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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0360.v2

Shu Yuan, Si-Cong Jiang, Zi-Lin Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; acute respiratory distress syndrome; hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; alveolar edema; early low-flow oxygen

Online: 11 February 2021 (11:40:30 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0247.v1

Prediction of Potential 3CLpro-Targeting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Compounds from Chinese Medicine

Ning Sun, Wing-Leung Wong, Jiao Guo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; molecular docking; Chinese medicine; lithospermic acid B; specnuezhenide; neonuezhenide; rutin; neodiosmin

Online: 15 March 2020 (15:11:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0114.v1

Two SARS-CoV-2 IgG Immunoassays Comparison and Time-Course Profile of Antibodies Response

Ruggero Dittadi, Haleh Afshar, Paolo Carraro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Immune response; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies response; Covid-19 management; Maglumi; Architect; method comparison.

Online: 5 August 2020 (08:09:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0321.v1

Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Functions of Citrus Fruit

Paolo Bellavite, Alberto Donzelli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: Citrus fruits; Citrus sinensis; hesperidin; COVID-19; vitamin C; SARS-CoV-2; sweet orange

Online: 28 June 2020 (08:45:24 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Sars-Cov-2 Wastewater Surveillance for Public Health Action: Connecting Perspectives From Wastewater Researchers and Public Health Officials During a Global Pandemic

Jill McClary-Gutierrez, Mia Mattioli, Perrine Marcenac, Andrea Silverman, Alexandria Boehm, Kyle Bibby, Michael Balliet, Francis de los Reyes III, Daniel Gerrity, John Griffith, Patricia Holden, Dimitrios Katehis, Greg Kester, Nathan LaCross, Erin Lipp, Jonathan Meiman, Rachel Noble, Dominique Brossard, Sandra McLellan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater surveillance

Online: 7 June 2021 (13:01:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0822.v1

Coxsackievirus A7 and Enterovirus A71 Significally Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cell and Animal Models

Victor A. Svyatchenko, Stanislav S. Legostaev, Roman Y Lutkovskiy, Elena V. Protopopova, Eugenia P. Ponomareva, Vladimir V. Omigov, Oleg S. Taranov, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, Alexander P. Agafonov, Valery B. Loktev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; coxsackievirus A7; enterovirus A71; co-infection; Syrian hamster

Online: 14 March 2024 (09:33:51 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0889.v1

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparative Review

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Homa Mazaherinia, Hosein Nazari rostami, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohammad Barary, Erfan Hashemi, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS); COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination

Online: 13 October 2023 (10:58:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0432.v1

Persistence of SARS-Cov-2 Igg Antibody Response among South African Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

Oladele Vincent Adeniyi, Oyewole Chris Durojaiye, Charity Masilela

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Humoral immune response; Persistence; South Africa

Online: 8 May 2023 (03:29:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0432.v1

Biomedical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Success in Sars-Cov-2 and Other Infectious Diseases

Nuno S. Osório, Maria Isabel Veiga

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Infectious disease; Pandemics; Epidemics; Biomedical Research

Online: 19 February 2021 (10:03:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0345.v1

ACEII Gene Analysis Exposes SARS-CoV-2 As A Potential Threat to Agricultural and National Security

Michael Ruhl, Tracie Jenkins

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: food safety; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; ACEII; agricultural security; national security

Online: 16 September 2020 (03:57:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0073.v1

In Silico Development of SARS-CoV-2 Non-covalent Mpro Inhibitors: A Review

Islam Alagawani, Feng Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 virus inhibitors; main protease (Mpro); non-covalent inhibitors; molecular dynamics simulation; in silico analysis

Online: 2 September 2024 (09:51:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0258.v1

Potent Antiviral Activity Against HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 by Antimicrobial Peptoids

Gill Diamond, Natalia Molchanova, Claudine Herlan, John A. Fortkort, Jennifer S. Lin, Erika Figgins, Nathan Bopp, Lisa K. Ryan, Donghoon Chung, Robert Scott Adcock, Michael Sherman, Annelise E. Barron

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Antivirals; peptoids; LL-37; air-liquid interface; cytotoxicity; membrane disruption; COVID-19; HSV-1; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 March 2021 (10:25:03 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0317.v2

Minimum Size of Respiratory Droplets Containing SARS-CoV-2 and Aerosol Transmission Possibility

Byung Uk Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); COVID19; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; bioaerosol; aerosol

Online: 30 April 2020 (05:30:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0120.v1

Validation of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Microneutralization Assay for Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity

Stephanie Hamilton, Mingzhu Zhu, Shane Cloney Clark, Penny Mayes, Jen Fenner, Leah Cui, Rongman Cai, Raj Kalkeri, Louis F Fries, Melinda Pryor, Joyce Plested

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: microneutralization; COVID-19; Omicron variant; wildtype; Live virus,; XBB.1.5; MN50; SARS CoV-2; variants of concern; BSL-3

Online: 4 December 2023 (03:43:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1260.v1

Humoral immunity across the SARS-CoV-2 Spike after Sputnik V (Gam‑COVID‑Vac) vaccination

Alejandro Cornejo, Christopher Franco, Mariajose Rodriguez, Alexis García, Inirida Belisario, Soriuska Mayoría, Domingo Jose Garzaro, Jose Luis Zambrano, Rossana Celeste Jaspe, Mariana Hidalgo, Nereida Parra-Gimenez, Franklin Ennodio Claro, Ferdinando Liprandi, Jacobus Henri de Waard, Hector Rafael Rangel, Flor Helene Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Antibody; ELISA; Spike; S1; S2; RBD; epitopes; Neutralization

Online: 21 March 2024 (09:12:29 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0573.v1

Addressing the Concerns Surrounding the Recent Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Subvariant BA.2.86 (Pirola)

Neelabh Datta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; BA.2.86; Omicron; Subvariant; Mutation; Immune escape; Vaccine; Outbreak; Surveillance

Online: 8 January 2024 (07:06:28 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.2167.v1

Whether SARS-CoV-2 May Become Lethal Again? By Reference to the 1918 Influenza Virus

Shu Yuan, Si-Cong Jiang, Zhong-Wei Zhang, Yu-Fan Fu, Xin-Yue Yang, Zi-Lin Li, Jing Hu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; 1918 H1N1 influenza virus; immune escape; upper respiratory tract; pathogenicity

Online: 31 August 2023 (10:06:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1861.v1

A Comparison of Kawasaki Disease during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Tunç Tunçer, Fatih Varol

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: Kawasaki disease; Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 26 August 2024 (15:25:39 CEST)

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Objectives: This study aimed to compare the similarities and differences between the Kawasaki disease (KD) during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with KD and MIS-C at a single center between July 2020 and November 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The study included 39 MIS-C patients (84.6% male) with a median age of 138 months and 17 KD patients (58.8% male) with a median age of 36 months. Compared with the KD patients, MIS-C patients were older (p<0.001), had longer hospital stays (p=0.023), elevated neutrophil count (p<0.001), C-reactive protein (p<0.001), procalcitonin (p<0.001), interleukin-6 (p<0.014), ferritin (p<0.001), fibrinogen (p<0.001), troponin I (p=0.001), NT-proBNP (p<0.001), and, D-dimer levels (p<0.001). They had more hypotension (p=0.024), decreased left ventricular function (p=0.023), and a greater need for corticosteroids (p<0.001), enoxaparin (p=0.045), and therapeutic plasma exchange (p<0.001). Patients with KD displayed a higher frequency of rash (p<0.001), oral mucosal changes (p<0.001), conjunctival injection (p<0.001), extremity changes (p<0.001), and cervical lymphadenopathy (p<0.001). They had a longer duration of fever (p<0.001), elevated white blood cell count (p<0.001), platelet count (p<0.001), and alanine aminotransferase level (p<0.001). The two groups were similar in terms of hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin levels, or the frequency of coronary dilation/aneurysm, myocarditis, pericarditis, invasive mechanical ventilatory support, and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Conclusions: Older patient age, a greater presence of gastrointestinal and cardiac findings associated with hypotension, increased NT-proBNP levels, decreased left ventricular function, the use of various treatment modalities, and longer hospital stays suggest MIS-C, whereas a longer duration of fever and classical clinical features of KD favor KD.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1276.v1

Genomic analysis and tracking of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Gwangju, South Korea from 2020 to 2022

Yeong-Un Lee, Kwangho Lee, Hongsu Lee, Jung wook Park, Sun-Ju Cho, Ji-Su Park, Jeongeun Mun, Sujung Park, Cheong-mi Lee, Juhye Lee, Mihee Seo, Eunju Kim, Jinjong Seo, Yonghwan Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, Yoon-Seok Chung

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; whole-genome sequencing; variants; lineages

Online: 19 October 2023 (11:25:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0861.v1

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the Percentage of Deaths Among Infected Healthcare Workers in Poland

Marek Wojczyk, Ewa Niewiadomska, Małgorzata Kowalska

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; healthcare workers; pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; vaccination coverage

Online: 24 April 2023 (13:51:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0586.v1

Experimental Lung Inflammation Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 is Controlled by Intranasal Instillation of Vitamin D

William Danilo Fernandes de Souza, Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento, Marina Caçador Ayupe, Caio Loureiro Salgado, Bernardo de Castro Oliveira, Francielly Moreira, Guilherme William da Silva, Stefanie Primon Muraro, Gabriela Fabiano de Souza, José Luiz Proença-Módena, Joao Pessoa Araujo-Junior, Denise Fonseca, Alexandrina Sartori

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; lung; inflammation; mice; vitamin D

Online: 31 January 2023 (12:04:19 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0081.v1

Pathological Evidence for Residual SARS-CoV-2 in the Micrometastatic Niche of a Patient with Ovarian Cancer

Takuma Hayashi, Kenji Sano, Nobuo Yaegashi, Ikuo Konishi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; micrometastatic niche; Patient with Cancer

Online: 3 August 2022 (10:22:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0266.v1

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern and its Rapid Spread throughout the Western Brazilian Amazon

Gabriella Sgorlon-Oliveira, Jackson Alves da Silva Queiroz, Nadson Willian Felipe Gasparelo, Tárcio Peixoto Roca, Ana Maisa Passos-Silva, Karolaine Santos Teixeira, Adrhyan Araújo da Silva Oliveira, Paulo Ricardo Freitas de Souza, Elizama de Souza Silva, Ciciléia Correia da Silva, Adriana Cristina Salvador Maia, Camila Flávia Gomes Azzi, Flávia Serrano Batista, Valquiria Reis de Souza, Franciane Mendes Oliveira, Juan Miguel Villalobos Salcedo, Soraya dos Santos Pereira, Felipe Gomes Naveca, Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo, Luis Gustavo Morello, Fabricio Klerynton Marchini, Deusilene Vieira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS CoV-2; Variant of Concern; Omicron; mutation; genomic surveillance

Online: 28 April 2022 (03:28:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0426.v1

Exploratory Study on Application of MALDI-TOF-MS to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Saliva

Monique Melo Costa, Hugo Martin, Bertrand Estellon, François-Xavier Dupé, Floriant Saby, Nicolas Benoit, Hervé Tissot-Dupont, Matthieu Million, Bruno Pradines, Samuel Granjeaud, Lionel Almeras

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 detection; Saliva; MALDI-TOF MS; Machine learning

Online: 24 September 2021 (12:14:26 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2 caused a large outbreak since its emergence in December 2019. The COVID-19 diagnosis became a priority to isolate and treat infected individuals in order to break the contamination chain. Currently, the reference test for COVID-19 diagnosis is the molecular detection (RT-qPCR) of the virus from nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples. Although this sensitive and specific test remains the gold standard, it has several limitations, such as the invasive collection method, the relative high cost and the duration of the test. Moreover, the material shortage to perform tests due to the discrepancy between the high demand for tests and the production capacities puts additional constraints on RT-qPCR. Here, we propose a PCR-free method for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 based on Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling and machine learning (ML) models from salivary samples. Kinetic saliva samples were collected at enrollment and ten and thirty days later (D0, D10 and D30), to assess the classification performance of the ML models compared to the molecular tests performed on NPS specimens. Spectra were generated using an optimized protocol of saliva collection and successive quality control steps were developed to ensure the reliability of spectra. A total of 360 averaged spectra were included in the study. At D0, the comparison of MS spectra from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (n=105) with healthy healthcare controls (n=51) revealed nine peaks that significantly distinguished the two groups. Among the five ML models tested, Support Vector Machine with Linear Kernel (SVM-LK) provided the best performance on the training dataset (accuracy = 85.2 %, sensitivity = 85.1 %, specificity = 85.3 %, F1-Score = 85.1 %). The application of the SVM-LK model on independent datasets confirmed it performances with 88.9% and 80.8% of correct classification for samples collected at D0 and D30, respectively. Conversely, at D10, the proportion of correct classification fallen to 64.3%. The analysis of saliva samples by MALDI-TOF MS and ML appears as an interesting supplementary tool for COVID-19 diagnosis, despite the mitigated results obtained for convalescent patients (D10).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0258.v1

Prevalence of Co-Infections With Respiratory Viruses in Individuals Investigated for Sars-Cov-2 in Ontario, Canada

Adriana Peci, Vanessa Tran, Jennifer L Gurtherie, Ye Li, Paul Nelson, Kevin L Schwartz, Sara A Buchan, Jonathan B Gubbay

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; seasonal respiratory viruses

Online: 10 December 2020 (12:53:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1864.v2

UV-C Light Intervention as a Barrier against Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Izabela Ragan, Jessie Perez, Lindsay Hartson, Wilson Davenport, Branden Doyle

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; transmission; respiratory; viruses; healthcare; sterilization; air; hamster model; UV-C light; inactivation

Online: 5 December 2023 (06:12:26 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1547.v1

Unravelling Insights into the Evolution and Management of SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review

Aganze Mushebenge, Samuel C. Ugbaja, Nonkululeko Avril Mbatha, Rene M. Khan, Hezekiel M. Kumalo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Main Protease Inhibitors; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; mutations; vaccines; therapeutics; drug repurposing; management strategies

Online: 22 August 2023 (09:31:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0829.v1

