Abstract: This work introduces a model of black holes with coherence as a resource and information-first assumptions. We link the theoretical physics of information and coherence thermodynamics to macroscopic features in black holes. A black hole is modeled as a C-I system that processes semantic information into coherent pure structures. Entropy increases in the surrounding environment through non-local restructuring. Hot spots are interpreted as decoherence events that emanate from the core of the black hole. Relativistic jets are the artifacts of the processing that occurs in the core of the black hole. We propose that black hole observable features result from their path through spacetime with respect to a fixed universal field. Finally, we propose that coherent light that occurs outside a black hole is the result of its computational processes in the interior as the black hole moves through spacetime.

Abstract: Operable windows are critical for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and occupant agency, yet their usability is increasingly compromised by the conflict between regulatory compliance and building performance. This study investigates the gap between geometrically compliant provisions and genuinely operable windows. By conducting a comparative policy analysis of mandatory codes (Level 1), green rating systems (Level 2), and regenerative frameworks (Level 3), this research identifies a critical discrepancy termed the Geometric Trap. Results reveal that in the US, South Korea, Japan, and the UK, mechanical ventilation legally substitutes for natural access. While the US, South Korea, and Japan employ explicit 'OR' waivers, the UK enforces substitution through conditional constraints like noise. Consequently, windows are rendered sealed despite geometric compliance, unlike in Germany where operability remains mandatory. Furthermore, while evolving green rating systems (Level 2) prioritize resilience, they still treat operability as an optional trade-off. In contrast, regenerative frameworks (Level 3) mandate it as a non-negotiable prerequisite for occupant health. Finally, the study argues for a regulatory shift toward the Effective Opening Area framework to resolve this discrepancy. By redefining operability through the lens of accessibility and agency, this research contributes to a paradigm shift from static geometric compliance to dynamic, occupant-centric performance.

Abstract: The fundamental nature of gravitational fields and the common laws governing the four fundamental interactions remain among the most cutting-edge research challenges in physics. To address these two major scientific problems, this paper establishes a physical model of a gravitational field on the basis of an "expanding balloon" analogy. Through the study of this single model, it is deduced that a gravitational field is a form of massless, intangible, spherical field substance that extends uniformly and infinitely outward at the speed of light from the center of mass of an object with mass. This model also elucidates the physical mechanism underlying the equivalence of the gravitational mass and inertial mass. Furthermore, by simulating and analyzing a dual-model framework, the study derives key conclusions regarding the physical mechanism of gravity, the conditions for its generation, the mediator of gravitational interaction, the speed of gravitational propagation, and the mathematical formulation of the gravitational mechanism. Given that all four fundamental interactions arise from field-field interactions, further investigation not only yields mathematical expressions for the electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces but also reveals five universal laws governing all four fundamental forces: the zero-distance contact principle, the inverse-square law, the Yan Zijie's middle principle, the field divergence principle, and the field mutual noninterference principle. These principles are described using mathematical formulations.

Abstract: We present D2BIA_discrete, a zero-cost computational framework for predicting local aromaticity in linear acenes without quantum chemical calculations. The model partitions π-electron density using a 61/39 localized/delocalized ratio derived from spin-coupled valence bond and QTAIM analyses, combined with Slater-type orbital decay to estimate ring-center electron density. Three progressive refinements introduce molecular topology weighting, tunable bond-sharing (α), and depth-dependent attenuation (γ) parameters. Leave-one-n-out cross-validation on benzene through undecacene yields optimal parameters α=1.00 and γ=0.05, achieving ring-by-ring predictions with R²=0.456 and RMSE=2.394×10⁻³ against fluorescence aromaticity index (FLU). Model 2 provides excellent molecular-averaged correlations (R²>0.93 for FLU, PDI, HOMA) and reliable ring-level predictions for terminal and first internal rings. Local LONOCV D2BIA_discrete has excellent metrics with six-center index (R² = 0.922, R = 0.960, RMSE = 0.219, MAE = 0.139, MRE = 4.83%), showing importance of zero-cost D2BIA_discrete to obtain local aromaticity of linear acenes in agreement with SCI gradients for the same group. This is our third work based on the so-called discrete geometry chemistry.

