Submitted:
02 January 2025
Posted:
03 January 2025
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Abstract
Aim: Patients with congenital heart disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (CHD-PAH) often require regular follow-up through invasive right heart catheterization (RHC) to assess disease progression and potential interventions. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between arteriovenous oxygen content difference (Ca−vO2) and RHC parameters to identify blood gas parameters that can aid in a clue about pre-selecting patients with CHD-PAH for follow-up RHC and potential surgical or percutaneous shunt closure. Methods: In this study, a total of 137 adult CHD-PAH patients were retrospectively enrolled between September 2019 and May 2024. The patients were divided into two groups based on their Qp/Qs ratio (<1.5 or ≥1.5). Key parameters such as Ca−vO2, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), TAPSE, and IVC diameter were correlated with RHC parameters such as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and compared across groups with Qp/Qs <1.5 and ≥1.5. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation, Logistic regression analysis, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the predictors for shunt severity. Results: The study enrolled 80 patients with CHD-related PAH in the final evaluation, with a mean age of 41 ± 15 years. Ca−vO2 exhibits a significant positive correlation with RHC parameters, notably with mPAP (r = 0.524, p < 0.0001) and a negative correlation with Qp/Qs (r = −0.463, p = 0.04). Moreover, Ca−vO2 emerged as a significant diagnostic predictor with an optimal cutoff value of <4.3mmol/L (AUC = 0.71, sensitivity 88.8%, specificity 53.4%). Other non-invasive parameters such as 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter with AUCs of 0.87, 0.83, and 0.85 respectively, also demonstrated a strong predictive value. Conclusion: Ca−vO2 correlates well with CHD-PAH severity and can serve as a pre-selecting marker for invasive follow-up in CHD-related PAH. Other non-invasive measures such as 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter show stronger predictive value for assessing shunt severity.
Keywords:
congenital heart disease
; arteriovenous oxygen content difference
; CHD-PAH
; 6-minute walk distance
; Qp/Qs ratio
; TAPSE
* Correspondence to: Fenling Fan, MD, PhD, happyling@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; orcid: 0000-0002-7732-7701; Word Count: 5908
Introduction
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease that eventually leads to heart failure and subsequent fatality if left untreated.[1,2,3] with a five years survival rate of 55%.[4] PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance,[5,6,7] leading to right ventricular failure and ultimately, death. The etiology of PAH is multifactorial and includes idiopathic, heritable, and associated conditions such as connective tissue diseases, portal pulmonary hypertension, and congenital heart diseases (CHDs).[8] Right heart catheterization (RHC) is known to be a gold standard modality for the diagnosis and clue for treatment strategies of PAH.[9,10] The hemodynamic profile of PAH is typically assessed using RHC[11]. According to the revised guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society in 2022, hemodynamic diagnosis via RHC, with a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) above 20mmHg indicating PAH, updated from the previous 25mmHg and delineates PAH into five distinct groups (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension, often idiopathic or associated with conditions like connective tissue disease, (2) pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease, (3) pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases or hypoxia, (4) pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary artery obstructions, and (5) pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms. This classification aids in targeted diagnosis and management tailored to each PAH group’s underlying causes.[12,13] Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5), and pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance (< 1/3) are crucial parameters used to screen out the eligibility for surgery or percutaneous intervention in compliance with the current guidelines.[14,15] The relationship between the volume of blood moving through the pulmonary and systemic circuits is crucial in the patient selection process for this operation.[16] The gold standard for measuring Qp/Qs, pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance, and other hemodynamic parameters in CHD patients is RHC, however, being invasive at every follow-up can be impractical and even harmful due to radiation exposure. Even though with significant shunt i.e. Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5, it is crucial to evaluate the severity of PAH based on hemodynamic parameters assessed with RHC. To overcome this, pre-screening with non-invasive or minimally invasive measurements is needed.