Using Regional Sero-Epidemiology SARS-CoV-2 Anti-S Antibodies in the Dominican Republic to Inform Targeted Public Health Response

Beatris Mario Martin, Angela Cadavid Restrepo, Helen Mayfield, Cecilia Then Paulino, Micheal De St. Aubin, William Duke, Petr Jarolim, Emily Zielinski Guitiérrez, Ronald Skewes Ramm, Devan Dumas, Salome Garnier, Marie Caroline Etienne, Farah Peña, Gabriela Abdalla, Beatriz Lopez, Lucia De la Cruz, Bernarda Henríquez, Margaret Baldwin, Benn Sartorius, Adam Kucharski, Eric J Nilles, Colleen L Lau

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; seroprevalence; vaccine; spatial distribution

Online: 13 September 2023 (16:13:52 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0282.v1

Structural Deviation and Identification of Novel Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Through Molecular Docking: An In Silico Study

Anindya Panja, Aniket Sarkar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Penicillamine; spike protein; docking

Online: 16 April 2020 (15:44:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0308.v1

Sputnik V-induced Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Variants during the Dissemination of the Gamma Variant in Venezuela

Christopher Franco, Alejandro Cornejo, Mariajosé Rodríguez, Alexis García, Inirida Belisario, Soriuska Mayora, Alexis García, Rossana Celeste Jaspe, Mariana Hidalgo, Nereida Parra, Ferdinando Liprandi, José Luis Zambrano, Hector Rafael Rangel, Flor Helene Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Sputnik-V; antibodies; variants; ELISA; neutralization

Online: 3 July 2024 (16:18:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0387.v1

Acquisition of Humoral Immune Responses in Convalescent Japanese People with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in 2021

Koshiro Monzen, Takanori Watanabe, Toshihiro Okabe, Hisakuni Sekino, Hironori Nakagami, Ryuichi Morishita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Convalescent serum; Neutralizing antibody

Online: 4 August 2023 (12:35:21 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0319.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Impact on the Central Nervous System: Are Astrocytes and Microglia Main Players or Merely Bystanders?

Veronica Murta, Alejandro Villarreal, Alberto Javier Ramos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: glia; central nervous system; COVID-19; SARS; MERS; coronavirus

Online: 26 June 2020 (17:32:55 CEST)

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With confirmed COVID-19 cases surpassing the 8.5 million mark around the globe, there is an imperative need to deepen the efforts from the international scientific community to gain comprehensive understanding of SARS-CoV-2. Although the main clinical manifestations are associated with respiratory or intestinal symptoms, reports of specific and non-specific neurological signs and symptoms, both at presentation or during the course of the acute phase, are increasing. Approximately 25-40% of the patients present neurological symptoms. The etiology of these neurological manifestations remains obscure, and probably involves several direct pathways, not excluding the direct entry of the virus to the Central Nervous System (CNS) through the olfactory epithelium, circumventricular organs, or disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, neuroinflammation might occur in response to the strong systemic cytokine storm described for COVID-19, or due to dysregulation of the CNS angiotensin system. Descriptions of neurological manifestations in patients in the previous coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks have been numerous for the SARS-CoV and lesser for MERS-CoV. Strong evidence from patients and experimental models suggests that some human variants of CoV have the ability to reach the CNS and that neurons, astrocytes and/or microglia can be target cells for CoV. A growing body of evidence shows that astrocytes and microglia have a major role in neuroinflammation, responding to local CNS inflammation and/or to dysbalanced peripheral inflammation. This is another potential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 damage to the CNS. In this work we will summarize the known neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, explore the potential role for astrocytes and microglia in the infection and neuroinflammation, and compare them with the previously described human and animal CoV that showed neurotropism. We also propose possible underlying mechanisms by focusing on our knowledge of glia, neurons, and their dynamic intricate communication with the immune system.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0446.v1

Central Disequilibrium Could be an Early Sign and Symptom of Rapidly Progressive SARS-CoV-2 related Respiratory Failure

Ali Zreik, Ali Ammar, Charles. Hunley, Mario Madruga, Rumi Khan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Central Disequilibrium; CNS; covid-19 coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 24 April 2020 (14:07:43 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0090.v1

Hydroxychloroquine as an Aerosol Might Markedly Reduce and Even Prevent Severe Clinical Symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Ansgar Klimke, Gudrun Hefner, Bianca Will, Ursula Voss

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19: hydroxychloroquine aerosol; pharmacotherapy; prevention; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:11:09 CEST)

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Covid-19 is a new coronavirus disease first described in December 2019. This respiratory illness is severe and potentially fatal. Severe cases make up to 15%, lethality ranges between 1.5 and more than 10 %. What is urgently needed is an efficient pharmacological treatment for the treatment of severe cases. During the infection of alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, the ACE2 receptor has a central function. The antimalarial drugs chloroquine phosphate (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) impair in vitro the terminal glycosylation of ACE2 without significant change of cell-surface ACE2 and, therefore, might be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Starting inhibition at 0.1 µM, CQ completely prevented in vitro infections at 10 µM, suggesting a prophylactic effect and preventing the virus spread 5 hours after infection. In a first clinical trial, CQ was effective in inhibiting exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promotion of virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease. In addition, HCQ, which is three times more potent than CQ in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (EC50 0.72 µM), was significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Theoretically, CQ and HCQ could thus be effectively used in the treatment of SARS-CoV pneumonia. From a pharmacological standpoint, however, the major problems of oral treatment with these drugs are possible severe side effects and toxicity. Concretely, this relates to (a) the inconsistent individual bioavailability of these drugs at the alveolar target cells, depending on intestinal resorption, hepatic first-pass metabolism and accumulation in liver, spleen and lung, and (b) the need for a relatively high concentration of 1-5 µM at the alveolar surface. Therefore, we propose in a first dose estimation the use of HCQ as an aerosol in a dosage of 2-4 mg per inhalation in order to reach sufficient therapeutic levels at the alveolar epithelial cells. By using a low-dose non-systemic aerosol, adverse drug reactions will markedly be reduced compared with oral application. This increase in tolerability enables a broader use for prevention and after contact with an infected person, which would be an advantage especially for the high-risk, often multi-morbid and elderly patients. Empirical data on self-medication with a one-week aerosol application by two of the authors is presented. Inhalation was well tolerated without relevant side effects.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0385.v1

Rapid Design of a Bait Capture Platform for Culture- and Amplification-Free Next-Generation Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2

Jalees A. Nasir, David J. Speicher, Robert A. Kozak, Hendrik N. Poinar, Matthew S. Miller, Andrew G. McArthur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; enrichment; next-generation sequencing

Online: 26 February 2020 (02:27:21 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0883.v1

Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The Contrast between Indoors and Outdoors

Clive B Beggs, Rabia Abid, Fariborz Motallebi, Abdus Samad, Nithya Venkatesan, Eldad J. Avital

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; aerosols; airborne transmission; infection risk; thermal plumes; ceilings; Wells-Riley; Schlieren; Computational Fluid Dynamics; near and far-field

Online: 11 January 2024 (08:09:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1181.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Expressing Enterococcus for Oral Vaccination: Immunogenicity and Protection

Alexander Suvorov, Svetlana Loginova, Galina Leontieva, Tatiana Gupalova, Yulia Desheva, Dmitry Korzhevskii, Tatiana Kramkaya, Elena Bormotova, Irina Koroleva, Olga Kopteva, Olga Kirik, Veronika Shchukina, Sergey Savenko, Dmitry Kutaev, Sergey Borisevitch

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: recombinant probiotic -based vaccines; probiotic strain E. faecium L3; mucosal vaccines; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; vaccine efficacy.