Abstract: Long COVID is the consequence of having had COVID. Long COVID has many other names including Long-haul COVID, Post-COVID conditions (PCC), Post-COVID-19 syndrome, Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 condition (PASC) and Chronic COVID. Long COVID is the name most frequently used. COVID is not alone in having severe post infection consequences. Influenza, Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, and Lyme Disease are some of the other infections with severe post infection consequences. Long COVID has emerged over the past few years and is ill-defined. Long COVID’s underlying science and treatments are rapidly evolving. There is no diagnostic test for it. The most-often reported prevalence is about 7%. Seven percent doesn’t sound like much, but under the assumption that 75% of the people in the world have had COVID, that means 420 million people in the world have Long COVID which is about 5 times the number of people killed or injured in the 20thand 21st century wars. There are several root causes for Long COVID with inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction being the two leading villains. Long COVID prevalence goes down with recent variants, COVID vaccination, early antiviral use, being fit, being young, and surprisingly being male. The most important action to reduce the chance of Long COVID is COVID vaccination. The impact of COVID vaccination on Long COVID prevalence is quite uncertain. While the average reported reduction is 50%, papers report 10% to 100% reduction in Long COVID rates from pre-disease vaccination. The impact of vaccination on people with no comorbidities is uncertain with wide ranges again being reported. There are no guaranteed treatments for Long COVID; however, some treatments offer either broad or organ-specific relief for many. This paper reviews 179 different Long COVID treatments described in 249 papers. These papers came from the author’s personal data base called The Mouse That Roared of 24,000+ papers that have been accumulated over the last five and a half years. The Mouse That Roared papers cover all aspects COVID including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the COVID disease, therapeutics, vaccines, behavior, testing, herd immunity, Long COVID, Long COVID Treatment, Politics and National COVID responses, etc. It also discusses 60 treatments, all of which have published papers recommending them for Long COVID, found using the AI engine Gemini Unlike COVID, there are no excellent treatments, which I call silver bullets, for Long COVID Fortunately, there are some treatments that help some a bit. I will call those “bronze bb’s.” Even with them, healing is very slow. The recovery time with Long COVID is longer than the body’s normal recovery times because COVID’s damage is widespread and because COVID damages our body’s healing process.

Abstract: Trees located on private property constitute a substantial portion of the urban forest canopy, yet management responsibilities vary widely across different jurisdictions. While property owners are granted freedom over their land-use decisions, some governments promote tree preservation by regulating and restricting how property owners manage trees on their properties. Incentive-based policies for tree protection can serve as an alternative to enact behavior change through positive reinforcement. In this study, we provide a comprehensive national review in the United States (U.S.) to identify, consolidate, and organize existing urban forest incentives offered by local governments targeting private property owners. In reviewing codes and official government websites across all U.S. states and the District of Columbia, focusing on communities with populations of over 50,000 (n=1839), we found that 27.90% of these locations included provisions for offering some type of incentive to property owners, and 6.14% indicated plans to add such practices in future updates. We organized these mechanisms into 15 broad categories to improve navigation and highlighted some examples to present a wide range of possible approaches for adopting and implementing these practices. Our results indicate that incentives are not always substantiated in official documents, can vary in ease of implementation, and often target only one stage of a tree’s life cycle. We align with previous research that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach and conclude that it is important to consider the holistic process of a tree’s life cycle, the specific and individual details for each situation, as well as evaluate long-term impacts before tailoring the most suitable incentive mechanism for context-appropriate urban forest management plans.

Abstract: Biological ageing is accompanied by progressive alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, microvascular function, and thermoregulation, which together shape tissue heat production and dissipation, with underlying molecular-level processes that may include quantum-scale phenomena. Passive microwave radiometry (MWR) provides a non-invasive, radiation-free detecting of deep-tissue bioenergy emissions, complementing surface infrared thermography. Here, we evaluate a thermophysiological Bioenergetic Index (BEI) derived from deep-tissue microwave emission, surface temperature, and their spatial and deep–surface relationships as a proxy for biological ageing. We analysed breast thermophysiology measurements from 36,391 women aged 20–80 years collected during routine clinical assessments. Supervised machine-learning models trained exclusively on thermal features (with chronological age used only as the target) predicted age at the individual level with MAE ≈ 3.5 years and RMSE ≈ 5.4 years (R² ≈ 0.76). Aggregation into 5-year age bins revealed a robust non-linear ageing trajectory (R² = 0.984), characterised by mid-life decline and late-life stabilisation. These findings demonstrate a strong ageing signal in female breast thermophysiology, while highlighting the need for longitudinal and cross-population validation.