Recent research highlights the crucial role of O2 saturation that plays in managing CHD-related PAH, specifically in optimizing pulmonary hemodynamics and RV afterload.[17,18,19] This implies that maintaining a proper balance in oxygen exchange is necessary to prevent harmful increases in Qp/Qs, particularly in patients who are not candidates for surgical repair[20]. No prior studies have explored the relationship between blood gas parameters and hemodynamics in CHD-related PAH. This study aims to (1) evaluate the relationship between arteriovenous oxygen parameters and RHC findings, and (2) identify non-invasive or minimally invasive gas parameters that can aid in pre-selecting CHD-related PAH patients for follow-up RHC and potential surgical or percutaneous shunt closure.
Subjects and Methods
Patient Selection
In this retrospective single-center study from the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the first affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, we enrolled adult patients diagnosed with CHD-related PAH who underwent RHC between September 2019 and May 2024 (Figure 1). Patients with a single ventricle, single atrium, complete atrioventricular septal defects, or anomalous great artery connections such as transposition of the great arteries and double outlet right ventricle were excluded. Additionally, patients under 18 years of age were also excluded. The study population was divided into two groups based on the RHC-derived Qp/Qs ratio: those with a Qp/Qs ratio < 1.5 and those with a Qp/Qs ratio ≥ 1.5.[14] This division allowed us to explore the relationship between shunt severity and blood gas parameters, including arteriovenous oxygen difference (Ca−vO2). Furthermore, this grouping helps us to evaluate the significance of non-invasive parameters, such as Ca−vO2, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), tricuspid annular plan systolic excursion (TAPSE), and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter in predicting the need for surgical or percutaneous closure of shunts. These findings may guide the pre-selection of patients for further invasive assessment and intervention.The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee of the First affiliated hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University,. All patients provided informed consents.
Hemodynamic Assessment
Each subsequent RHC measurement was performed in our institution’s cardiac catheterization laboratory.[21] Introducer sheaths of appropriate size were inserted into both the femoral vein and femoral artery under local anesthesia. A catheter was then advanced through the femoral vein to the IVC, superior vena cava, right atrium and ventricle, main pulmonary artery, right and left pulmonary artery, and then left atrium and ventricle, left and right pulmonary veins and aorta. This placement enabled the simultaneous measurement of pressures such as right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and sample collection for blood gas measurements, thereby minimizing the time-consuming and potentially confounding effects of repeated catheter manipulations. Intravascular pressures were monitored using fluid-filled transducers, and oxygen saturations and hemoglobin concentrations were determined. Assumed oxygen consumption was used to calculate the cardiac output, cardiac index, and pulmonary and systemic blood flow (Qp and Qs, respectively) using the Fick principle.[22,23] PVR was computed using common formulas [PVR=(mPAP－PAWP)/CO][8] and indexed to the body’s surface area.
After baseline values were obtained, arterial and mixed venous blood samples were withdrawn simultaneously from different locations (Figure 2A and B) to determine the following blood gas measurements. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was also measured. The arterial oxygen content (CaO2), mixed venous oxygen content (CvO2), and Ca−vO2 were calculated using the following formula.[24]
CaO2=(Hb×1.36) SaO2+(PaO2×0.0031)/100
CvO2=(Hb×1.36) SvO2+(PvO2×0.0031)/100
Ca−vO2=CaO2−CvO2
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 26, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), GraphPad Prism version 8.0.2 (263) for Windows, GraphPad Software, Boston, Massachusetts USA), and Python version 3.11, Microsoft. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR), while categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Before conducting comparative analyses, the normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The homogeneity of variance across groups was evaluated using Levene’s test.
Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation on blood gas parameters with hemodynamics while the relationship between the parameters was evaluated using univariate binary logistic regression analysis. For the comparative analysis of blood gas parameters with Qp/Qs ratios, an unpaired t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between groups with Qp/Qs ratios (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). The value of PaO2, SaO2, SvO2, Ca−vO2, 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC size to predict the shunt (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5), was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The area under the ROC curve ± standered error (SE) for each parameter was calculated and compared.[25,26] Youden’s index (J) was used to calculate the optimal cut-off value for each parameter. A two-tailed P-value of less than 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Study Population
Table 1 comprises the demographic characteristics of the included study population. Eighty patients with CHD-related PAH were included in the final evaluation; their mean age was 41 ± 15 years, and their male-to-female ratio was 37/43. The average body surface area was 1.57 ± 0.3 m², and the average body mass index was 21.6 ± 3.7 kg/m². The mean diastolic and systolic blood pressures were 76 ± 13 mmHg and 116 ± 16 mmHg, respectively, while the mean heart rate was 86 ± 13.6 beats/min. The average N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide level was 1274 ± 1596 pg/mL. Most patients fell into either World Health Organization functional class II (38.7%) or III (40.0%). Atrial septal defect (57.4%) and ventricular septal defect (26.2%) were the most common types of CHDs. The majority of cases of PAH severity (67.5%) had the following characteristics: mPAP of 54.12 ± 23.5 mmHg, RVSP of 36.5 ± 16.0 mmHg, and PVR of 10.68 ± 7.9 Wood units. The cardiac index was 2.6 ± 1.6 L/min/m², while the mean cardiac output was 4.8 ± 2.5 L/min. The typical values of the CaO2 and CvO2 were 18.09 ± 4.44, and 14.78 ± 3.57, respectively and the Ca−vO2 was measured 3.53 ± 1.8.
Blood Gas Parameters and Hemodynamic Correlations in CHD-Related PAH
Table 2 reveals correlation analysis in patients with CHD-related PAH. The correlation between blood gas parameters (mixed venous and arterial) and hemodynamic measures reflects substantial relationships. Arterial blood gas showed a moderate negative association between the PaO2, mPAP (r = −0.405, P = 0.0002), PVR (r = −0.422, P = 0.0003), RVSP (r = −0.361, P = 0.001), PCWP (r = −0.335, P = 0.0002), and positive association with Qp/Qs (r = 0.431, P = 0.0002) and 6MWD (r = 0.668, P = < 0.0001). Likewise, there were moderate negative associations between SaO2 and mPAP (r = −0.326, P = 0.003), PVR (r = −0.265, P =0.02), and RVSP (r = −0.357, P = 0.001), while positive association with Qp/Qs (r = 0.342, P = 0.005) and 6MWD (r = 0.455, P = 0.0006) (Figure 3).
Lower venous oxygen levels are linked to worse hemodynamic status, according to the PvO2, which for venous blood gas parameters exhibits a strong negative correlation with PVR (r = −0.584, P < 0.0001) and PCWP (r = −0.601, P = 0.0001). In contrast, a moderate correlation with mPAP (r = −0.508, P < 0.0001) and with RVSP (r =−0.389, P = 0.0004), however, exhibits a moderate positive correlation with Qp/Qs (r = 0.452, P < 0.0001) and 6MWD (r = 0.634, P < 0.0001). The evaluation of PAH severity is aided by the substantial negative associations that SvO2 shown with mPAP (r = −0.581, P < 0.0001), PVR (r = −0.681, P < 0.0001), RVSP (r = −0.445, P < 0.0001) and PCWP (r = −0.615, P < 0.0001), while the strong positive association with both Qp/Qs (r = 0.479, P <0.0001) and 6MWD (r = 0.747, P < 0.0001) (Figure 4). Ca−vO2 represents moderate positive correlations with mPAP (r = 0.524, P < 0.0001), PVR (r = 0.544, P < 0.0001), RVSP (r = 0.331, P = 0.0002), and PCWP (r = 0.627, P < 0.0001) while the significant negative correlation with Qp/Qs (r = −0.463, P = 0.008) and 6MWD (r =−0.541, P = 0.0009) (Figure 5). These findings suggest increased Ca−vO2 differences are associated with more severe PAH, reflecting impaired oxygen delivery or utilization.
A pair plot (Figure 6) was generated to visualize the relationships and distributions of key diagnostic variables between the two groups (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). Notably, IVC diameter and 6MWD displayed distinct distributions. Additionally, clustering between SvO2 and Ca-vO2 highlighted their potential as diagnostic markers. The relationship between TAPSE and 6MWD also showed a moderate positive correlation, suggesting an association between right ventricular function and exercise capacity in the Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 group.
Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Markers and Blood Gas Parameters Associated with Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5
A comparative analysis of blood gas parameters between patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and Qp/Qs > 1.5 of several key metrics are presented in Table 3 and Figure 7. In this study, a comparative analysis of various clinical and blood gas parameters revealed substantial differences between patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and ≥ 1.5. Notably, Ca−vO₂ was significantly higher in the Qp/Qs < 1.5 group (4.22 ± 1.73 mM) compared to the Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 group (3.07 ± 1.38 mM, P = 0.003), indicating a greater oxygen extraction in the lower Qp/Qs group. The 6MWD was also significantly different, with patients in the Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 group walking further (434.8 ± 73.5 m vs. 276.3 ± 107.1 m, P < 0.0001). In contrast, parameters like PaO2 and PvO2 did not show significant differences between the groups (P = 0.457 and P = 0.338, respectively), while SaO2 (P = 0.03) and SvO2 (P = 0.009) were significantly higher in the Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 group. Additionally, TAPSE and IVC diameters were significantly different between the two groups, reflecting the hemodynamic and functional differences associated with Qp/Qs ratios.
Univariate logistic regression analysis identified several significant diagnostic predictors for Qp/Qs (Table 4). SvO2 was found to be a positive predictor, with higher levels associated with greater odds of a higher Qp/Qs [odd ratio (OR) = 1.139, 95% CI: 1.049–1.236, P = 0.009]. Additionally, Ca−vO2 was a significant negative predictor (OR = 0.675, 95% CI: 0.494–0.924, P = 0.014), suggesting that patients with lower Ca−vO2 values were likelier to have elevated Qp/Qs. 6MWD also emerged as a significant positive predictor (OR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.002–1.015, P = 0.007), indicating that patients with greater walking distances had a higher likelihood of elevated Qp/Qs.
Other significant predictors included TAPSE (OR = 1.176, 95% CI: 1.005–1.376, P = 0.043), which was positively associated with higher Qp/Qs, and IVC diameter, which had the strongest association (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.218–1.980, P = 0.001), with larger diameters correlating with greater odds of a higher Qp/Qs. Variables such as age, weight, and body mass index did not show significant associations in this analysis, suggesting that these factors may not be as predictive for Qp/Qs in this patient population.
Area Under the ROC Curve of Variables Predictive Values for Differentiating Between the Groups Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5)
ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of Ca−vO₂, 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter in distinguishing between groups (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5) (Table 5, and Figure 8). The area under the curve (AUC) for Ca−vO2 was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.569–0.812, P = 0.005), indicating a moderate diagnostic value. The optimal cut-off for Ca−vO2 was < 4.3 mM, with a sensitivity of 88.8% and specificity of 53.4%. However, SvO2 yielded an AUC of 67 with 82.8% and 48.8% sensitivity and specificity respectively, with a cut-off value of > 70.4%. Among non-invasive parameters, for 6MWD, the AUC was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.762–0.987, P = 0.0001), with an optimal cut-off of 319 meters, yielding a sensitivity of 90.4% and specificity of 48.1%. Similarly, the AUC for TAPSE was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.721–0.953, P = 0.0002), with a cut-off of <18.5 mm (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 68.1%), while for IVC diameter, the AUC was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.751–0.949, P < 0.001), with a cut-off of >21.5 mm (sensitivity 77%, specificity 74%).
