Abstract: Since the launch of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) in 2006, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been leading both disaster response within Japan and Sentinel Asia, which targets disasters in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as participating in the International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, which is international framework. The author was involved in these activities from 2006 to 2014. Based on this experience, this article proposes an approach to “how to utilize satellite remote sensing in the activities of disaster management users.” The methodology involves treating each activity as a case study for “how to utilize satellite remote sensing in the activities of disaster management users.” and examining them from a holistic perspective.

Abstract: Video world models have emerged as a critical framework, offering a powerful approach to modeling dynamic environments through lens of video data, and serving as a key tool for understanding and predicting complex systems. While prior papers have focused on specific domains such as 3D modeling, autonomous driving, and robotics, they have largely overlooked the growing importance of video modality in the development of future world models. These papers often concentrate on particular data representations, failing to account for how video-based representations can bridge the gap between perception, prediction, and decision-making in intelligent systems. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a standardized and systematic classification of video world models. We introduce a comprehensive taxonomy that distinguishes between implicit state deduction which, focuses on learning compact latent representations and explicit visual modeling, which emphasizes frame level video processing. Additionally, we analyze indepth review of experimental setups, specific applications, and open problems. By focusing on video world models, this paper offers a unified reference that highlights their critical role in the future of world modeling research.

Abstract: Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in children, but predictors of critical illness remain poorly defined. This study aimed to identify risk factors for critical RSV pneumonia and to develop a predictive model. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 12,035 hospitalized children with RSV infection (2019-2025) yielded 304 eligible patients after exclusions. Based on critical illness criteria, 30 critical cases and 90 randomly selected non critical controls from the remaining patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, and co-infection patterns were compared. Univariate, Lasso, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors, which were then incorporated into a nomogram. Model performance was assessed using ROC curve, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis. Results: Among the 304 eligible children, 30 (9.9%) had critical illness. Co infection with three or more pathogens was most common in the critical group (43.3%), whereas single RSV infection predominated in the non critical group (38.9%). Multivariable logistic regression identified four independent predictors of critical illness: interleukin 6 (IL 6), creatine kinase MB (CK MB), serum bilirubin excretion (SBE), and neutrophil percentage. The nomogram combining these factors exhibited excellent discriminative ability (AUC = 0.921, 95% CI: 0.868-0.974). The calibration curve agreed well with the 45° reference line (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ² = 3.233, p = 0.919), and decision curve analysis demonstrated clinical benefit across threshold probabilities ranging from 0.01 to 0.99. Conclusions: Elevated IL-6, CK-MB, neutrophil percentage, and SBE are independent predictors of critical RSV infection in children. The nomogram based on these readily available biomarkers provides a robust tool for early risk stratification and clinical decision-making.

Abstract: Emerging materials often face challenges in market adoption due to limited comparability and reliability of measurement-based material information, despite their potential to drive technological innovation. While standardization is widely recognized as an important mechanism for market diffusion, existing approaches provide limited insight into how material specifications facilitate the comparative evaluation of material characteristics and their use in market decision-making. This study proposes a complementary perspective that interprets standardization as an infrastructure for organizing the generation, sharing, and evaluation of measurement-based material information across industry, standard development organizations (SDOs), and markets. Within this framework, the study distinguishes between two complementary types of standards for material specifications. Type A standards enable the structured disclosure of measured characteristic values and associated measurement uncertainties, allowing application-specific evaluation without predefined acceptance criteria. In contrast, Type B standards define predefined characteristic values and compliance criteria, providing a basis for conformity assessment, certification, and quality assurance. These two types may be understood as complementary mechanisms that fulfill different functions of comparability and compliance under varying technological and market conditions in emerging material systems. Consequently, they contribute to both innovation-oriented market evaluation and quality-assured market acceptance.

Abstract: Timelike boundaries provide a natural setting for organizing geometric, quasilocal, and coarse-grained information in general relativity. This work develops a cut-level reference framework for finite-radius timelike interfaces in Lorentzian spacetime. Starting from a timelike boundary, a tangent observer field, and observer-adapted spatial cuts, the construction assigns selected boundary quantities, coarse-grained reference structures, channel-specific comparison values, resolved deviations, local event closure, and cut-level response terms to the same geometric surface. The framework is local in its physical reading. The coarse-grained reference structure is not treated as a single resolved boundary record, but as the macroscopic comparison structure relative to which local deviations are defined. A local boundary event is represented by a boundary-relative deviation that becomes resolvable at the candidate event. The causal condition fixes the Lorentzian admissibility domain; it does not by itself define a resolved trajectory or microscopic propagation history between spacetime points. In the classical realization developed here, the selected variables are supplied by the Brown--York cut-level dictionary. Observer-adapted projections of the boundary stress tensor define surface energy density, momentum density, spatial cut stress, and isotropic pressure. A coarse-grained boundary reference package specifies which variables are resolved, on which cut they are evaluated, and which reference structure serves as their comparison level. The corresponding deviation map and channel-dependent resolution norms identify the locally resolved boundary content. The same cut-level variables also enter a classical balance structure in which cut-energy variation separates into normal exchange and tangential mechanical response. In isotropic spherical symmetry, this response reduces to the pressure--area form, linking cut-level stress to the area-response channel of a timelike shell. Timelike thin-shell dynamics and macroscopic shell-balance laws then appear as concrete realizations of the general reference-cut structure. The resulting formulation provides a classical boundary-reference language for finite-radius timelike systems, relating local Lorentzian geometry, quasilocal stress, coarse-grained reference structure, resolved deviations, causal admissibility, and area response within one common cut-level framework.

