Abstract: This review outlines the health risks associated with excessive dietary intake of n 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly linoleic acid (LA), which is highly prevalent in the Western diet. It proposes a targeted nutritional strategy to reduce n 6 PUFA overconsumption and increase n 3 PUFA intake, aiming to restore a healthier fatty acid balance and counteract imbalance induced pathogenetic consequences. The conceptual framework builds on the foundational insights of William E. M. Lands regarding PUFA driven eicosanoid imbalance. It extends these principles by integrating contemporary models of impaired adipose tissue expandability, functional lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and ectopic lipid deposition as central mechanisms of lipotoxicity and as unifying drivers of the modern organo metabolic spectrum of non communicable diseases. The proposed nutritional strategy combines dietary modifications—such as avoiding seed oils and processed foods as well as products from industrialized animal farming, while prioritizing fatty fish and/or algae derived supplements—with lifestyle interventions and ongoing laboratory monitoring. This approach is designed to lower chronic disease risk and improve overall metabolic resilience. In addition, Western diet related socioeconomic issues and ecological burdens are addressed. However, further research is required to corroborate the available findings before broader implementation of the proposed strategy can be recommended.

Abstract: Accurate representation of short-term reservoir water-level dynamics is essential for operational analysis and scenario-based assessment under prescribed inflow–outflow conditions. In many practical applications, physically based modelling is limited by incomplete process knowledge, unavailable boundary conditions, or insufficient temporal resolution of input data. This study presents a data-driven framework for hourly conditional simulation of reservoir water level based on a hybrid Conv1D–LSTM architecture. The model learns nonlinear relationships among hydraulic forcing, operational control, and system state from historical observations, and is evaluated in a recursive multi-step simulation (rollout) mode to reflect its intended use and capture error accumulation over time. A systematic analysis of input sequence length and activation function is performed to identify a robust model configuration. On the test set, the selected configuration (L=24, GELU) achieved RMSE = 0.1057 m, MAE = 0.0881 m, and R² = 0.972 in rollout evaluation. The proposed framework is designed for scenario-based simulation rather than one-step deterministic forecasting, enabling rapid operational screening of alternative inflow–outflow regimes. Unlike many previous studies that emphasize one-step predictive accuracy, this work explicitly assesses model stability in recursive multi-step simulation, which is more relevant for reservoir scenario analysis.

Abstract:

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable microbial polyesters that represent a promising sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. Salterns, hypersaline environments, are recognized as significant sources of halotolerant microorganisms that can produce PHAs in high-salinity conditions; however, Vietnamese saltern ecosystems have not been extensively investigated. This research aimed to isolate and initially characterize salt-tolerant bacteria capable of synthesizing PHAs from the Hon Khoi saltern in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. A total of 37 halotolerant bacterial isolates were obtained, and potential PHA-producing strains were initially screened using Sudan Black B and Nile Blue A. TEM microscopy was then employed to confirm the existence of PHA granules. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy and GC–MS/MS spectrometry were utilized to analyze the chemical structure and monomer composition of the extracted polymers. Six isolates were identified as PHA-producing bacteria, including Salinivibrio sp. HK101 and HK116, Halomonas sp. HK105, Priestia sp. HK125 and HK142, and Bacillus sp. HK130. These strains exhibited growth across 3–10% NaCl and temperatures from 25 to 45 °C. Priestia sp. HK142 and Salinivibrio sp. HK101 exhibited the most substantial PHA accumulation, achieving 50.72 ± 1.83% and 42.07 ± 1.8% of DCW, respectively. These results indicate that the Hon Khoi saltern represents a promising source of halotolerant PHA-producing bacteria with potential relevance for future biopolymer production studies.

Abstract:

This paper is Part 2 continuing from investigation Part 1 from 2024. To recall, in Part 1, with the derivation of two theorems, defined is an axiomatic approach to the time interval only description. The time interval only set approach is an alternative to the usual one moment time description and the traditional tangent approach of change and differentiation. The two fundamental and nearly equivalent set theorems are the multiplication linearity theorem and the multiplication closure theorem. Both these theorems claim the multiplication of two time intervals results is a time interval. The present paper includes the construction of an overall simultaneous emission example surface for any approximation of spherical symmetric wave emission, applying a variation to a well known construction for indecomposable continua. Several comments and overall theorems are derived that evaluate the example surface construction. These include proof of two new theorems, emission theorem I and II, related to the identity transformation or mapping, which have value in their own right when considered as mathematical theorems. Emission theorem I and II depend on the ‘current parameter’ concept applying a multiple ‘dimensional domain definition’ within both the one moment time and time interval only description, new concepts defined applying set representation theory. Another part of the approach is the linear functional theorem. Within this approach defined is zero and non-zero equilibrium and simultaneous emission with ‘zero’ temperature to be a lowest bound temperature, resembling Boson type of simultaneous emission from collectives of multiple star sources. Finite time intervals being asymmetric this approach can be integrated in Curie’s principle for asymmetry. The current parameter allows for a comment on the fundamental theorem on polynomials. Assuming simultaneous emission internal interaction with em kinematic energy and gravitation energy provides several overall results including introduction of a time interval only description gravitation constant.