Abstract: Concentrated solutions of polycarbosilane (PCS) are critically important for the development of continuous SiC precursor fibers, where solvent–polymer interactions govern rheology, viscoelastic stability, and spinnability. In this work, PCS solutions in two nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents with different molecular architectures as linear n-heptadecane and bicyclic decalin were systematically investigated over a wide concentration range, with emphasis on the semi-dilute entangled and concentrated regimes relevant to solution-based fiber spinning. A combined experimental approach involving steady and oscillatory rheometry and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to elucidate the influence of solvent structure on solvation, viscoelastic response, microstructural organization, and local intermolecular interactions. Despite similar dilute-solution interaction parameters, the concentrated regimes exhibit pronounced solvent-dependent differences in elasticity, flow behavior. For the first time, linear heptadecane is identified as a viable and technologically promising solvent for PCS, enabling the formation of termostability homogeneous concentrated solutions with enhanced deformability. This behavior opens a realistic pathway toward a new solution-based fiber-spinning route based on elasticity-controlled processing. The results demonstrate that solvent molecular geometry governs the structure–rheology–processability relationship of concentrated PCS systems rather than solubility parameters alone, providing a new framework for solvent selection in SiC precursor fiber technologies.

Abstract: This study evaluated the effectiveness of water vapor fresh cut mango (Mangifera indica) on the release of β--carotene in β--cyclodextrin complexes (β-C:β-CD) in stored Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP). Containers with fresh-cut mangoes, with and without MAP (4% O₂, 6% CO₂, 90% N₂), were prepared for monitoring over 6 days at 4 °C. β-C:β-CD complexes were incorporated into the lids of containers. The physicochemical, relative humidity, antioxidant, erythroprotective, microbiological, and biofunctional qualities of freshly cut mangoes during storage were analyzed. Active metabolic respiration of plant tissue led to a progressive decrease in O₂ and an increase in CO₂ in sealed containers, a phenomenon intensified by cutting, high humidity, and the system's limited gas permeability. Application of MAP effectively modulated this microenvironment, reducing respiration rate, water loss, acidification, and the degradation of bioactive compounds. Compared to treatments without MAP, mangoes stored under modified atmosphere showed greater color stability, a slower rate of change in pH and titratable acidity, less loss of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds, and significant preservation of erythroprotective capacity. Furthermore, MAP maintained microbial counts within the limits established by current regulations until the sixth day of storage. The encapsulation of β-C in β-CD effectively protected its bioactivity from oxidation, especially under MAP, although its release into the food matrix was limited, suggesting a predominantly passive behavior of the active packaging system. Overall, the results demonstrate that the combination of MAP and encapsulation constitutes a promising strategy for extending the shelf life and biofunctional stability of fresh-cut mangoes and β-C.

Abstract: Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are common environmental pollutants. Our previous population study revealed a significant positive association between Pb and Cd exposure and the micronuclei frequency among lead smelting workers. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were used to investigate the genotoxicity and its mechanisms induced by individual or combined exposure to Pb and Cd. Pb and Cd exposure, alone or in combination, triggered oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (GSH, SOD and CAT) and increased content of ROS and GSSG. Both metals also induced pronounced DNA damage, as showed by elevated Tail DNA% in Comet assay and γ-H2AX fluorescence intensity. Inhibition of the DNA repair proteins, including BRCA1, CtIP, RAD52, and XRCC2, indicating impaired DNA repair capacity. Notably, Pb and Cd co-exposure produced an antagonistic effect, modulating oxidative stress indicators, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage markers, DNA repair pathway proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3). These findings demonstrate that Pb and Cd induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA repair in TK6 cells. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms of heavy metal–induced genotoxicity and identifies potential molecular targets for intervention.

