Due to the ever-increasing interest in the use of rare earth metals in medicine, in this review we considered the interaction of cerium dioxide nanoparticles with the main excipients used in the development of cerium-containing pharmaceutical compositions for biomedical applications. The review was conducted on the international databases PubMed and ScienceDirect, and included original research and literature reviews. Publications devoted to the use of cerium dioxide in disease diagnosis, analysis of other substances, and branches of scientific knowledge other than medicine were excluded. Following the selection process, 171 publications were analyzed. Based on the experimental results and the possibility to extrapolate them to humans, we compared polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, polycarboxylic acids, in particular citric acid and its salts, lecithin and phosphatidylcholine in the context of conservation of biological effects of cerium dioxide and its physicochemical properties, as well as the degree of study of these combinations.