Abstract: Background: The crista terminalis (CT) is a fibromuscular ridge forming the embryonic boundary between the sinus venosus and the primitive right atrium. While a physio-logical structure, rare cases of CT hypertrophy present a diagnostic challenge, often appearing as a right atrial pseudo-mass on imaging. Given its role as a site of conduction block and its association with two-thirds of right atrial arrhythmias, distinguishing hy-pertrophy from pathological masses is clinically vital. We present a case of a 58-year-old female who was referred to our hospital for rapid, irregular palpitations, accompanied by hypertension. Transthoracic and then transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed an isoechoic right atrial mass, attached to the posterolateral wall of the right atrium, with a broad base of implantation and no intrinsic mobility. To exclude high-risk diagnoses, such as thrombi and myxomas, as well as other common right atrial mass mimics like the Chiari network, cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was performed. CCTA provided high-resolution tissue characterization, confirming the mass as a hy-pertrophied CT by its lack of contrast enhancement and its precise anatomical orientation. Conclusion: This case reinforces the epidemiological profile of CT hypertrophy, which predominantly affects females in their sixth decade. It highlights the necessity of a multi-modal imaging approach, transitioning from TEE to CCTA or cardiac magnetic resonance imagery (CMR), to prevent unnecessary invasive interventions or anticoag-ulation. Furthermore, this report supports the hypothesis that structural hypertrophy may exacerbate the CT's underlying arrhythmogenic potential, possibly through enhanced conduction anisotropy. Further research is needed to establish the correlation between CT thickness and the severity of atrial tachyarrhythmias.

Abstract:

Londin et al. discovered miRNAs (LmiRNAs) whose properties had been little studied for unknown reasons. In this study, we examined fully complementary interactions of LmiRNAs with mRNAs of human genes. Using the MirTarget program, a significant number of target genes with unique properties of interaction with LmiRNAs were identified. Of 3707 LmiRNAs in the mRNAs of 75 target genes, the sites of fully complementary LmiRNA binding were located in the 5'UTR with a high free energy of interaction. In the mRNAs of 81 target genes, the fully complementary LmiRNA binding sites (BSs) were located in the CDS. Only seven LmiRNAs bound in the 3'UTRs of target genes. The KIFC3, PHF15, RPL15 and SNX11 genes were identified, encoding LmiRNA-5p and LmiRNA-3p, which bind to the mRNAs of these genes. The mRNA of most genes were bound by only one LmiRNA. The BMP8B, BMP8B, FGFRL1 and SDC3 genes were identified, whose mRNAs bound the pair ID00121.5p and ID02992.5p. These results expand our knowledge of LmiRNAs and allow us to recommend these LmiRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for various diseases.

Abstract:

The tectonic framework of the 2019 Mirpur seismic sequence was investigated using local seismic data. Moment tensor inversion was performed for the Mirpur mainshock (Mw=5.8) and its largest aftershock (Mw=4.7). The mainshock exhibited a low dip angle (~10°) and shallow focal depth, suggesting association with the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Contrary, the largest aftershock showed a comparatively higher dip angle, indicating deformation along a ramp or ramp-anticline structure. The stress regime was evaluated using moment tensor solutions from two locally inverted events, two Global CMT solutions and a published focal mechanism. The results indicated a maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation of N07°E, consistent with the stress orientation of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake sequence and the regional compression driven by the Indian plate convergence. Aftershock relocation and spatial distribution patterns suggested post-seismic stress relaxation and possible activation of a higher-dip fault segment or ramp-anticline structure. Although a seismogenic depth of approximately 15 km was estimated, the concentration of seismicity around 10 km depth may involve the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). The Mirpur mainshock was triggered primarily by the movement along the MFT, whereas the subsequent aftershocks reflected post-seismic relaxation associated with the MHT and related ramp-anticline structures.