Abstract: We present the Theory of Informational Spin (TGU) as a coherence-based, phenomenological extension of General Relativity designed to operate consistently across gravitational regimes. Rather than replacing relativistic gravity, the framework preserves full convergence with General Relativity in weakand intermediate-field domains while allowing for controlled, scale-dependent deviations in systems characterized by high orbital strain or structural asymmetry. In the TGU formalism, gravitational dynamics acquire an effective contribution associated with gradients of informational coherence, encoded through a dimensionless coherence efficiency factor—the Matuchaki parameter—derived from geometric normalization arguments rather than empirical fitting. This construction introduces no additional particle species and does not increase the number of freely tunable degrees of freedom once fixed. We demonstrate cross-regime consistency by applying the same coherence parameter to both orbital and galactic-scale phenomena. At Solar System and Galactic Center scales, including the S2 star orbit around Sagittarius A*, the theory reproduces General Relativity to observational accuracy, consistent with current high-precision astrometric constraints. At galactic scales, flat rotation curves can emerge as effective consequences of coherence geometry alone, without invoking dark matter components. The framework further yields clear, falsifiable predictions for high-eccentricity or compact systems, strong-field orbital configurations, gravitational-wave polarization, and coherence-sensitive laboratory experiments. Together, these results position the Theory of Informational Spin as a conservative, testable extension of relativistic gravity, offering a unified phenomenological description of gravitational dynamics across multiple physical scales while remaining fully compatible with existing observational data.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the application of the 3.998D Manifold Framework, a geometric theory that posits all physical phenomena emerge from a scalar field (ϕ-Field) within a space of spectral dimension d_s=3.998 and a dimensional deficit of δ=0.002. Unlike standard cosmological models that require Dark Matter and Dark Energy to resolve dynamic anomalies, this framework introduces a single density-dependent mechanism governed by a manifold stiffness constant (β_eff ≈ 5.01). The proposed Framework further demonstrate that this constant is the geometric reciprocal of a 13.4% metric compaction, providing a structural bridge that unifies subatomic bond tension with galactic dynamics. Analysis shows that this geometric constraint successfully unifies physics across subatomic, galactic, and cosmic scales. Statistical modelling of galactic rotation curves for the Milky Way, Andromeda (M31), Triangulum (M33), UGC 128, and NGC 2403, demonstrates that the framework’s saturation mechanism replaces the need for invisible mass, achieving statistically significant improvements over Newtonian predictions while recovering standard gravity in high-density solar systems.

Abstract: The nanoparticles processed from non-edible crop materials and residues have evoked great use in the food and non-food industry. The diversity in agricultural waste biomass and differences in extraction techniques account for variations in end-product properties, and would require examination of waste crop types (source) for suitability of production of cellulose, and nanocellulose including graphene particles. This review showed that screening criteria of end-user properties include chemical composition, cellulose contents, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, rheology, surface charge and zeta potential. Literature shows that the end-user properties vary with plant source (that is crop type) and extraction techniques. In this review, the cellulose content and percentage crystallinity are primary parameters for selecting agricultural waste biomass for production of nano-cellulose and nanofibrils. Additionally, zeta potential and surface charge can determine polymer interaction for suitability of industrial applications. Moreover, nanocellulose in-cluding biochar were found to have various industrial application as ingredients in pro-duction of food packaging including active packaging, rheological modifiers and thicken-ers. Pyrosis is eminently the strategy for transformation of agricultural waste into bio-char-derived nanoparticles and carbon-rich materials.

Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) management remains a persistent sustainability chal-lenge in low- and middle-income countries, where uneven service coverage and rapid spatial change produce heterogeneous household disposal behaviours and substantial environmental externalities. This study develops a spatially explicit Bayesian network framework to map and explain six dominant household solid-waste disposal pathways across Eswatini using enumeration areas (EAs; n = 2,326) and nationally consistent census-linked predictors. Separate Tree-Augmented Naïve Bayes (TAN) models were trained for regular collection, irregular collection, open burning, public dumping, backyard pit disposal, and undesignated disposal, integrating socio-demographic, in-frastructural, accessibility, environmental, and neighbourhood-context variables, while explicitly quantifying predictive uncertainty using posterior entropy and Kull-back–Leibler (KL) divergence. Hold-out evaluation (465 test EAs; 1,861 training EAs) shows strong pathway-specific performance, with overall accuracy ranging from 0.497-0.989 across targets and ex-pected-value prediction errors of RMSE = 0.148-0.289 and MAE = 0.141-0.242. Uncer-tainty surfaces reveal low entropy in structurally homogeneous, well-served urban cores and elevated uncertainty in peri-urban transition zones where disposal behav-iours are mixed and services are unreliable. KL divergence highlights a limited subset of EAs where local conditions strongly update national expectations—priority loca-tions for targeted interventions and improved data collection. The framework provides policy-ready, uncertainty-aware evidence to support area-based service planning and sub-national monitoring relevant to SDG 11.6.1 in data-constrained contexts.