Online: 18 October 2023 (11:29:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0767.v1

Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Antara Banerjee, Indumathi Somasundaram, Diptimayee Das, Samatha Jain M, Husaina Banu, Pavane MS, Sujay Paul, Atil Bisgin, Hong Zhang, Xiao-Feng Sun, Asim K Duttaroy, Surajit Pathak

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Gut microbiota; Variants; Probiotics; gut microbiota metabolites

Online: 23 April 2023 (04:34:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0390.v1

Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Seroprevalence in Accra, Ghana during the Delta-Omicron Waves

Irene Owusu Donkor, Elvis Suatey Lomotey, Jewelna Akorli, Millicent Opoku, Emmanuel Frimpong Gyekye, Kojo M. Sedzro, Nana Efua Andoh, Yvonne Ashong, Benjamin Abuaku, Kwadwo Ansah Koram, Vincent Munster

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; asymptomatic; seroprevalence; Delta variant; Omicron variant; vaccination

Online: 26 September 2022 (09:41:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0554.v1

Emergence of Unique SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 Variants and Their Impact on Protein Structure and Function

Sk. Sarif Hassan, Kenneth Lundstrom, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Parise Adadi, Alaa Aljabali, Elrashdy Redwan, Amos Lal, Ramesh Kandimalla, Tarek El-Aziz, Pabitra Choudhury, Gajendra Azad, Samendra Sherchan, Murtaza Tambuwala, Gaurav Chauhan, Kazuo Takayama, Debmalya Barh, Giorgio Palù, Pallab Basu, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ORF10; Co-mutations; Intrinsic Protein Disorder; Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

Online: 26 July 2021 (09:07:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0144.v1

Molecular Tracing of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy in the First Three Months of the Epidemic

Alessia Lai, Annalisa Bergna, Sara Caucci, Nicola Clementi, Ilaria Vicenti, Filippo Dragoni, Anna Maria Cattelan, Stefano Menzo, Angelo Pan, Annapaola Callegaro, Adriano Tagliabracci, Arnaldo Caruso, Francesca Caccuri, Silvia Ronchiadin, Claudia Balotta, Maurizio Zazzi, Emanuela Vaccher, Massimo Clementi, Massimo Galli, Gianguglielmo Zehender

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: phylodynamic analyses; SARS-CoV2 circulation in Italy; molecular tracing; Whole Genome Sequencing

Online: 8 July 2020 (11:00:19 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0395.v2

Beclabuvir can Inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase of Newly Emerged Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

Kunal Dutta, Sergey Shityakov, Olga Morozova, Ibrahim Khalifa, Jin Zhang, Wei Zhu, Amiya Panda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); RdRp; HCV; beclabuvir; in silico; molecular docking

Online: 2 April 2020 (11:25:57 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0428.v1

A Furin Cleavage Site Inserted into the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2: A Structural Implication?

Wei Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; furin cleavage site (FCS); salt bridging analysis

Online: 29 March 2020 (08:54:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0091.v1

Evidence-Based Evaluation of PCR Diagnostics for SARS-Cov-2 and The Omicron Variants by Sanger Sequencing

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; RT-PCR; Sanger sequencing; RT-qPCR; receptor-binding domain (RBD); N-terminal domain (NTD); Omicron; multi-allelic SNPs; false-positive

Online: 12 April 2022 (03:57:29 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0143.v1

Inflamm-Aging: Why Older Men Are the Most Susceptible to SARS-Cov-2 Complicated Outcomes

Massimiliano Bonafè, Francesco Prattichizzo, Angelica Giuliani, Gianluca Storci, Jacopo Sabbatinelli, Fabiola Olivieri

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; IL-6; inflamm-aging; immune senescence; host-directed therapies

Online: 9 April 2020 (08:38:22 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0399.v1

Preliminary Case Report on the SARS-CoV-2 Cluster in the UK, France, and Spain

Emma B. Hodcroft

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 hCOV-19 coronavirus epidemiology contact-tracing cluster outbreak epidemic

Online: 27 February 2020 (11:08:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0647.v1

Nanomaterials Used in the Preparation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2

Pierantonio De Luca, Anastasia Macario, Janos B.Nagy

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: Covid-19; Coronaviruses; Personal protective equipment; Nanomaterials; PPE; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 8 June 2023 (13:19:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0244.v1

The Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Within the Dog Population in Croatia: Host Factors and Clinical Outcome

Vladimir Stevanovic, Irena Tabain, Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek, Maja Mauric Maljkovic, Iva Benvin, Zeljka Hruskar, Snjezana Kovac, Iva Smit, Gorana Miletic, Suzana Hadina, Vilim Staaresina, Lada Radin, Valentina Plichta, Branimir Skrlin, Zoran Vrbanac, Mirna Brkljacic, Marija Cvetnic, Josipa Habus, Kresimir Martinkovic, Iva Zecevic, Gabrijela Jurkic, Ivana Ferencak, Zrinka Stritof, Matko Perharic, Lovro Bucic, Ljubo Barbic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; animals; dogs; epidemiology; risk factors; clinical picture; Croatia

Online: 9 June 2021 (07:40:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0719.v1

Long-term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility

Meilin Jin, Xingyu Wang, Haini Jiang, Lijuan Hua, Weiwei Yu, dan ding, ke wang, Xiaopan Li, Kun Huang, Zhong zou, Shuyun Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-term; neutralization antibody; lymphocyte functionality; viral pathogenicity.

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:16:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0087.v1

An In-Silico Analysis of Drugs Potentially Modulating the Cytokine Storm Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Laura Sanchez-Burgos, Gonzalo Gómez-López, Fatima Al-Shahrour, Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; CMap; Cytokine Storm; NF-kB; Glucocorticoids; MEK; Estrogens

Online: 7 June 2020 (12:04:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0347.v1

Vitamin B12 May Inhibit RNA-Dependent-RNA Polymerase Activity of nsp12 from the SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Naveen Narayanan, Deepak T. Nair

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: nsp12; RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase; SARS-CoV-2; inhibitor; vitamin B12

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:46:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0538.v1

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in Northern Italy: A Spatiotemporal Model

Matilde Fondriest, Lorenzo Vaccari, Federico Aldrovandi, Laura De Lellis, Filippo Ferretti, Carmine Fiorentino, Erica Mari, Maria Grazia Mascolo, Laura Minelli, Vincenza Perlangeli, Giuseppe Bortone, Paolo Pandolfi, Annamaria Colacci, Andrea Ranzi

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: Wastewater-based epidemiology; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; wastewater; biodegradation; sewer network; spatiotemporal model; public health; early-warning system

