PreprintArticleVersion 1This version is not peer-reviewed
Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients
Version 1
: Received: 3 November 2024 / Approved: 3 November 2024 / Online: 4 November 2024 (11:15:43 CET)
How to cite:
Colonna, G. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients. Preprints2024, 2024110138. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0138.v1
Colonna, G. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients. Preprints 2024, 2024110138. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0138.v1
Colonna, G. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients. Preprints2024, 2024110138. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0138.v1
APA Style
Colonna, G. (2024). Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0138.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Colonna, G. 2024 "Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay between HBV- and HCC-Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver: Biological Significance and Management in COVID-19 Patients" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.0138.v1
Abstract
The Spike subunit S1 of SARS-CoV-2 was discovered to be free in our organism, during and after covid and after vaccination. One of its properties is that of interacting one-to-one with human proteins. S1 interacts one-to-one with 12 specific human proteins in the liver. We used these proteins as seeds to extract from the human proteome their functional relationships by enrichment. The interactome representing the set of metabolic activities in which they are involved shows several molecular processes (KEGG) connected with HBV (hepatitis B) and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). The number of genes/proteins involved is quite high. Literature data report many cases of patients with COVID where HBV was activated or progressed to cancer. Therefore, we analyzed the interactome with several approaches to understand whether the two pathologies have inde-pendent progressions or a common progression. All our efforts consistently showed that the mo-lecular processes involving both HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma are significantly present in all approaches we used, making it difficult to extract any useful information about their fate. All this has led us to consider that S1-induced molecular changes do not operate in isolation. The interac-tome shows the viral potentialities that, to be expressed or not, must interact with the specific bio-logical context of the patient's phenotype. A series of suggestions arises for using this knowledge in patient management from these considerations.
Keywords
Spike subunit S1 of SARS-CoV-2; covid-19; liver pathologies; interactomics
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Medicine and Pharmacology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
