Preprint Article Version 1 This version is not peer-reviewed

Genotypic Clustering of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in North America

Patil Tawidian
,
Mia K. Torchetti
,
Mary L. Killian
,
Kristina Lantz
,
Krista E. Dilione
,
Jourdan M. Ringenberg
,
Sarah N. Bevins
,
Julianna B. Lenoch
,
Hon S. Ip
*
Version 1 : Received: 29 October 2024 / Approved: 30 October 2024 / Online: 31 October 2024 (03:42:04 CET)

How to cite: Tawidian, P.; Torchetti, M. K.; Killian, M. L.; Lantz, K.; Dilione, K. E.; Ringenberg, J. M.; Bevins, S. N.; Lenoch, J. B.; Ip, H. S. Genotypic Clustering of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in North America. Preprints 2024, 2024102401. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.2401.v1 Tawidian, P.; Torchetti, M. K.; Killian, M. L.; Lantz, K.; Dilione, K. E.; Ringenberg, J. M.; Bevins, S. N.; Lenoch, J. B.; Ip, H. S. Genotypic Clustering of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in North America. Preprints 2024, 2024102401. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.2401.v1

Abstract

The introduction of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses to North America in late 2021 resulted in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, mortality events in many wild bird species, and spillover into many mammalian species. Reassortment events with North American low pathogenic virus were identified as early as February 2022 and over 100 genotypes have been characterized. Such diversity increases the complexity and time required for monitoring virus evolution. Here, we performed ordination and clustering analyses on sequence data from H5N1 viruses identified in North America between January 2020 to December 2023 to visualize virus genotypic diversity in poultry and wildlife populations. Our results reveal that ordination and cluster-based approaches can complement traditional phylogenetic analyses specifically for the preliminary assignment of H5N1 viruses to genotypic groups or to identify novel genotypes. Our study expands current knowledge on genotype diversity of H5N1 viruses in North America and describes a rapid approach for early virus genotype assignment.

Keywords

Avian influenza; High pathogenic influenza virus (HPAI); H5N1 virus; Virus reassortment; H5N1 genotypes; Virus nomenclature

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Virology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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