Abstract: This study proposes a unified gravitational theory framework based on discrete space element dynamics, grounded in two fundamental principles: spatial material conservation and global covariantity. The framework posits that spacetime consists of indivisible discrete space elements, where quantum virtual processes of matter generate new space elements through the consumption of conserved spatial materials. The resulting local density gradients constitute the microscopic essence of spacetime curvature. By eliminating superlative effects, this framework achieves self-consistency with general relativity under covariant constraints while fundamentally resolving four major physics puzzles: dark matter, dark energy, black hole singularities, and vacuum catastrophe.This paper first elucidates the core concept of "holistic covariant symmetry" and provides the ultimate explanation for symmetry breaking: symmetry breaking represents a local trade-off for achieving global covariance. Subsequently, it systematically expounds twelve key arguments of the framework, using the second-order discrete wave equation of complex fields as the sole foundational equation. Through rigorous step-by-step derivation, it rigorously establishes all fundamental laws of classical and quantum physics—including the Newtonian gravitational limit, mass-energy equivalence, the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, Newton's three laws, Schrödinger's equation, and Dirac equation. The paper also clarifies the geometric origin of spin-1/2 and presents the geometric formula for the fine structure constant, demonstrating that all physical laws are theoretically derived rather than externally imposed.To address fundamental gaps in existing theories—including ambiguous definitions of spacetime structures, missing quantitative mapping for compactification, unclear Laplace approximation mechanisms, and undefined density-curvature relationships—this study introduces three core innovations: an asymmetric nanograding model, a compactified Landau free energy theory, and a third-order discrete Laplace operator with differential-geometric field mappings. All quantified parameters (error <1%, fit>0.95) are derived through rigorous first-principles calculations and constrained by observational data, eliminating any artificial adjustments. The research conducts cross-verification through eight modern geometric frameworks—including fiber bundles, complex geometry, and conformal geometry—unifying standard model constants as discrete spacetime invariants. Leveraging discrete compact manifolds and亏格 geometry, it achieves parameter-free numerical calculations of lepton mass ratios, derives the Friedmann equation with discrete geometry corrections, and provides a natural geometric explanation for the "cosmic lithium problem." The study ultimately delivers eight quantitative predictions verifiable by future high-energy physics and cosmological experiments, establishing a coherent, complete, and falsifiable new pathway toward unifying quantum gravity with the standard model.

Abstract: ABSTRACTIntimate partner violence is a serious public health issue with detrimental consequences on the victim's health. This study explores the perspectives of mental health professionals on their role in supporting women who seek help following the experience of intimate partner violence in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The findings highlight the association between the experience of violence, poverty, lack of access to health services, and rural women's limited ability to escape abuse and recover. These structural factors contribute significantly to poor health outcomes, as this study found barriers preventing rural women from receiving counselling following the traumatic experience of abuse. Most notably, our findings uncover the impact of the shortage of shelters in rural areas, which often forces mothers to separate from their young children as they try to rebuild their lives after escaping the abuse. This unique insight distinguishes this study from previous work on this topic. The findings reveal a major gap in the public health response to intimate partner violence in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, particularly regarding the lack of accessible shelters for rural women. The study concludes that addressing the major shortcomings in the public health response to abuse of women in rural areas is critical to address poor health outcomes for women. We recommend increasing the quantity of shelters across the Eastern Cape and making them accessible to rural women and their children.

Abstract: Decentralised manufacturing is expanding as digitally controlled fabrication tools become accessible to SMEs, independent operators, and community workshops outside traditional factory settings, but the resulting heterogeneous, autonomously operated network introduces systemic uncertainty that no central authority governs. This paper proposes a systems-theoretic framework in which Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) governance acts as the structural interoperability layer of a distributed cyber-physical manufacturing system (CPS), and node-local digital twins --- each hosting a machine learning (ML) disturbance estimator --- provide local adaptive compensation without centralised data aggregation. A defining property of the architecture is automatic improvement propagation: learned corrections distribute via federated learning to structurally similar nodes without operator intervention, and the open, observable FOSS ecosystem enables advances in one fabrication modality to transfer to others through shared interface standards. The framework is applied analytically to three disturbance classes: regulatory restriction, technical process variability, and supply-chain disruption. Across cases, the analysis shows how open modular interfaces and local adaptation preserve functional continuity under perturbations that would more strongly affect centralised architectures. The contribution is a unified mathematical basis for robustness analysis in decentralised manufacturing CPS and a foundation for future simulation and empirical validation.