Online: 8 April 2024 (14:48:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0390.v1

O-β-GlcNAcylation, Chloroquine and 2-Hydroxybenzohydrazine May Hamper SARS-CoV-2 entry to Human via Inhibition of ACE2 Phosphorylation at Ser787 but Also Induce Disruption of Virus-ACE2 Binding

Waqar Ahmad, Khadija Shabbiri, Nazarul Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV; ACE2; spike protein; phosphorylation; O-β-GlcNAcylation; molecular docking; chloroquine; 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:01:00 CEST)

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The novel coronavirus COVID- 19 disease is extremely contagious and has been spread worldwide. First COVID-19 case was identified in December, 2019 and within three months, more than one million affected cases and over 65,000 deaths have been reported. SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also known as 2019-nCoV is a causative agent of COVID-19 disease and belongs to the SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus) family. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the human body by binding its viral surface spike protein with the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and cause infection. To prevent the virus entry and its transmission in the human body, we focused on the two domains of ACE2: i) the N-terminal extracellular binding domain (18-740 residues) reported for coronavirus spike interaction, and ii) the C-terminal cytoplasmic region (762-805 residues) to prevent the virus transmission. Therefore, we proposed: i) inhibition of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 protein may prevent the virus entry to the host and ii) inhibition of phosphorylation at Ser-787 of ACE2 protein may prevent the transmission of the virus in the COVID-19 patients. In the past, the critical role of Ser 787 in human ACE2 protein has been experimentally verified in SARS-CoV transmission, that upon binding to the receptor, SARS- CoV induces CKII- mediated phosphorylation of ACE2 at Ser-787 that in-turn facilitate virus entry to host cells, followed by replication and activation of ACE2, initiates downstream signaling leading to lung fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we have suggested post-translational modification (PTM) O-β-GlcNAcylation, and two compounds Chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine might share the common pathways to prevent the COVID-19 infection in human. The addition of O-β-GlcNAcylation at same or neighboring Ser/ Thr residues results in phosphorylation inhibition and a change in protein structural and functional confirmations. Thereby, using neural networking methods, we have identified Ser/ Thr residues in ACE2 that are potential sites for phosphorylation and / or O-β-GlcNAcylation. Molecular docking showed that UDP-GlcNAc has more binding affinity with Ser-787 than the phosphoryl group. Moreover, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine also showed great potential to bind at Ser-787 that may result in inhibition of Ser-787 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. Furthermore, O-β-GlcNAcylation, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine showed their high affinity at ACE2-SARS-CoV-2receptor binding domain that may prevent the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human body. In conclusion, inhibition of human ACE2 phosphorylation at Ser-787 and ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 binding domain could be promising targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Analysis of Two Choir Outbreaks in Germany in 2020 Characterizes Long- range Transmission Risks Through SARS-CoV-2

Felix Reichert, Oliver Stier, Anne Hartmann, Claudia Ruscher, Annika Brinkmann, Marica Grossegesse, Markus Neumann, Dirk Werber, Marius Hausner, Mareike Kunze, Bettina Weiß, Janine Michel, Andreas Nitsche, Martin Kriegel, Victor M. Corman, Terry C. Jones, Christian Drosten, Tobias Brommann, Udo Buchholz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Singing; Disease Outbreaks; Aerosols; Dose-Response Model

Online: 21 June 2021 (14:49:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0588.v1

Inactivating SARS-CoV-2 Using 275nm UV-C LEDs through a Spherical Irradiation Box: Design, Characterization and Validation

Nicola Trivellin, Matteo Buffolo, Francesco Onelia, Alberto Pizzolato, Marco Barbato, Viviana Teresa Orlandi, Claudia Del Vecchio, Fabrizio Dughiero, Enrico Zanoni, Gaudenzio Meneghesso, Andrea Crisanti, Matteo Meneghini

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; LED; UVC; disinfection; inactivation; virucide

Online: 25 February 2021 (14:44:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0887.v1

In Silico Drug Discovery: The Next Frontier in the Fight Against SARS-CoV-2

Calvin R. Wei, Godwin C. Lang’at

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Drug Discovery; Drug Repurposing; SARS-CoV-2; COVID; Molecular Docking; QSAR; Molecular Dynamic; Virtual Screening; Drug Design

Online: 11 August 2023 (09:03:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0600.v1

Real-Time Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Oklahoma Wastewater through Allele-Specific RT-qPCR

Kristen Shelton, Gargi N Deshpande, Gilson J Sanchez, Jason Vogel, A Caitlin Miller, Gabriel Florea, Erin R Jeffries, Kara B. De Leon, Bradley Stevenson, Katrin Gaardbo Kuhn

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: wastewater surveillance; SARS-CoV-2; variant; RT-qPCR; sequencing; early warning; demography; Oklahoma

Online: 9 September 2024 (08:42:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1910.v1

Cytokine Storm Fatal Acute Kidney Infection Triggered by COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) Infection: A Review

Hailemeleak Regassa, Kasahun Gudeta, Ankeet Bhagat, Rachna Chaturvedi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: cytokine storm, COVID-19, Acute kidney infection, SARS-CoV-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines

Online: 29 January 2024 (02:10:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0481.v1

Minimizing Errors in RT-PCR Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for Wastewater Surveillance

Warish Ahmed, Stuart Simpson, Paul Bertsch, Kyle Bibby, Aaron Bivins, Linda Blackall, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Albert Bosch, Joao Brandao, Phil Choi, Mark Ciesielski, Erica Donner, Nishita D'Souza, Andreas Farnleitner, Daniel Gerrity, Raul Gonzalez, John Griffith, Pradip Gyawali, Charles Haas, Kerry Hamilton, Chanditha Hapuarachchi, Valerie Harwood, Rehnuma Haque, Greg Jackson, Stuart Khan, Wesaal Khan, Masaaki Kitajima, Asja Korajkic, Giuseppina La Rosa, Blythe Layton, Erin Lipp, Sandra McLellan, Brian McMinn, Gertjan Medema, Suzanne Metcalfe, Wim Meijer, Jochen Mueller, Heather Murphy, Colleen Naughton, Rachel Noble, Sudhi Payyappat, Susan Petterson, Tarja Pitkanen, Veronica Rajal, Brandon Reyneke, Fernando Roman, Joan Rose, Marta Rusinol, Michael Sadowsky, Laura Sala-Comorera, Yin Xiang Setoh, Samendra Sherchan, Kwanrawee Sirikanchana, Wendy Smith, Joshua Steele, Rosalie Sabburg, Erin Symonds, Phong Thai, Kevin Thomas, Josh Tynan, Simon Toze, Janelle Thompson, Andy Whiteley, Judith Wong, Daisuke Sano, Stefan Wuertz, Irene Xagoraraki, Qian Zhang, Amity Zimmer-Faust, Orin Shanks

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Waste Management And Disposal Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Wastewater; Surveillance; False-positive; False-negative; RT-PCR

Online: 19 April 2021 (13:08:13 CEST)