Abstract: We reformulate the classical three-body problem within the algebra of octonions and the geometry of the exceptional Lie group G₂. By embedding the Newtonian configuration space into a seven-dimensional non-associative manifold, the apparent chaos of three-body motion becomes a geometric property of the associator torque rather than a random instability. A small informational-viscosity parameter , derived from the Viscous Time Theory (VTT), is introduced to regularize energy divergence and confine chaotic diffusion. The resulting G₂–Lie variational integrator preserves phase volume while dynamically damping entropy flux through coherence feedback . Numerical simulations confirm that near-collision singularities are resolved without artificial damping, and long-term energy drift remains below . This framework provides a coherent bridge between non-associative geometry, variational mechanics, and informational physics, suggesting that the stability of gravitational systems arises from the preservation of informational structure rather than purely dynamical constraints.

Abstract:

This work rigorously explores the conceptual transition between Pythagorean harmony \( h^2 = a^2 + b^2 \) and Fermatian impossibility \( h^3 = a^3 + b^3 \), explicitly acknowledging that Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) prohibits integer solutions for \( n=3 \). Starting from Nicomachus' historical formula for the cumulative sum of cubes,

\( S(n) = \sum_{k=1}^n k^3 = \left[\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right]^2 \),

and applying the first-order retrospective finite difference operator \( \nabla S(n) = S(n) - S(n-1) \), we \( \textbf{deduce} \) the algebraic identity:

\( n^3 = \frac{n^2}{4}\big[(n+1)^2 - (n-1)^2\big] \).

It is crucial to emphasize that Nicomachus (c. 100 CE) \( \textbf{did not explicitly formulate} \) this identity in terms of symmetric differences; his historical contribution was exclusively limited to the cumulative sum formula. The expression above constitutes a \( \textbf{modern deduction} \) derived via discrete calculus. Using this deduction, we construct an exact symbolic representation:

\( h = \sqrt[3]{\frac{a^2}{4}\big[(a+1)^2 - (a-1)^2\big] + \frac{b^2}{4}\big[(b+1)^2 - (b-1)^2\big]} \)

We demonstrate that this expression, while mathematically exact and constructed exclusively through integer operations, does not produce \( h \in \mathbb{Z} \) —empirically confirming the arithmetic obstruction of FLT through 2,500 numerical verifications (\( 1 \leq a,b \leq 50 \)). We establish the combinatorial uniqueness of exponent \( k=2 \) in symmetric differences \( (n+1)^k - (n-1)^k \), revealing why the compact representation works exclusively for cubes. We contextualize historically the problem from the Pythagorean school (6th century BCE) to Wiles' proof (1994), highlighting contributions from Nicomachus, Euler, Sophie Germain, and Kummer with historiographical rigor. The genuine value of this proposal resides in its pedagogical capacity to illustrate the fundamental distinction between \( \textit{internal structure} \) (local properties of individual cubes) and \( \textit{additive structure} \) (relations between distinct cubes), honestly transforming Fermatian impossibility into an opportunity to comprehend the structural limits inherent to mathematics.

Abstract:

We present a mathematically rigorous formulation of the Fundamental Speed Theory (FST), a vector-tensor theory of gravity featuring a dimensionless vector field \( \mathcal{V}^{\mu} \). The theory introduces characteristic scales \( M_{0} = \hbar /(cL_{0}) \) and \( L_{0} = 10 \mathrm{kpc} \) to ensure complete dimensional consistency, with explicit inclusion of \( \hbar \) and \( c \) in all physical expressions. The dimensionless Lagrangian density is \( \mathcal{L}_{V} = M_{0}^{4}[-\frac{c_1}{2}(L_{0}^{2}\nabla_{\mu}\mathcal{V}_{\nu})(\nabla^{\mu}\mathcal{V}^{\nu}) - \frac{\lambda}{4!}(\mathcal{V}_{\mu}\mathcal{V}^{\mu})^{2}] \). Galactic dynamics obey \( \frac{d^{2}\mathcal{V}}{d\xi^{2}} + \frac{2}{\xi}\frac{d\mathcal{V}}{d\xi} = \beta_{\mathrm{eff}}\mathcal{V}^{3} \) where \( \xi = r / L_{0} \) and \( \beta_{\mathrm{eff}} = \lambda \mathcal{V}_{0}^{2} / 6 = 2.0 \times 10^{7} \). FST achieves \( \chi^{2} / \mathrm{dof} = 0.189 \) across 137 SPARC galaxies using universal parameters \( c_{1} = 0.51 \), \( c_{2} = - 0.07 \), \( c_{3} = 0.32 \), \( \lambda = 1.2 \times 10^{14} \), \( \mathcal{V}_{0} = 1.0 \times 10^{- 3} \), \( \Upsilon_{\star} = 1.0 \). Solar System constraints are satisfied through a screening mechanism with \( \lambda_{\mathrm{screen}} = \hbar /(m_{\mathrm{eff}}c) \approx 2.5 \mathrm{~nm} \). Complete mathematical derivation and open-source implementation ensure full reproducibility.

