Abstract: Today's Lambda Cold Dark Mater (ΛCMD) cosmology model is in crisis and requires a new Kuhn paradigm. This new paradigm is presented here, analogous to shift from geocentric to a heliocentric system. All our cosmological measurements are measurements INSIDE (IN) the universe, not OUTSIDE (OUT) of space-time. This is not a trivial observation, because (IN) measurements gives a distorted picture of a simpler, true (OUT) cosmology. ΛCDM cosmology is a distorted internal view of the (OUT) spherical, linearly expanding universe using Brans-Dicke's theory generalization: Self Creating Cosmology (SCC). This (OUT) SCC model reproduces (IN) ΛCDM cosmology parameters: the ratio of matter to dark energy, the equation of the dark energy state, the time of dark energy dominance, and the value of today's acceleration. In SCC cosmology model Ωk = (-1/12), but like some cosmic “mimicry” a spherical universe “pretends” to be flat from INSIDE view. The predicted theoretical ratio of radial to transverse distance is 1.0847 for z = 1089.8, compared to experimental ratio H0(SNe)/H0(CMB) = 1.0858 ± 0.0127. This same ratio solves the S8 tension. The unexpectedly early appearance of various structures detected by JWST for large redshift is caused by incorrectly determined relation of t(z).

Abstract:

A covariant classical theory of gravity is given assuming absolute flat spacetime and the strong equivalence principle (SEP). It is shown that adherence to these postulates requires that the gravitational field “dimensionally perturb” all physical objects at a location universally. Such perturbations are referred to as “gravity shifts,” and it is found that all gravitational phenomena may be given in terms of them. Two classes of observers emerge in “gravity shift theory”—“natural observers” using gravity shifted instruments as is, and “absolute observers” that correct for the gravity shifting applied to instruments. Absolute observers accurately measure quantities, including the absolute spacetime metric as it actually is. Natural observers do not accurately measure quantities, but their system of measurement is observationally consistent, yielding a curved “natural metric” to characterize spacetime. When a local gravitational system is surrounded by a “background system” with negligible curvature effects, its gravity shifting induces a diffeomorphism applied to the local system, yielding satisfaction of the SEP for natural observers. Using the naturally observed inertial form of physical law in free-fall frames, covariant formulation in all coordinates establishes the natural metric as the universally coupled “gravitational metric” in physical law. The unique field equation determining gravity shifts, and therefore the natural metric, is developed. The resultant bimetric theory is parameterless, complete, and self-consistent. The field equation yields the observed post-Newtonian natural metric and linearizes to the predictive linearized Einstein equation, which, along with SEP satisfaction, results in successful prediction of a wide variety of observed gravitational phenomena. A supplement is provided that extends the range of predictions to include low post-Newtonian order radiation cases, and also the strong-field cases consisting of the properties of black and neutron stars plus any nearby matter and light, where in all cases, the predictions are shown to be consistent with observations.

Abstract: We present a reformulation of fundamental physics from an enumeration of axiomatic primitives to the solution of an entropy optimization problem. By maximizing the Shannon entropy of all possible measurements relative to a system's initial state, we find that physics itself emerges as the least biased description consistent with what can be measured. Remarkably, the solution automatically yields a complete unified theory, naturally incorporating quantum mechanics, general relativity (via a double-copy mechanism applied to the Dirac current), and the Standard Model gauge symmetries (SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)) without additional assumptions. Mathematical consistency requirements further restrict valid solutions to 3+1 dimensions, potentially explaining the observed dimensionality of spacetime. This reformulation provides a parsimonious foundation where previously independent phenomena arise as different aspects of a single solution.

Abstract:

We try to determine the groups of orthogonal matrices that commute with a given simple parameter-dependent symmetric matrix. To this end we resort to a graphical representation of the latter that enables us to find the group of matrices from the symmetry elements of the figure. This strategy works fine for all values of the model parameter λ except for λ = −1. In order to obtain the symmetry point group in this particular case we have to resort to alternative procedures.

Abstract: Atomic clocks are crucial in understanding the connections between electrodynamics and gravitation. To this purpose a revisitation of a well-known derivation of Schiff, about variation of period of atomic clocks, is performed. The Weak Equivalence Principle and Special Relativity are found not sufficient to derive, from Schiff’s proposal, gravitational time dilation, even to a first order approximation. Schiff’s derivation of time dilation in absence of gravitation, can match, to all orders of approximation, relying on conservation of energy, the one derived in static gravitation. Energy conservation and WEP bridge the two interactions, such that, variations of periods of oscillators on Earth depend on their kinetic energy and potential energy, referred to the Earth-Centered Inertial frame.