Discussion
Recent insights have underscored the critical role of O₂ saturation in managing CHD-related PAH, particularly in optimizing pulmonary hemodynamics and RV afterload. Ensuring an appropriate balance in oxygen exchange is essential to avoid detrimental increases in Qp/Qs, especially in patients not eligible for surgical repair.[17,27,28] To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the association of blood gases in CHD-related PAH patients. The main findings of our study are summarized as follows: (a) The Ca−vO2 exhibited a moderate correlation with RHC parameters (mPAP, PVR, RVSP, and PCWP), highlighting its association with PAH severity. (b) Ca−vO2 also served as a significant negative diagnostic predictor for distinguishing between Qp/Qs < 1.5 and ≥ 1.5, with an optimal cut-off value of <4.3mmol/L, yielding an AUC of 0.71, sensitivity of 88.8%, and specificity of 53.4%. (c) Additionally, non-invasive parameters such as 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter demonstrated strong predictive value for differentiating between Qp/Qs < 1.5 and ≥ 1.5.
What is the Relationship Between Blood Gases and Hemodynamic Parameters?
A positive correlation exists between Ca−vO2 and mPAP, PVR, RVSP, and PCWP, but a negative correlation with Qp/Qs and 6MWD. The negative correlation with Qp/Qs and 6MWD was to be expected as the shunt increases more arterial and venous blood going to mix eventually leading to lesser O2 content difference. These results imply that elevated Ca−vO2 correlates with more severe PAH, indicating compromised oxygen transport and consumption in advanced illness. These associations provide clinical support for the potential significance of blood gas parameters, particularly Ca-vO2, as indicators of PAH severity and functional impairment in CHD-related PAH.
PaO2 and SaO2 demonstrated substantial negative relationships with critical indications of PAH severity, such as mPAP, PVR, and PCWP while they were positively correlated with Qp/Qs and 6MWD. These results were found in concordance with previous studies of blood gases in idiopathic PAH and chronic heart failure.[29,30] These findings suggest a connection between worse functional ability more severe pulmonary hypertension and decreased arterial oxygenation. Moreover, lower venous oxygen levels are linked to deteriorating hemodynamic status, as seen by the substantial negative correlations found between (PvO2 and SvO2) and PVR, mPAP, RVSP, and PCWP. Enhanced cardiac output and exercise tolerance may be correlated with enhanced venous oxygenation, as suggested by the positive associations with Qp/Qs and 6MWD.
In this study, we observed significant hemodynamic and functional differences between patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and ≥ 1.5, particularly in oxygenation and right heart function. The significantly higher Ca−vO2 in the Qp/Qs < 1.5 group (P = 0.003) suggests increased oxygen extraction in patients with lower shunt fractions, likely reflecting a compensatory mechanism in response to reduced pulmonary blood flow. In contrast, patients with Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 demonstrated improved functional capacity, as indicated by a significantly greater 6MWD (P < 0.0001). These findings align with the clinical understanding that significant left-to-right shunts can increase pulmonary blood flow, enhancing oxygen delivery and functional performance. Interestingly, SaO2 (P = 0.03) and SvO2 (P = 0.009) were significantly higher in the Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5 group, likely reflecting the greater oxygenation and systemic circulation associated with higher shunt ratios. The significant differences in TAPSE and IVC diameter further highlight the impact of Qp/Qs on right ventricular function and preload. These findings suggest that, beyond oxygen parameters, right ventricular function plays a critical role in the clinical manifestations of patients with differing shunt magnitudes.
Univariate logistic regression analysis identified SvO2, Ca−vO2, 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter as significant predictors to distinguish between two groups (Qp/Qs < 1.5 and ≥ 1.5). However, these variables lost significance in multivariate analysis, indicating potential confounding effects or overlapping contributions. Among these, IVC diameter emerged as the strongest predictor, highlighting the importance of structural cardiac parameters in assessing Qp/Qs. These findings underscore the complex interplay between gas exchange parameters and right heart function in determining Qp/Qs ratios.
Our ROC curve analysis demonstrated that Ca−vO2, 6MWD, TAPSE, and IVC diameter have varying degrees of diagnostic accuracy for predicting Qp/Qs ratios. Ca−vO2 showed moderate diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.71 and an optimal < 4.3 mM cut-off. In comparison, 6MWD had a higher diagnostic value with an AUC of 0.87, while TAPSE and IVC diameter also provided useful diagnostic information with AUCs of 0.71 and 0.85, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of these parameters as non-invasive markers to distinguish between two groups in clinical settings.
Potential for Readily Available Sources of Blood Sampling in Clinical Practice
Even though blood samples from the venous and arterial systems were taken for the current study during RHC, these results show the potential value of evaluating blood gas parameters from more easily accessible sources, like the superficial radial artery and vein. This method might provide a more useful and less intrusive substitute for continuous monitoring in clinical settings, all the while offering insightful information on the condition of the patient.
Study Limitations
Our study has several limitations including a single-center study along with a retrospective study design. Treatment strategies varied over a long study period hence was difficult to assess the effect of medication on blood gases. Moreover, since only patients with CHD-related were included, the present findings may not be generalized to other patient populations with confounding factors, such as restrictive or obstructive lung disease or anemia. Despite these limitations, while the literature on this specific association is limited, our results align with broader trends observed in related studies on PAH severity markers, diagnostic tools, or predictors like mPAP, PVR, or 6MWD. Also, the fact that blood gases were routinely obtained from all patients allows the current authors to draw some meaningful and clinically important conclusions.
Conclusion
This study highlights the potential of, which closely correlates with important hemodynamic parameters determined via RHC, as a useful diagnostic marker for CHD-related PAH. Although venous and arterial systems were used to obtain blood samples during RHC, the findings suggest the potential for using more accessible sites i.e. superficial radial artery and vein for blood gas assessment. In addition to Ca−vO2, non-invasive measurements like IVC diameter, TAPSE, and 6MWD, exhibit a strong correlation with Qp/Qs, offering enhanced diagnostic accuracy. These findings can aid in the clinical decision-making process, particularly in determining whether surgical procedures are necessary.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270057), the Clinical Research Award of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China (XJTU1AF-CRF-2019-010), and the Fundamental Project Plan in Shaanxi Province, China (2020JM-364). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, publication decision, or manuscript preparation.
Author contributions
A.A, contributed to the study design, data analysis, original draft writing, figures and tables. S.Z was involved in study design, RHC procedures and data collection. L.L was a major contributor for echocardiography and image collection. X.W was involved in images collection and help in draft writing. T.L was involved in clinical data collection and echocardiography. F.F contributed to conception, study design, analysis and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Study flow chart.
Figure 2.
Catheterization findings of %age blood samples from different regions in ASD (A) and VSD (B) in congenital heart disease-related PAH. Note:ASD: atrial septal defect; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; VSD: ventricular septal defect.
Figure 2.
Catheterization findings of %age blood samples from different regions in ASD (A) and VSD (B) in congenital heart disease-related PAH. Note:ASD: atrial septal defect; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; VSD: ventricular septal defect.
Figure 3.
Arterial blood gas correlation with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PaO2: Arterial oxygen tension; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation.
Figure 3.
Arterial blood gas correlation with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PaO2: Arterial oxygen tension; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; SaO2: arterial oxygen saturation.
Figure 4.
Correlation of mixed venous oxygen with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-miniute walk distance; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure.
Figure 4.
Correlation of mixed venous oxygen with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-miniute walk distance; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure.
Figure 5.
Arteriovenous oxygen content difference (Ca−vO2) correlation with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.
Figure 5.
Arteriovenous oxygen content difference (Ca−vO2) correlation with hemodynamics. Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance.
Figure 6.
Pair plot of the relationships and distributions of key diagnostic variables between the two groups (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; IVC: inferior vena cava; SvO2: mixed venous oxygen saturation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; Target 0: Qp/Qs < 1.5; Target 1:Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5.
Figure 6.
Pair plot of the relationships and distributions of key diagnostic variables between the two groups (Qp/Qs < 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; IVC: inferior vena cava; SvO2: mixed venous oxygen saturation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; Target 0: Qp/Qs < 1.5; Target 1:Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5.
Figure 7.
Comparison of blood gas and other key parameters between patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5.
Figure 7.
Comparison of blood gas and other key parameters between patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and Qp/Qs ≥ 1.5.
Figure 8.
Area under the ROC curve of predictive values for differentiating between the groups Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; CI: confidence interval; IVC: inferior vena cava; SvO2: mixed venous oxygen saturation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Figure 8.
Area under the ROC curve of predictive values for differentiating between the groups Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5). Note: 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; Ca−vO2: arteriovenous oxygen content difference; CI: confidence interval; IVC: inferior vena cava; SvO2: mixed venous oxygen saturation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all subjects (n=80).
| Variable | Data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 41±15 | |||||
| Sex (male/female) | 37/43 | |||||
| Height (cm) | 163±9 | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 57.8 ± 12.09 | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 3.7 | |||||
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.57 ± 0.3 | |||||
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 86.0 ± 13.6 | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 16 | |||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 13 | |||||
| NTproBNP (pg/mL) | 1274 ± 1596 | |||||
| WHO functional class [n (%)] | ||||||
| I | 7 (8.7) | |||||
| II | 31(38.7) | |||||
| III | 32 (40.0) | |||||
| IV | 10 (12.5) | |||||
| PAH severity [n (%)] | ||||||
| Mild | 14 (17.5) | |||||
| Moderate | 12 (15.0) | |||||
| Severe | 54 (67.5) | |||||
| Right heart catheterization | ||||||
| RAP (mmHg) | 9.13 ± 4.7 | |||||
| RVSP (mmHg) | 36.5 ± 16.0 | |||||
| mPAP (mmHg) | 54.12 ± 23.5 | |||||
| PVR (WU) | 10.68 ± 7.9 | |||||
| SVR (WU) | 24.6 ± 10.6 | |||||
| PCWP (WU) | 11.0 ± 8.2 | |||||
| CO (L/min) | 4.8 ± 2.5 | |||||
| CI (L/min/m) | 2.6 ± 1.6 | |||||
| Qp/Qs | 1.8 ± 1.2 | |||||
| Congenital heart disease [n (%)] | ||||||
| Atrial septal defect | 46 (57.4) | |||||
| Patent foramen ovale | 8 (10.0) | |||||
| Ventricular Septal defect | 21 (26.2) | |||||
| Ventricular Septal defect with atrial septal defect | 1 (1.2) | |||||
| Ventricular septal defect with patent foramen ovale | 4 (5.0) | |||||
CI: Cardiac index; Co: cardiac output; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RAP: right atrial pressure; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; WU: Wood Unit.
Table 2.
Correlation between mean arterial and venous blood gases with hemodynamics.
| Variable | mPAP | PVR | Qp/Qs | RVSP | PCWP | 6MWD | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean arterial system | ||||||||||||||||
| PaO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | −0.405 | −0.422 | 0.431 | −0.361 | −0.335 | 0.668 | ||||||||||
| P | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.04 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| SaO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | −0.326 | −0.265 | 0.342 | −0.357 | −0.27 | 0.455 | ||||||||||
| P | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.001 | ns | 0.0006 | ||||||||||
| CaO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | 0.191 | 0.198 | −0.152 | 0.025 | 0.279 | −0.217 | ||||||||||
| P | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||||
| Mean venous system | ||||||||||||||||
| PvO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | −0.508 | −0.584 | 0.452 | −0.389 | −0.601 | 0.634 | ||||||||||
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| SvO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | −0.581 | −0.681 | 0.479 | −0.445 | −0.615 | 0.747 | ||||||||||
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| CvO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | −0.05 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.137 | 0.057 | 0.126 | ||||||||||
| P | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||||||||||
| Arterial-venous oxygen content difference | ||||||||||||||||
| Ca−vO2 | ||||||||||||||||
| r | 0.524 | 0.544 | −0.463 | 0.331 | 0.627 | −0.541 | ||||||||||
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.008 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | 0.0009 | ||||||||||
6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure.
Table 3.