Abstract: This study adopts an agricultural archaeology perspective, integrating excavated remains, artifact genealogies, and pictorial materials to conduct a systematic investigation into the origins, evolution, and cultural significance of traditional Chinese tea-making techniques.By examining tea plant genetic remains dating back 6,000 years, tea-processing tools from the Western Han to Tang-Song periods, Ming-Qing purple clay tea ware, and representative tea paintings from the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, this study analyzes the historical development of tea-making techniques, revealing their continuous evolution from the nascent stages of consumption to systematic development.The research demonstrates that archaeological evidence not only provides a solid foundation for chronological progression and technical analysis of traditional Chinese tea-making techniques and related customs, but also reflects the interactive relationship between technological innovation, the dissemination of tea customs, and social structures. Furthermore, archaeological material from Liao Dynasty tombs, Tibetan burial sites, and overseas shipwrecks indicates that tea customs exhibit remarkable cultural adaptability and influence in cross-regional exchanges and global dissemination.This paper argues that agricultural archaeology not only provides material evidence and methodological frameworks for studying traditional crafts but also offers new academic perspectives for understanding the diverse values of Chinese tea culture across temporal and spatial dimensions.

Abstract: Protected areas are often treated as internally homogeneous conservation units, yet their communities may be structured either as discrete modules or as continuous gradients shaped by environmental heterogeneity and human disturbance. Using camera-trap data from Liziping Nature Reserve, China, we examined the spatial organization of mammal and galliform bird communities and tested whether species-level environmental responses help explain community structure. From 148 camera-trap sites surveyed between July 2018 and June 2019, we obtained 4,065 independent detections and retained 15 species for analysis. We combined β-diversity decomposition, clustering, NMDS ordination, single-species occupancy models, clustering of environmental response coefficients, and Mantel tests. Community variation was dominated by turnover rather than nestedness, and clustering based on co-occurrence and relative activity patterns did not reveal well-separated discrete modules. Instead, NMDS indicated continuous variation along environmental gradients, with elevation and vegetation productivity as the strongest correlates. Occupancy models showed marked species-specific environmental responses, especially to elevation, habitat structure, and human disturbance, and β-based clustering identified two distinct environmental response groups. These results indicate that communities in Liziping are better characterized as continuous gradient structures than as discrete modules, and suggest that conservation should emphasize the maintenance of environmental heterogeneity, habitat continuity, and connectivity within mountain protected areas.

Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive critical analysis of Benjamin F. Jones's influential work on age and great invention, which documents a significant secular trend toward older ages at which inventors make breakthrough contributions. Drawing on data from Nobel Prize winners and great inventors across the twentieth century, Jones finds that the mean age at great invention increased by approximately six years over this period, attributing this shift to the expanding "burden of knowledge." This article examines Jones's theoretical framework, empirical methodology, and the broader implications of his findings for innovation policy and economic growth. While acknowledging the paper's substantial contributions, this analysis identifies important limitations—including concerns about measurement validity, alternative causal interpretations, and the generalizability of findings—and engages with contradictory evidence that complicates the burden of knowledge narrative. The article situates Jones's work within broader literatures spanning economics, psychology, and the sociology of science, ultimately arguing that while the burden of knowledge hypothesis offers a compelling partial explanation for observed trends, the phenomenon is likely more complex and contingent than the original framework suggests.

Abstract: The accurate prediction of feedback from user comments is essential yet challenging, often limited by the nuanced semantics that traditional Natural Language Processing and existing Large Language Model prompts struggle to capture. We propose the Hierarchical Feedback Reasoning Prompting (HFR-Prompt) framework to address this. HFR-Prompt guides Large Language Models through a multi-stage, logically progressive analysis comprising Initial Tendency Assessment, Fine-grained Feedback Type Identification, and Result Integration and Explanation Generation. Each successive stage builds upon the contextual understanding established by the previous one. Extensive experiments on a substantial dataset demonstrate that HFR-Prompt significantly outperforms strong LLM baselines and standard prompting techniques in terms of accuracy, Macro-F1 score, and crucial explanation consistency. While introducing a computational overhead, HFR-Prompt sets a new standard for interpretable and accurate comment feedback prediction, validating the efficacy of structured, hierarchical reasoning in complex LLM applications.

