The article titled "Immunoglobulins and Its Applications" provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and therapeutic significance of immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies. These vital proteins, produced by plasma cells in response to immunogens, are essential components of the immune system, playing a critical role in recognizing and neutralizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The article elaborates on the five primary classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM), each distinguished by its unique structural and functional properties. It discusses the molecular composition of immunoglobulins, highlighting the significance of their variable and constant regions in antigen binding. The paper also explores the diverse immune functions mediated by these proteins, including precipitation, agglutination, and neutralization of antigens. Additionally, the article emphasizes the therapeutic applications of immunoglobulins, particularly in treating immune deficiencies and other diseases. Advances in monoclonal antibody technology have significantly expanded the utility of immunoglobulins in both research and medicine, leading to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches such as humanized monoclonal antibodies and bifunctional antibodies. This comprehensive analysis underscores the critical role of immunoglobulins in both natural immunity and therapeutic interventions.

The survival analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset is a well-known method to discover the gene expression-based prognostic biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A cutoff point is usually used in survival analysis for the patients' dichotomization in the continuous gene expression. There is some optimization software for cutoff determination. However, the software's predetermined cutoffs are usually set at the median or quantiles of gene expression value to perform the analyses. There are also few clinicopathological features available on their pre-processed data sets. We applied an in-house workflow, including data retrieving and pre-processing, feature selection, sliding-window cutoff selection, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard modeling for biomarker discovery. In our approach for the TCGA HNSCC cohort, we scanned human protein-coding genes to find optimal cutoff values. After adjustment with confounders, the clinical tumor stage and the surgical margin involvement are independent risk factors for patients' prognosis. According to the resulting tables with Bonferroni-adjusted P value under the optimal cutoff and the hazard ratio, three biomarker candidates, CAMK2N1, CALML5, and FCGBP, are significantly associated with the patients' overall survival. We validated this discovery by using the other independent HNSCC dataset (GSE65858). Thus, we suggest the transcriptomic analysis could help for biomarker discovery.

Tandem mass spectrometry (TMS) has emerged as a critical analytical tool in pharmaceutical sciences, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the rational use of medications. This article explores the applications of TMS across various stages of drug development, quality assurance, and patient care, highlighting its precision and reliability in advancing therapeutic efficacy. TMS facilitates the accurate identification and quantification of drug compounds, ensuring that pharmaceutical products meet high standards of purity and potency. By detecting even trace levels of impurities or contaminants, TMS strengthens the quality control processes critical to patient safety. In the realm of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, TMS enables detailed monitoring of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), allowing for a better understanding of drug behavior in the human body. It is also instrumental in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), ensuring that medication levels remain within therapeutic windows, thus optimizing dosing regimens and minimizing adverse effects. Additionally, TMS supports personalized medicine approaches by assessing drug interactions and tailoring treatments to individual patients. Through its application in drug discovery, development, and therapeutic monitoring, TMS serves as an indispensable tool for fostering rational medication use, contributing to more effective, safe, and personalized pharmaceutical care.