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Wastewater surveillance for pathogens using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an effective, resource-efficient tool for gathering additional community-level public health information, including the incidence and/or prevalence and trends of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater may provide an early-warning signal of COVID-19 infections in a community. The capacity of the world’s environmental microbiology and virology laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 RNA characterization in wastewater is rapidly increasing. However, there are no standardized protocols nor harmonized quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. This paper is a technical review of factors that can lead to false-positive and -negative errors in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, culminating in recommendations and strategies that can be implemented to identify and mitigate these errors. Recommendations include, stringent QA/QC measures, representative sampling approaches, effective virus concentration and efficient RNA extraction, amplification inhibition assessment, inclusion of sample processing controls, and considerations for RT-PCR assay selection and data interpretation. Clear data interpretation guidelines (e.g., determination of positive and negative samples) are critical, particularly during a low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Corrective and confirmatory actions must be in place for inconclusive and/or potentially significant results (e.g., initial onset or reemergence of COVID-19 in a community). It will also be prudent to perform inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure results are reliable and interpretable for ongoing and retrospective analyses. The strategies that are recommended in this review aim to improve SARS-CoV-2 characterization for wastewater surveillance applications. A silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic is that the efficacy of wastewater surveillance was demonstrated during this global crisis. In the future, wastewater will play an important role in the surveillance of a range of other communicable diseases.

Working Paper REVIEW

A Critical Review of Disinfection Processes to Control SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Food Industry

Adrián Pedreira, Yeşim Taşkın, Míriam R. García

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 pandemic; food industry; disinfection trade-offs; one-health

Online: 15 December 2020 (12:58:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0439.v1

Highly Conserved Homotrimer Cavity Formed by the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Novel Binding Site

Umesh Kalathiya, Monikaben Padariya, Marcos Mayordomo, Małgorzata Lisowska, Judith Nicholson, Ashita Singh, Maciej Baginski, Robin Fåhraeus, Neil Carragher, Kathryn Ball, Juergen Haas, Alison Daniels, Ted R. Hupp, Javier Antonio Alfaro

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; spike glycoprotein; variability; molecular docking; molecular dynamics; inhibitors

Online: 24 April 2020 (11:42:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0308.v1

Pharmacoinformatics and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease 3CL^pro

Mubarak A. Alamri, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Safar M. Alqahtani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 3CL protease; molecular docking; molecular dynamics and simulations

Online: 23 February 2020 (02:17:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1276.v1

Prognostic Value of Response to Inhaled Nitric Oxide Administration in Patients with ARDS Related to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Pasquale Baratta, Francesco De Sensi, Alberto Cresti, Bruno Sposato, Federica Re, Genni Spargi, Ugo Limbruno

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Inhaled nitric oxide; ARDS; Sars CoV-2; Vasoreactivity Test

Online: 21 March 2024 (12:01:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1555.v1

Clinical and Analytical Performance of ELISA Salivary Serologic Assay to Detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG in Children and Adults

Andrea Padoan, Chiara Cosma, Costanza Di Chiara, Giulia Furlan, Stefano Gastaldo, Ilaria Talli, Daniele Donà, Daniela Basso, Carlo Giaquinto, Mario Plebani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, ELISA, salivary samples, children, adults

Online: 24 November 2023 (05:37:48 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0187.v1

Detection of Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Prospective Cohort of Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)

Emilia Parodi, Andrea Carpino, Elena Franchitti, Giulia Pruccoli, Marco Denina, Federica Pagliero, Ugo Ramenghi, Deborah Traversi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; stools; COVID-19; MIS-C; children

Online: 10 May 2021 (13:00:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0390.v2

A Novel Purification Procedure for Active Recombinant Human DPP4 and the Inability of DPP4 to Bind SARS-CoV-2

Cecy Xi, Arianna Arianna Di Fazio, Naveed Nadvi, Karishma Patel, Michelle Xiang, Hui Emma Zhang, Chandrika Deshpande, Jason Low, Xiaonan Trixie Wang, Yiqian Chen, Christopher McMillan, Ariel Isaacs, Brenna Osborne, Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro, Geoffrey McCaughan, Joel Mackay, Bret Church, Mark Gorrell

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Recombinant protein; Protease; DPP4; SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV

Online: 17 November 2020 (11:38:02 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Raising Concern About Cross-Infection Between Humans and Companion Animals by Evolutionary Analysis of Receptors for SARS-CoV-2

Huihao Tang, Mayan Ali, Lina Zhang, Cheng Deng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; companion animals; cross-infection

Online: 17 May 2020 (15:27:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0923.v1

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies among Patients Visiting Hospital-Based Sentinel Sites in the Rift Valley Region, Kenya

Vincent Kiplangat Ruttoh, Brian Kipkoech, Ronald Tonui, Ruth Omoti John, Ibrahim Ndungu Mwangi, Ruth Wambui Gicho, Sally Wambui Kamau, Maureen Wangui Njihia, Samwel Lifumo Symekher, Timothy Muasya Mwanzia, James Murithi Gikunda, Matthew Mutinda Munyao, Caroline Wangui Njoroge, Samson Muuo Nzou

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Seroprevalence; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccination; Antibodies

Online: 15 March 2024 (19:11:29 CET)

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Background: Accurate estimation of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for guiding public health strategies. Underreporting from PCR-based testing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, often obscures the true extent of exposure and immunity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Kenya's Rift Valley region following the Omicron wave. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study in four hospital-based sentinel sites among patients with acute respiratory infection symptoms. Patients aged six months or older visiting the sites between January 2022 and December 2022, presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory infection, were enrolled. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. We used a quantitative ELISA kit to detect IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein in serum samples. Results: Among 557 individuals enrolled in the study, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 97.8% (n=545). Vaccinated individuals demonstrated significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to unvaccinated counterparts, with an odds ratio of 3.33 (95% CI: (0.4, 27.87)). While seropositivity remained consistent across age groups, older adults exhibited the highest odds. Site-specific differences in enrolment and vaccination rates highlight potential access-related disparities. Conclusion: Our findings indicate widespread prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within the study region, underscoring the significant impact of both natural infection and vaccination efforts in driving SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence within the Rift Valley region. Despite the underestimation of infections and disparities in vaccination access, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination for conferring SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Targeted interventions are crucial to address accessibility barriers and vaccine hesitancy, ensuring equitable vaccination coverage.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1468.v1

Construction and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particle Expressed by Recombinant Baculovirus BacMam

Hai Trong Nguyen, Darryl Falzarano, Volker Gerdts, Qiang Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; virus-like particle; baculovirus BacMam; vaccine; immune response; pseudotyped lentivirus; neutralizing antibody

Online: 19 December 2023 (16:52:48 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0420.v1

SARS-CoV-2 S Protein Binding hACE2: Viral Entry, Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Lobna Al-Zaidan, Sarra Mestiri, Afsheen Raza, Maysaloun Merhi, Varghese Inchakalody, Queenie Fernandez, Nassiba Taib, Shahab Uddin, Said Dermime

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2 receptor; spike glycoprotein; S glycoprotein immunogenic sequences; ACE2 polymorphism

Online: 18 September 2020 (04:56:02 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0042.v2

Virtual Screening of Inhibitors Against Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A Drug Repurposing Approach

