This study presents the development and characterization of novel polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based polymer composites for environmental remediation applications. We synthesized composites incorporating three types of fillers: Ti3C2Tx MXenes, magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 and γ-Fe2O3/Fe3O4), and their heterostructured combinations. To enhance the homogeneity of the composites, the filler particles were additionally coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Photocatalytic and sonocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was evaluated under light and ultrasonic irradiation, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that PVDF-based nanocomposite with MXene/γ-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterostructures as the filler achieves a significant MB photocatalytic degradation rate of 40.3% within 60 minutes. Simultaneously, MXene/CoFe2O4-containing nanocomposite exhibits outstanding performance in sonocatalysis, achieving a reduction in MB concentration exceeding 45% over a similar treatment duration. These findings highlight the potential of PVDF-MXene-MNPs composite materials in environmental remediation technologies, emphasizing the critical role of PVDF as a primary component and a suitable host matrix in catalytic processes.