hossain et al., “Stem and Total Above-Ground Biomass Models for the Tree Species of Freshwater Wetlands Forest, Coastal Areas and Dry Areas of Bangladesh: Using a Non-Destructive Approach,” Open J. For., vol. 11, no. 02, pp. 73–82, 2021. [CrossRef]
  29. M. J. Kelty, “The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry,” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 233, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 195–204, 2006. [CrossRef]
  30. D. Piotto, “A meta-analysis comparing tree growth in monocultures and mixed plantations,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 255, no. 3–4, pp. 781–786, 2008.
  31. H. Pretzsch, K. Bielak, J. Block, and A. Bruchwald, “Productivity of mixed versus pure stands of oak ( Quercus petraea ( MATT .) LIEBL . and Quercus robur L .) and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L .) along an Productivity of mixed versus pure stands of oak ( Quercus petraea ( M ATT .) L IEBL . and Quercus,” no. March, 2013. [CrossRef]
  32. S. Alem, J. Pavlis, J. Urban, and J. Kucera, “Pure and Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cupressus lusitanica : Their Growth Interactions and Effect on Diversity and Density of Undergrowth Woody Plants in Relation to Light,” no. April, pp. 375–386, 2015.
  33. M. Chomel, A. DesRochers, V. Baldy, M. Larchevêque, and T. Gauquelin, “Non-additive effects of mixing hybrid poplar and white spruce on aboveground and soil carbon storage in boreal plantations,” For. Ecol. Manage., vol. 328, pp. 292–299, 2014. [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated