Background: Neuroprotective and immunomodulatory microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural growth factors, and anti-inflammatory cytokines are contained in nano-sized extracellular vesicles called mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo). These vesicles attenuate neuro-inflammation, promote neo-vascularization, induce neurogenesis, and decrease the apoptotic loss of neural cells. Methods: Systematic retrieval of information was performed on PubMed. 60 articles were found in a search on Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Exosomes, and Alzheimer's Disease. These 2 articles were Meta-analyses, Randomized Controlled Trials, clinical trials, and Systematic Reviews. The rest were Literature review articles. These articles were till the year 2024. Appropriate studies were isolated, and important information from each of them was understood and entered into a database from which the information was used in this article. The clinical trials on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes for Alzheimer's Disease were searched on clinicaltrials.gov. Results: Several experimental investigations have shown that MSC-Exo improves cognitive im-pairment in rats. In this review paper, we summarized existing understanding regarding the molecular and cellular pathways behind MSC-Exo-based cognitive function restoration, with a focus on MSC-Exos therapeutic potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: AD is a significant health issue in our culture and is linked to several important neuropathological characteristics. Exosomes generated from stem cells, such as MSCs or NSCs, have been examined more and more in a variety of AD models, indicating that they may be viable therapeutic agents for the treatment of diverse disorders. Exosome yields may be increased and their therapeutic efficacy can be improved using a range of tailored techniques and culture conditions. It is necessary to provide standardized guidelines for exosome manufacture to carry out excellent preclinical and clinical research.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive and challenging brain tumors to treat. Even with maximal treatment, the prognosis remains poor with low median survival. Extensive surgical resection is evidenced to increase glioblastoma life expectancy; however, complete resections are not usually achieved due to lack of sensitivity and the accuracy of margin neurosurgical guidance technologies. Recent advancements in fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) and imaging techniques have helped enhance the precision and extent of glioblastoma resections. This study explores the impact of NIR fluorescence imaging on tumor visualization and surgical outcomes, including the extent of resection, cost-effectiveness, and patient survival.  A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase identified studies published on the effect of NIR on glioblastoma surgery. A total of 135 studies were included: 10 reviews, 3 clinical studies, 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 10 preclinical studies, and 4 case reports, all focusing on the application of NIR fluorescence imaging in glioblastoma resection. Our findings show that NIR fluorescence imaging significantly improved tumor visualization, leading to an 18-22% increase in gross total resection rates across clinical studies. Prolonged fluorescence provided continuous real-time feedback, reducing the need for repeat imaging, and lowering operational costs. Patient outcomes improved, including extended progression-free survival and overall survival, and fewer postoperative neurological deficits. This Review highlights the potential for the use of NIR imaging to become the new standard for intraoperative glioblastoma management.