Abstract: Rigid 2D-3D image registration plays a critical role in modern image-guided interventions by enabling the alignment of intraoperative X-ray images with preoperative volumetric data such as computed tomography (CT). Accurate 2D-3D registration allows clinicians to localize anatomical structures in three-dimensional space while relying on fast and low-dose intraoperative imaging, which is essential for applications including orthopedic surgery, spine navigation, radiation therapy, and interventional radiology. Despite significant progress over the past two decades, achieving robust and accurate registration remains challenging due to factors such as limited imaging viewpoints, occlusions, imaging noise, and the large search space of rigid transformations. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of rigid 2D-3D registration methods with a particular focus on X-ray-to-CT alignment. We first introduce the mathematical formulation of the registration problem and present a taxonomy of existing approaches. We then review the key technical components underlying modern registration systems. In addition, we summarize commonly used datasets and evaluation protocols, discussing widely adopted metrics such as target registration error (TRE), pose error, and reprojection error. The survey also highlights representative clinical applications and analyzes the practical challenges that remain in real-world deployment, including robustness to imaging artifacts, variations in imaging dose, and real-time computational constraints. Finally, we discuss emerging research directions, such as differentiable rendering, deep learning based pose estimation, and multi-view registration frameworks, which are expected to further improve the accuracy, robustness, and clinical applicability of 2D-3D registration methods.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Transradial access (TRA) is the preferred route for coronary catheterization, yet its consequences for radial artery vasoreactivity and hemodynamic parameters remain incompletely characterized. We prospectively quantified TRA-induced functional impairment, its clinical determinants, and the predictive val-ue of baseline parameters. Methods: Ninety-four consecutive patients undergoing elective TRA were assessed at baseline, 24 hours, and one month using high-resolution Doppler ultrasound. Nine vascular parameters were measured: flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD), peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), resting and hyperemic velocity-time integral, hyper-emic blood flow volume, and lumen diameter. Non-parametric methods were applied throughout. Results: FMD declined at 24 hours (−31.2%; p< 0.001) and showed no sig-nificant recovery at one month (p=0.08 vs 24 hours). NMD showed a greater acute de-cline (−36.6%; p< 0.001) with partial but statistically significant recovery at one month (p< 0.001). PSV recovered fully by one month; RI fell below baseline, consistent with compensatory microvascular vasodilation. Radial artery lumen diameter remained significantly below baseline at one month. Radial artery occlusion occurred in 4 patients (4.3%), all with spontaneous recanalization. Female sex selectively predicted greater NMD reduction (ΔNMD −8.3% vs −5.8%; p=0.005) without a corresponding FMD difference (p=0.40). Older age correlated with impaired FMD recovery at one month (ρ=−0.62; p< 0.001) but not with NMD outcomes. Baseline PSV demonstrated the highest discriminatory performance for significant FMD decline (AUC=0.73). Conclu-sions: TRA causes multidomain, persistent radial artery functional impairment at one month, with distinct recovery trajectories for endothelial and smooth muscle function. Female sex and advanced age are selective determinants of injury and recovery, re-spectively. A pre-procedural phenotype comprising baseline diameter, PSV, RI, and age predicts post-procedural outcomes and supports further investigation of pre-procedural phenotyping for risk stratification.

Abstract: The Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) sustains more than 90% of the fishery value and volume in the Vicente Guerrero Reservoir (VGR), Northeast Mexico, but stock status is uncertain due to lack of assessments. A total of 1,792 individuals (2020-2021) were analyzed. Von Bertalanffy growth, total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F) mortality, and exploitation rate (E) were estimated. Under a data-limited framework, four complementary approaches were applied: the LBB model, length-based indicators, empirical reference points, and ecological risk assessment. Growth was negatively allometric (b=2.89). Estimated parameters were: L∞=464 mm, K=0.2275 yr⁻¹, Z=3.591 yr⁻¹, M=0.3894 yr⁻¹, F=3.302 yr⁻¹, E=0.892. The LBB model estimated a relative biomass B/B₀=0.057 (95% CI: 0.042-0.072) and an F/M ratio of 8.48. Only 7.5% of individuals exceeded maturity length, 4.8% were at optimal length, and 2.6% were mega-spawners. Estimated fishing mortality exceeded the reference points (F_MSY=0.339 yr⁻¹; F_limit=0.508 yr⁻¹; F_crash=0.678 yr⁻¹) by 9.7, 6.5, and 4.9 times, respectively, classifying the stock as extreme high risk. The O. aureus stock in VGR is in biological collapse (B/B₀=5.7%; F/M=8.48). Increasing minimum capture length to at least 290 mm and reducing fishing effort by 80-90% is urgently required. The convergence of independent methods validates data-limited approaches for artisanal fisheries.