Comparative analysis of blood gas parameters with Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5).
| Parameter | Qp/Qs < 1.5 | Qp/Qs > 1.5 | t-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 38.9 ± 15.9 | 41.1 ± 14.1 | 0.702 | 0.484 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.5 ± 12.9 | 57.3 ± 11.5 | 1.228 | 0.229 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 4.1 | 20.9 ± 3.0 | 1.532 | 0.129 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.57 ± 0.4 | 1.56 ± 0.1 | 0.255 | 0.799 |
| 6MWD | 276.3±107.1 | 434.8 ± 73.5 | 5.547 | <0.0001 |
| TAPSE | 21.3 ± 4.4 | 16.5 ± 2.3 | 4.361 | <0.0001 |
| IVC diameter (mm) | 18.7 ± 3.4 | 22.7 ± 2.2 | 5.072 | <0.0001 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 68.4 ± 17.8 | 71.0 ± 11.2 | 0.746 | 0.457 |
| SaO2 (%) | 90.1 ± 6.0 | 92.8 ± 4.1 | 2.204 | 0.030 |
| CaO2 (mM) | 16.9 ± 5.5 | 18.0 ±3.7 | 0.553 | 0.572 |
| PvO2 (mmHg) | 43.4 ± 16.5 | 46.2 ± 7.1 | 0.960 | 0.338 |
| SvO2 (%) | 69.7 ± 13.6 | 76.5 ± 7.2 | 2.652 | 0.009 |
| Ca-vO2 (mM) | 4.22 ± 1.73 | 3.07 ± 1.38 | 3.669 | 0.0005 |
6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; IVC: inferior vena cava; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plan systolic excursion.
Table 4.
Univariate logistic regression analysis of diagnostic predictors for Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5).
Table 4.
Univariate logistic regression analysis of diagnostic predictors for Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5).
| Variable | OR | SE | 95% CI | P | β coefficient | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower limit | Upper limit | |||||
| Age | 1.021 | 0.015 | 0.991 | 1.052 | 0.179 | 0.021 |
| Weight | 0.96 | 0.021 | 0.921 | 1.00 | 0.05 | −0.041 |
| BMI | 0.924 | 0.07 | 0.805 | 1.06 | 0.259 | −0.079 |
| BSA | 0.867 | 0.709 | 0.216 | 3.479 | 0.841 | −0.142 |
| HR | 1.005 | 0.017 | 0.972 | 1.039 | 0.78 | 0.005 |
| PaO2 | 1.019 | 0.013 | 0.99 | 1.046 | 0.267 | 0.015 |
| SaO2 | 1.115 | 0.053 | 1.006 | 1.237 | 0.08 | 0.109 |
| SvO2 | 1.139 | 0.034 | 1.049 | 1.236 | 0.009 | 0.08 |
| Ca−vO2 | 0.675 | 0.16 | 0.494 | 0.924 | 0.014 | −0.393 |
| 6MWD | 1.009 | 0.003 | 1.002 | 1.015 | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| TAPSE | 1.176 | 0.08 | 1.005 | 1.376 | 0.043 | 0.162 |
| RA Size | 1.010 | 0.021 | 0.969 | 1.053 | 0.648 | 0.01 |
| IVC diameter | 1.55 | 0.124 | 1.218 | 1.980 | 0.001 | 0.44 |
6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CI: confidence interval; IVC: inferior vena cava; OR: odd ratio; RA: right atrium; SE: slandered error; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plan systolic excursion.
Table 5.
AUC of predictive values for differentiating between the groups Qp/Qs (< 1.5 or ≥ 1.5).
| Parameters | Cut-off Value | AUC | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6MWD | > 319.0 | 0.87 | 90.4 | 48.1 | 0.762 to 0.987 | 0.0001 |
| TAPSE | <18.5 | 0.83 | 85.7 | 68.1 | 0.721 to 0.953 | 0.0002 |
| IVC diameter | >21.5 | 0.85 | 77.7 | 74.0 | 0.751 to 0.949 | <0.0001 |
| SvO2 | >70.4 | 0.67 | 82.8 | 48.8 | 0.558 to 0.798 | 0.007 |
| Ca−vO2 | <4.3 | 0.71 | 88.8 | 53.4 | 0.600 to 0.830 | 0.001 |
6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; IVC: inferior vena cava; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion..
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