Kanishka Senathilake, Sameera Samarakoon, Kamani Tennekoon

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Flue; Virus; COVID19; SARS CoV-2; Spike Protein; Virtual Screening; dgitoxin; anthracycline; rolitetracycline; E-155

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:19:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0014.v2

SARS-CoV-2 infection and Diabetes: Pathophysiological Mechanism of Multi-System Organ Failure

Bipradas Roy, Sadia Afrin Runa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Diabetes; Neurological dysfunction; Cardiovascular complications; Pulmonary dysfunction; Renal dysfunction; bone loss; Eye disease; Gastrointestinal complications

Online: 23 May 2022 (11:00:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0024.v1

Serological Testing for COVID-19 in the Fertility Setting: The Lockdown Impact and Subsequent Dynamics Reflected in the Seroprevalence of Sars-Cov-2 Antibodies

Corina Manolea, andrei capitanescu, anca pop, roxana bors, ioana rugescu, melihan bechir, claudia mehedintu, valentin varlas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; COVID-19; infertility; lockdown; IVF; SARS-CoV-2 serological testing

Online: 4 January 2021 (12:07:44 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0479.v1

T Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination

Samuele Notarbartolo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 vaccine; human T cells; immunological memory; antigen-specific T cells; cross-reactive T cells; hybrid immunity; resident memory T cells; vaccine improvement

Online: 6 September 2024 (08:09:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1749.v1

Marine Sulfated Glycans Inhibit the Interaction of Glycosaminoglycans with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB Variant S-Protein

Peng He, Yuefan Song, Weihua Jin, Yunran Li, Ke Xia, Seon Beom Kim, Marwa Farrag, Rohini Dwivedi, John T. Bates, Vitor H. Pomin, Robert J. Linhardt, Jonathan S. Dordick, Fuming Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Marine sulfated glycans; SARS-CoV-2; Omicron XBB.1.5; Spike protein; Heparin

Online: 25 May 2023 (07:12:52 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0730.v1

Model Estimation for Sars-Cov-2 Peak Contagion (Mespc): Brazil’s Case for the First and Second Wave

Guilherme Asai

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: Monte Carlo Simulation; Bayesian statistics; SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; model estimation

Online: 29 December 2020 (14:34:24 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0441.v1

SARS-Cov-2 Interactome with Human Ghost Proteome: A Neglected World Encompassing a Wealth of Biological Data

Cardon Tristan, Isabelle Fournier, Salzet Michel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Sars-Cov-2; Proteomic,; Ghost proteome,; Alternative proteins,; AltOrf.; interactomic; drug repurposing

Online: 16 November 2020 (17:50:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1994.v1

A Colorimetric RT-LAMP Detection of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Lineages from Direct Nasopharyngeal Swab Samples without RNA Isolation

Santiago Enrique Werbajh, Luciana Larocca, Carolina Carrillo, Fabiana Stolowicz, Lorena Ogas, Sergio Pallotto, Solange Cassará, Lilia Mammana, Inés Zapiola, María Belén Bouzas, Adrián Alberto Vojnov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; LAMP

Online: 28 July 2023 (13:29:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2016.v1

Bioinformatics Insights on Viral Gene Expression Transactivation: From HIV-1 to SARS-CoV-2

Roberto Patarca, William A. Haseltine

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: transactivation; HIV; SARS-CoV-2; TAR; Tat; nucleocapsid; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; HEMIX; pan-coronaviral target; long COVID

Online: 29 January 2024 (13:08:26 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0219.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections after Third Doses Boost IgG Specific Salivary and Blood Antibodies

Maria Noel Badano, Matias Pereson, Florencia Sabbione, Irene Keitelman, Natalia Aloisi, Roberto Chuit, Maria Marta Elizalde de Bracco, Susana Fink, Patricia Bare

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections; vaccines; anti-spike antibody levels; humoral response; IgG specific salivary antibodies

Online: 13 December 2022 (02:28:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0008.v1

KERRA, Mixed Medicinal Plant Extracts, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Targets Enzymes and Feline Corona Virus

Supaphorn Seetaha, Phatcharin Khamplong, Panatda Wanaragthai, Thitinan Aiebchun, Siriluk Ratanabunyong, Sucheewin Krobthong, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn, Kiattawee Choowongkomon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; KERRA; SARS-CoV-2 main protease; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; anti-FIPV activity

Online: 1 April 2022 (14:53:44 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0177.v1

Interference of SARS-CoV-2 with the Homeostasis of Ventilation and Perfusion in the Lung

Clemente F. Arias, Francisco J. Acosta, Federica Bertocchini, Cristina Fernández-Arias

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; homeostasis; hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; renin-angiotensin system; hydrostatic edema; permeability edema

Online: 10 May 2020 (17:22:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0542.v1

Histamine Antagonists to Temper the Cytokine Overproduction in Gastrointestinal Cells Infected by SARS-CoV-2

Han Geurdes, Ivo Koutsaroff

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Cytokine storm; IL-1 and IL-6 production via SARS-CoV-2; gastrointestinal H4R receptor antagonists

Online: 30 April 2020 (17:14:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1109.v2

Estimating Wastewater Dilution Using Chemical Markers and Incomplete Flow Measurements: Application to Normalisation of SARS-CoV-2 Measurements

Owen D. Jones, Amy J. Baldwin, William B. Perry, Henry Wilde, Isabelle Durance, Davey L. Jones, Andrew Weightman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater-based epidemiology; wastewater; dilution; flow normalisation; Bayesian

Online: 24 April 2024 (11:44:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1719.v2

Demographic Characteristics of Pre-Vaccinated Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Barwon South West Victoria, Australia

Shinae C Tobin-Salzman, Darcie Cooper, Bridgette J McNamara, Eugene Athan, Catherine M Bennett

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; asymptomatic; COVID-19; symptom profile; demographic; testing; ethnicity

Online: 4 December 2023 (04:21:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0247.v1

Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-Cov-2 in Venezuela

Rossana C. Jaspe, Carmen L. Loureiro, Yoneira F. Sulbaran, Zoila C. Moros, Pierina D´Angelo, Mariana Hidalgo, Lieska Rodriguez, Victor Alarcon, Marwan Aguilar, Doneyla Sanchez, Jesus Ramirez, Domingo J. Garzaro, Jose Luis Zambrano, Ferdinando Liprandi, Hector Rafael Rangel, Flor H. Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of Concern; Rapid screening; Mutations

Online: 19 May 2022 (03:31:36 CEST)

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Working Paper CONCEPT PAPER

Mutation Profile of Over 4,500 SARS-CoV-2 Isolations Reveals Prevalent Cytosine-to-Uridine Deamination on Viral RNAs

Wenqing Jiang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; 4521 lines; mutations; MAF (minor allele frequency); deamination

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:05:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1504.v1

Stabilization of the Metastable Prefusion Conformation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein through N-linked Glycosylation on S2 Subunit

Fuwen Zan, Yao Zhou, Ting Chen, Yahan Chen, Zhixia Mu, Zhaohui Qian, Xiuyuan Ou

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S protein; N-linked glycosylation; Syncytia; Stability

Online: 20 December 2023 (09:02:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1035.v1

Measuring Variant-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Profiles after Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations by a Multivariant Surrogate Virus Neutralization Microarray

David Niklas Springer, Eva Höltl, Katja Prüger, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl, Judith Helene Aberle, Karin Stiasny, Lukas Weseslindtner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron; bivalent vaccination; neutralization; ; assay; surrogate

Online: 15 November 2023 (17:01:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0534.v1

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Explicit IgG Antibody Revelation

Bijon Kumar Sil, Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin, Md. Ahsanul Haq, Mohib Ullah Khondoker, Nowshin Jahan, Shahad Saif Khandker, Tamanna Ali, Mumtarin Jannat Oishee, Taku Kaitsuka, Masayasu Mie, Kazuhito Tomizawa, Eiry Kobatake, Mainul Haque, Nihad Adnan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Serological test, Sensitivity, Specificity, Serosurveillance.