Abstract: This study presents the development and evaluation of surface functionalized solidly mounted resonators (SMRs), including custom UWAR devices and commercial Sorex sensors, for the detection and classification of plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The sensors were tested against linalool, trans-2-hexenal (T2H), and D-limonene at different concentrations under both dry and humid conditions (up to 33% RH). A Python-based signal-processing workflow was established to filter frequency responses and extract key features, such as baseline, saturation point, and frequency shift (Δf). Adsorption behaviour was modelled using the Freundlich isotherm, showing good agreement with experimental data and suggesting heterogeneous, multilayer adsorption on CH₃-terminated EC surfaces. A 2D polar classification framework combining vector-normalized Δf values from UWAR and Sorex sensors enabled clear separation of the VOCs. The results highlight the complementary performance of the two types of SMR sensors and demonstrate that feature-engineered resonant devices, combined with computational classification, offer strong potential for future use in plant health monitoring systems.

Abstract: This article is devoted to algebraic-operator modeling of genetic informatics systems providing the inheritance of logical structures and functional algorithms. Formalisms of quantum mechanics and quantum information science are used. The author describes the identification of algebraic-operator alphabets due to algebraic analysis of structures of molecular genetic coding, which serve as the basis for developing cyclic-spiral bioinformatics. This algebraic bioinformatics exists in parallels with established biochemical informatics, which is based on the alphabets of four nucleotides in DNA and RNA and which describes the inheritance of amino acid sequences in proteins. Algebraic bioinformatics expands the possibilities for modeling the inheritance of cyclic and spiral algorithmic structures in living organisms using the formalisms of quantum information science, unitary Hadamard operators, hypercomplex dual numbers, the screw calculus, and Fibonacci matrices. The author presents genetic algebraic-operator foundations for the inheritance and modeling of a variety of geometrically regular biological forms (mollusk shells, phyllotaxis configurations, etc.). Based on the obtained results, a paradigm of code algebraic-operator Darwinism is formulated, according to which natural selection and the inheritance of the most survival-promoting code combinations of alphabetic operators of algebraic bioinformatics play an important role in evolution. This paradigm explains the rapid evolution of organisms as follows: complex tissues are formed not so much by the emergence of new genes, but by algebraic bioinformatics operators that alter the ways existing genes are used, being linked to electromagnetic waves and resonance mechanisms. The role of bioantenna arrays in the energy-informational evolution of living organisms is discussed, including the proposed biological role of hopfion crystals, which have structural analogies with the DNA double helix, as noted by the author.

Abstract: We construct Maxwell and Yang-Mills theories in the rainbow space-time. We show that the time-dependent Aharonov-Bohm phases for both Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields are non-zero in the rainbow space-time, unlike in Minkowski space-time, where they are zero. Starting from the Poisson brackets between coordinates and velocities of a massive particle moving in rainbow space-time and interacting with Abelian/non-Abelian gauge fields, we derive Maxwell's/Yang-Mills equations in rainbow space-time using a variant of Feynman's approach. In this approach, one replaces kinetic momentum with conjugate momentum and the gauge field to calculate the Poisson brackets. Finding the time-derivative of these Poisson brackets and exploiting their anti-symmetry property, a second rank anti-symmetric tensor is introduced which is the field strength associated with Maxwell/Yang-Mills theory, respectively. We show the gauge invariance/covariance of these field strengths explicitly and by demanding the gauge invariance, construct Maxwell's/Yang-Mills Lagrangians. We derive the Lorentz force equation for the particle moving in rainbow space-time in the presence of Abelian/non-Abelian gauge fields. Using the gauge field strength in rainbow space-time, expressed in terms of field strength in the Minkowski space-time and rainbow parameters, we explicitly evaluate the Aharonov-Bohm phases for different choices of rainbow functions and also for different possible gauge field configurations. We show that the time-dependent Aharonov-Bohm phases for Abelian as well as non-Abelian fields are, in general, non-zero in the rainbow space-time. The non-vanishing of time-dependent Aharonov-Bohm phase, which distinguishes rainbow space-time from Minkowski space-time, is a clear signal to be measured to validate the rainbow space-time.