Abstract: Incorporating the effective speed of light, rather than the conventional constant c, to the four-velocity vector leads to a more physically meaningful expression for the momentum and energy of stationary objects in Schwarzschild spacetime. It indicates that free-falling objects do not gain any energy in the gravitational field; instead, they experience a conversion of rest energy into kinetic energy within the specific spacetime structure. This novel approach enables us to derive a comprehensive formulation of gravitational effects within the Schwarzschild geometry.

Abstract: We introduce the Hill-Wheeler equation as a quantum mechanical distribution function for nuclear fission, replacing the conventional Fermi-Dirac distribution function of the Fermi gas model. Our model treats fission fragments as harmonic oscillators without adjustable parameters. Through calculations using experimental data on nuclear fission product charge distributions, we found that the effective fission distance is proportional to the product of fragment charge numbers, and the compound nucleus possesses different effective fission barrier corrections for each constituent element. Comparing calculated effective nuclear fission barrier corrections with neutron separation energies showed good agreement with experimental nuclear fission cross-sections, demonstrating our model’s accuracy in describing nuclear fission characteristics.

Abstract: Background: Accurate reconstruction and quantification in post-therapy SPECT/CT imaging of 166Ho microspheres for hepatic malignancies is crucial for treatment evaluation. This present study aimed to explore the impact of the OSEM reconstruction parameters on SPECT/CT image features for dose distribution determination, using Hybrid Recon™ (Hermes Medical Solutions AB) and full Monte Carlo (MC) collimator modeling. Methods: Image quality and activity quantification were evaluated using Jaszczak and PTW SPECT/PET body phantoms. Siemens Symbia Intevo Bold and Symbia Pro.specta camera models were used for imaging. Datasets were reconstructed using OSEM (varying number of iterations) with and without full MC collimator modeling. Contrast recovery coefficients (QH), coefficients of variation (CV), calibration factors (CF) and activity recovery coefficients (ARC) were calculated and used to evaluate image quality and activity quantification. Results: The reconstruction method that provided the higher QH and ARCs in both studied systems/phantoms was the one applying 5 iterations and 15 subsets, incorporating full Monte Carlo collimator modeling. CF were (14.5±0.6) cps/MBq and (15.4±0.5) cps/MBq for the Siemens Symbia Intevo Bold and Symbia Pro.specta, respectively, corresponding to Jaszczak and PTW SPECT/PET body phantoms. The two analytical approaches used to fit the ARCs data confirmed the expected activity underestimation in small volumes due to partial volume effect (PVE) and the validity of the results in two different scanners and phantoms. Conclusions: For post-SIRT 166Ho SPECT/CT imaging, OSEM (5 iterations, 15 subsets) with full Monte Carlo collimator modeling provided superior quantification results. The determination of CF and ARC is vital for accurate quantification of 166Ho and should be always considered.

Abstract:

Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is a rich family of two-dimensional materials with outstanding electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Due to the high refractive index, record optical anisotropy, and a set of excitonic transitions in visible range at a room temperature, TMDCs gained much attention for resonant nanoantennas, subwavelength waveguides and all-dielectric metamaterials. To boost a further progress in the field of dielectric nanoresonators, a femtosecond laser ablation method is promising due to its inherently substrate-/additive-free nature and a high output level. We adapted this approach for the synthesis of WSe2 NPs of various size (from 5 to 150 nm), which conserve the crystalline structure of the bulk crystal. Obtained nanoresonators possess an enhanced optical absorption in comparison to the bulk crystal due to the effective volume field localization, and a photothermal conversion much stronger than that of conventional Si nanoscatters. A highly mobile colloidal state of produced NPs makes them flexible for further application-dependent manipulations.

Abstract: This research paper explores the framework of Extended Classical Mechanics, with a focus on the Equivalence Principle, Mass, and Gravitational Dynamics. Volume 1 of this study re-examines the classical equivalence principle, which maintains the equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational mass (also referred to as gravitating mass) and extends this concept to incorporate new findings related to both illuminating (baryonic) matter and dark matter. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Matter Mass (Mᴍ) and Gravitating Mass (Mɢ) and their roles within the extended framework. It introduces the concept of Apparent Mass (Mᵃᵖᵖ), a negative mass component that influences Effective Mass (Mᵉᶠᶠ), in alignment with the research by A.D. Chernin et al. on dark energy and the structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies. Additionally, the paper reinterprets Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation by integrating Apparent Mass, leading to a revised understanding of gravitational potential. The study demonstrates how the interaction between Matter Mass and Negative Apparent Mass contributes to a redefined concept of Gravitating Mass. These extensions enhance classical mechanics by incorporating modern scientific insights, including the gravitational effects of dark matter and the alignment of Apparent Mass with the negative effective mass of dark energy.