Online: 20 April 2021 (11:36:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0439.v1

One Possible Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Validated by 205-days Interval of Re-detection in Sapporo City, Japan

Toshiaki Asakura, Akiko Tamakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; reinfection; re-detected positive; Japan

Online: 16 April 2021 (11:09:45 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.2124.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Displays a Suboptimal Codon Usage Bias for Efficient Translation in Human Cells Diverted by Hijacking the tRNA Epitranscriptome

Patrick ELDIN, Alexandre DAVID, Christophe HIRTZ, Jean-Luc BATTINI, Laurence BRIANT

Subject: Virology, Biology And Life Sciences Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; codon usage; tRNA; epitranscriptome; translation

Online: 27 September 2024 (03:21:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0171.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity in the Golden Syrian Hamster Model of Infection is Related to the Volume of Intranasal Inoculum.

Alastair Handley, Kathryn A. Ryan, Elizabeth R. Davies, Kevin R. Bewley, Oliver T. Carnell, Amy Challis, Naomi S. Coombes, Susan A. Fotheringham, Karen E. Gooch, Michael Charlton, Debbie J. Harris, Chelsea Kennard, Didier Ngabo, Thomas M. Weldon, Francisco J. Salguero, Simon G. P. Funnell, Yper Hall

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Syrian hamster; animal model; coronavirus

Online: 10 February 2023 (01:22:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0216.v1

Temporal Dominance of B.1.1.7 over B.1.354 SARS-CoV-2 Variant: A Hypothesis Based on Areas of Variant Co-Circulation

Evangelia Georgia Kostaki, Ioulia Tseti, Sotirios Tsiodras, George N. Pavlakis, Petros P. Sfikakis, Dimitrios Paraskevis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; variants; co-circulation; dominance; vaccines

Online: 7 April 2021 (17:24:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0352.v1

Proteins Nsp12 and 13 of SARS-CoV-2 Have Mitochondrial Recognition Signal: A Connection with Cellular Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Disease Manifestation

Upasana Ray, Feroza Begum

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ARDS; non-structural proteins; mitochondria

Online: 29 June 2020 (10:40:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0022.v1

Structural and Genetic Analysis of Coronaviruses Spike Proteins Suggest Pangolin as a Proximate Intermediate Host of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Sohail Raza, Muhammad Asif Rasheed, Wajeeha Zahir, Muhammad Tariq Navid, Rana Aamir Diwan, Muhammad Awais, Tahir Yaqub, Masood Rabbani, Muhammad Rashid

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; origin; bat; pangolin

Online: 2 May 2020 (16:29:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0075.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and Advances in Developing Potential Therapeutics and Vaccines to Counter this Emerging Pandemic Virus – A Review

Ali A. Rabaan, Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Yashpal Singh Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Karam Pal Singh, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Shafiul Haque, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunotherapeutics; therapeutics; vaccines

Online: 7 April 2020 (02:01:34 CEST)

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A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has resulted in an outbreak in China which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 175 countries while affecting nearly 500,000 persons and causing more than 22,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. Till date, no clinically proclaimed, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs and therapeutics, and vaccines have turned up. Several molecular diagnostic tests such as Real Time-PCR, isothermal loop-mediated amplification of coronavirus (i-LACO), full genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays are in use currently for the laboratory confirmation of this CoV infection. In this review article, we describe the basic molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1459.v1

Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Genetic Comparative Study of Taiyuan and Wuhan Cities of China

Behzad Hussain, Wu Changxin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Phylogenetic tree; Phylogenetic network; Evolutionary dynamics

Online: 23 April 2024 (08:29:27 CEST)

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive sense single stranded RNA genome containing virus which has infected millions of people all over the world particularly China. The virus has been mutating rapidly enough resulting in the emergence of new variants and sub-variants which have reportedly been spread from Wuhan city of China, the epicenter of the virus, to the rest of China and all over the world. The occurrence of mutations in the viral genome especially in the viral spike protein region has resulted in the evolution of multiple variants and sub-variants which gives the virus benefit of host immune evasion and render the modern-day vaccines and therapeutics ineffective. Therefore, there is a continuous need to study the genetic characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Hence, in this study, a total of 833 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 variants (including the wild-type or reference sequence) from Taiyuan and Wuhan cities of China were genetically characterized and studies their phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics using phylogenetics, genetic similarity, and phylogenetic network analysis. Our results show a lot of useful information regarding the evolutionary dynamics of the viral variants, their genetic similarities/dissimilarities, and their phylogenetic relationships. It has been reported in this study that the SARS-CoV-2 variants have nine recombinant events which suggest very important information regarding the viral evolution. In addition, the phylogenetic network analysis shows the number of mutations resulting in emergence and clustering of the viral variants of both cities which reveal significant information regarding the phylodynamics of the virus. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first ever genetic comparative study of Taiyuan and Wuhan cities. This study will help better understand the virus, cope with the emergence, and spread of new variants at local level as well as at international level and inform the public health authorities to make better informed decisions in designing new viral vaccines and therapeutics.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1684.v1

High Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among Pregnant Women after the First and Second Waves of COVID-19 in Senegal

Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara, Fatou Thiam, Seynabou Coundoul, Noël Magloire Manga, Halimatou Diop Ndiaye, Assane Senghor, Sophie Deli Tene, Sarbanding Sané, Betty Kane, Habibou Sarr, Yakhya Dieye, Seynabou Lo, Fodé Danfakha, Marie Edouard Faye Dieme, Babacar Biaye, Cheikh Momar Nguer, Martine Peeters, Coumba TOURE KANE, Ahidjo Ayouba

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Seroprevalence; Pregnancy and COVID-19; Senegal

Online: 26 October 2023 (09:09:00 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0493.v1

An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 Variants from Alpha to Omicron: Epidemiology, Treatment Plans and Preventive Strategies for Future Pandemic

Siddharthan Selvaraj, Somasundaram Prasadh, Ling Shing Wong, Sinouvassane Djearamane, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Shivkanya Fuloria, Mahendran Sekar, Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani, Saminathan Kayarohanam, Vinodhkumar Ramalingam, Suganya Mahadeva Rao, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS CoV-2; Variants; Epidemiology; Treatment Plans; Preventive Strategies

Online: 26 December 2022 (15:48:43 CET)

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