LLC resonant converters have emerged as essential components in DC charging station modules, thanks to their outstanding performance attributes such as high power density, efficiency, and compact size. The stability of these converters is crucial for vehicle endurance and passenger experience, making reliability a top priority. However, malfunctions in the switching transistor or current sensor can hinder the converter’s ability to maintain a resonant state and stable output voltage, leading to a notable reduction in system efficiency and output capability.This article proposes a fault diagnosis strategy for LLC resonant converters utilizing a reduced order interval sliding mode observer. Initially, an augmented generalized system for the LLC resonant converter is developed to convert current sensor faults into generalized state vectors. Next, the application of matrix transformations plays a critical role in decoupling open-circuit faults from the inverter system’s state and current sensor faults. To achieve accurate estimation of phase currents and detection of current sensor faults, a reduced-order interval sliding mode observer has been designed. Building upon the estimation results generated by this observer, a diagnostic algorithm featuring adaptive thresholds has been introduced. This innovative algorithm effectively differentiates between current sensor faults and open switch faults, enhancing fault detection accuracy. Furthermore, it is capable of localizing faulty power switches and estimating various types of current sensor faults, thereby providing valuable insights for maintenance and repair. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis algorithm have been validated through experimental results and comparisons with existing methods, confirming its practical applicability in real-world inverter systems.

Metastasis in oncological diseases remains one of the main reasons for negative prognosis regarding treatment. Any new data on the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of circulating metastatic cells will help to develop the concept of antimetastatic therapy. In this study we found a number of differences in spectroscopic and morphological features of circulating metastatic cells. FTIR and Raman spectra of cultivated by adhesive and de-adhesive methods (last as a model for metastatic cells) have showed spectroscopic features, namely in FTIR in the region of CH - stretching vibrations associated with structural rearrangements in the cell membrane, as well as changes in the intensity and position of the PO2- group vibrations bands correlated with a proliferative activity. The spectral features in the regions of OH stretching and Amid I vibrations and other spectral markers of the metastatic cells under different cultivation conditions were derived. Raman spectra showed redistribution of amino acid Tyr/Trp ratio and in Tyr duplet intensity in the region of 500-900 cm-1 , as well different glycogen level in different cells. The spectroscopic markers are in the accordance with biochemical data. CARS and confocal optical microscopy were applied for determination a state of the cells and F-actin expression level that turned out to be higher for adhesive cells in comparison with de-adhesive cells. Shape and morphological property of the cells drastically differs. The correlation of vibrational markers with biochemical data and cytofluorometric method were discussed.