Abstract: Background: Goals of care discussions are essential communication skills in medical training that bridge patient values with clinical decision-making. Integrating palliative care principles into these conversations enables holistic, patient-centered care, yet medical trainees often lack structured preparation for these critical interactions. Objective: This narrative review examines how medical training can effectively integrate palliative care approaches into goals of care discussions through structured communication frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration, and emerging innovations to promote patient-centered outcomes. Methods: Literature on evidence-based communication frameworks (SPIKES, REMAP, SUPER, Serious Illness Conversation Guide) was reviewed to identify training approaches. Clinical outcomes including patient satisfaction, hospice utilization, ICU transfers, and intervention intensity were examined. Educational barriers and facilitators—including communication training curricula, cultural competency, language considerations, and multidisciplinary team involvement—were evaluated. Emerging technologies supporting clinician education and practice were also assessed. Results: Training in structured communication frameworks improves patient-physician relationships, reduces patient anxiety, and increases family satisfaction. Early palliative care integration through effective discussions leads to increased hospice awareness and utilization while reducing burdensome interventions. Key educational facilitators include dedicated communication skills training, multidisciplinary team participation (including chaplains and palliative care specialists), and AI-assisted documentation tools that support learning while preserving humanistic clinician-patient interactions. Conclusions: Integrating palliative care principles into medical training for goals of care discussions is essential for developing patient-centered clinicians. Combining structured communication frameworks, interprofessional education, targeted skills training, and technological support creates a comprehensive educational approach that prepares trainees to elicit patient goals, create individualized care plans, and deliver holistic care that honors patient values.

Abstract: Microplastics have been known to kill fish and other microorganisms that feed on them in water bodies. The microplastics are also harmful to human beings when consumed directly or indirectly. This paper focuses on extracting features that can be used to build a model for identifying microplastics in images taken from open sewers that lead to the Indian Ocean. One thousand (1000) pictures were taken from selected points in Kilifi, Mombasa and Kwale counties in Kenya using a still picture camera. The pictures were then subjected to auto-cropping using a code written in python programming language. TensorFlow tool with openCV was used to capture the shape of the microplastics and annotate them by drawing bounding boxes. This was followed by application of Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm to extract features from the images. The output of the process was a dataset of features for model building to identify microplastics in images. Further research can be conducted to extract more features using different algorithms and build models for identifying microplastics in images.

Abstract: After decades of in vivo isotope tracing, human solid tumors have not been shown to derive the majority of their carbon from circulating glucose. Despite this, glucose uptake by tumors continues to be widely interpreted as evidence of glucose dependence for growth. In contrast, mounting clinical and metabolic evidence indicates that glucose and glutamine are consumed primarily as regulatory and competitive substrates rather than as dominant carbon sources, with tumor biomass supplied largely by lactate, glutamine, and host-derived amino acids and lipids.Cachexia is commonly described as a secondary complication of advanced cancer, yet this metabolic behavior suggests it functions instead as a tumor-maintained systemic state that favors malignant survival at the expense of host tissues. By consuming glucose and glutamine at high rates, tumors restructure host metabolism, suppress immune function through substrate deprivation, and induce a catabolic shift that mobilizes host tissues as the tumor’s true nutrient reservoir. Dietary deprivation strategies therefore fail in solid tumors not because tumors adapt to starvation, but because restriction accelerates host metabolic collapse rather than depriving the tumor.Central to this argument is a newly proposed construct: homeostatic deception via dissociated catabolic ketosis, a tumor-orchestrated state in which physiological ketogenesis is genuinely present but decoupled from its normal protein-sparing function. Circulating ketones satisfy central energy-sensing mechanisms, silencing counter-regulatory alarms while unrestrained muscle proteolysis and lipolysis proceed. The resulting catabolic loop supplies tumors with substrates released from host tissues while the host’s regulatory systems interpret the state as normal adaptive fasting. Cachexia persists as long as the tumor driver remains active and reverses primarily when tumor burden and inflammatory signaling are controlled. A case of metastatic NSCLC, with photographic documentation, serves as the observational origin of this framework (Johnson CL, 2026, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18988466). This manuscript integrates metabolic tracing, immunometabolism, and clinical observation to propose a mechanistic hypothesis reframing cachexia as a tumor-maintained state. The framework identifies multiple targets for companion therapeutic intervention and explains the failure of diet-based strategies.

Abstract: This paper represents a further academic deepening and upgrading of the authors' 2019 publication A Hypothesis on the Spatial Motion Mode of Photons. It should be explicitly stated that this paper falls within the category of natural philosophical thought experiments—its core value lies in constructing a unified physical image of the nature of light through rigorous logical deduction, and proposing verifiable theoretical hypotheses and experimental schemes; the validity of all conclusions must ultimately be verified by rigorous and extensive scientific experiments before being incorporated into the theoretical system of physics. As a foundational concept of quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality of light has been accompanied by profound philosophical perplexities and theoretical tensions since its proposal, becoming a core bottleneck in the integration of classical and quantum physics. This paper systematically sorts out the logical incompleteness in the current quantum interpretation system—including the self-negation of the complementarity concept, the problem of photon localization, the fundamental opposition between the statistical and non-statistical interpretations of the wave function, and the philosophical controversy over the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, revealing the inherent contradictions of the traditional wave-particle duality framework. On this basis, adopting classical physical images and the logic of reduction to absurdity, and based on six axioms and six preparatory propositions, this paper puts forward a natural philosophical hypothesis on the essence of photons: a photon is an energetic mass point with a diameter smaller than the Planck length, moving in a uniform spiral linear motion in space. The paper deduces the core characteristics such as velocity, frequency, and wavelength of the photon's uniform spiral linear motion, and designs three operable, repeatable, and quantifiable physical experimental schemes to provide specific paths for the empirical verification of the hypothesis. The research deduces that the angular momentum of photon spatial motion (excluding photon spin motion) is always the reduced Planck constant ℏ, the energy E=mc² is naturally unified with E=hν (the standard formula for wave energy), and the standard expression of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ΔxΔpₓ≥ℏ/2 can be given a classical physical interpretation from the perspective of superposition of measurement deviations. This paper systematically responds to potential questions regarding the origin of photon particle nature, wave nature, and compatibility with relativity, arguing that the hypothesis provides a logically consistent and clearly visualized path for understanding the nature of light, builds a new natural philosophical framework for the integration of quantum and classical theories of light, and also offers a new thinking perspective for the paradigm shift in the study of the nature of light.

Abstract: Detectability of auditory signals in built environments is a critical issue in architectural acoustics, particularly in public spaces where notification sounds must be perceived reliably under background noise. This study investigated reaction times (RTs) to amplitude-modulated pure tones under silent, white noise, and bandpass-noise conditions. Twenty young and twenty elderly participants responded to 1- and 2-kHz tones with flat, gentle, and steep onset envelopes. To describe perceptual detection in physically interpretable terms, a time-integrated sound-exposure level model, LAE(t), was applied. RT was defined as the moment when cumulative acoustic energy exceeded a criterion value relative to the hearing threshold. In silent conditions, RTs were accurately predicted by LAE(t), with onset-envelope shape influencing early energy accumulation. In noise conditions, RTs increased systematically with spectral proximity between target and masker, consistent with auditory filter theory. When spectral separation exceeded approximately four ERB numbers, masking effects were minimal and RT approached silent-condition values. These findings demonstrate that perceptual detection timing is governed by cumulative acoustic energy and spectral masking rather than instantaneous sound pressure level. The LAE(t) model provides a detection-oriented metric that complements conventional room-acoustic parameters and may support evidence-based design of perceptually robust auditory signals in architectural environments.

Abstract: Textile dyeing industry is a significant contributor of complicated and extremely polluting wastewater. This wastewater has intermittent loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), stains and other pollutants which puts dangerous effects on the sustainability of the environment and human beings in general. The traditional operation of wastewater treatment plants is reactive and rule-based to a large extent. These methods are ineffective in dealing with the non-linear dynamic character of the effluent of the textile business, resulting in low efficacy and recurring regulatory breach. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper will suggest a new hybrid architecture SAGE-GBTCN (Shock-Aware Gated Ensemble with Gradient Boosting and Temporal Correction Network) to be used in the effective prediction of wastewater pollution. This model combines a gradient boosting ensemble to produce baseline predictions and a parallel temporal network with a residual correction. A shock-sensitive gating system is used to dynamically modify the correction process to consider any sudden, non-stationary changes in the nature of the effluents. This design makes the model very useful in capturing the long-term trends as well as abrupt disruptions within textile wastewater. The suggested SAGE-GBTCN model was tested with the help of data on a full-scale wastewater treatment facility. The findings are shown to be more accurate in prediction and better resistant to abnormal operating condition. The model also demonstrates high possibilities to facilitate active and energy saving management of textile wastewater treatment processes, which will result in an R2 predictive value of 0.942 and a RMSE of 30.30 of COD. Although validated on full-scale industrial WWTP data, the proposed framework targets operational characteristics typical of textile effluent treatment plants, including batch-wise COD loading, abrupt shock events, and chemically driven variability.