Abstract: Urbanisation is reshaping ecosystems and increasing human–wildlife interactions. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), a highly adaptable species, is increasingly common in European cities, where it exploits natural and anthropogenic resources, often leading to conflict. Predicting when and where wild boar enters urban areas remains challenging, particularly using scalable tools such as remote sensing. Here we show that temporal and spatial drivers of urban presence are decoupled in Barcelona over a 14-year period. Seasonal vegetation dynamics influenced the timing of urban incursions, with peaks in spring and late summer associated with changes in vegetation moisture and likely reinforced by increased energetic demands during reproduction and early lactation. However, remotely sensed vegetation indices captured these dynamics only partially, limiting their predictive power when used alone. Spatial variation in urban green area use was primarily explained by landscape structure, with proximity to streams and habitat fragmentation contributing similarly. Green areas near natural corridors concentrated higher and more variable presence, while heterogeneous landscapes likely facilitated repeated use by increasing access to foraging and refuge. Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve anticipation and management of human–wildlife conflicts.

Abstract: This work deals with the time-domain analysis of asymmetrical faults in three-phase systems. Conventional three-phase analysis provides steady-state solutions for asymmetrical faults. Transient analysis, however, is usually performed by resorting either to oversimplified approximate circuits, or to numerical methods. In this paper, a rigorous analytical methodology based on the time-domain Clarke transformation is presented for the most common asymmetrical faults in three-phase systems. In particular, it is shown that asymmetrical faults result in circuit coupling in the Clarke equivalent circuits. Circuit representation of coupling is also derived in the paper. Coupled equivalent circuits allow rigorous analytical solution of transients in case of asymmetrical faults. The analytical results derived in the paper are validated through proper numerical simulation of faulted radial systems.

Abstract: Background: Epigenomics has emerged as an essential technique of modern molecular biology, providing a critical layer of gene regulation. DNA methylation, histone modi-fications and alterations to the chromatin accessibility of DNA have been widely associated with complex diseases including cancer. The most recent developments in high-throughput sequencing technology have made it possible to profile epigenetic landscapes genomically on a large scale. However, these techniques often mask endogenous cellular heterogeneity essential for understanding complex disease stages. Objective: The purpose of the review is to assemble accessible tools and algorithms to conduct an Epigenomic study in the field of biomedical research, from bulk tissue analysis to the high-resolution frontier of single-cell epigenomics. Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of common methods used to analyze DNA methylation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, sequencing analysis and chromatin accessibility profiling. We described the standardized bioinformatics tools and pipelines required to transform raw sequencing data into mechanistic biological understanding, highlight-ing the role of quality control, peak calling, and differential analysis. Furthermore, we explore the integration of epigenomic with other "omics" layers through advanced computational frameworks, including machine learning and network-based modeling. Results: These advanced multi-omics techniques demonstrate efficient clinical utility by enabling biomarker discovery, disease subtyping, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Conclusions: Despite challenges with data complexity, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and single-cell technologies will speed up the transition toward precision medicine. This review serves as a blueprint for providing the technical and computational complexities of epigenomics to uncover the mechanisms controlling human health and disease.

Abstract: We demonstrate an 80-MHz, 350-mW, 120-fs, 770-nm femtosecond laser, based on a nonlinear compressed 1540-nm femtosecond fiber laser. The home-built 1540-nm fiber laser delivering the 80-MHz, 2.69-W, 269-fs laser pulses, was realized by employing the spectral pre-modulation and pre-chirp management inside the Er/Yb co-doped fiber power amplifier. Subsequent nonlinear fiber pulse compression stage was utilized to further nonlinearly compress the pulse duration to 128 fs, based on the Gaussian assumption. Detailed numerical simulation was also implemented to investigate the optical dynamics of the nonlinear compression process. A 0.5-mm-thick fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal was finally utilized to generate the frequency-doubled, 350-mW, 770-nm laser pulses with a 120-fs pulse duration, based on the Gaussian assumption.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Although the association between frailty and constipation in older adults has attracted attention, evidence regarding the relationship between the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and colonic transit time (CTT) remains limited. This retrospective study investigated their association using colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). Patients and Methods: We enrolled 124 older adults (64 men and 60 women) aged ≥ 65 (mean age, 74.6 ± 5.6) years who underwent CCE for colorectal polyp screening at the Aishinkai Nakae Hospital (Japan) between January 2014 and July 2024. CTT was measured at the time of CCE. Frailty was assessed using the CFS (Japanese version). Participants were classified into Robust (CFS 1–2; n=73) and Non-robust (CFS 3–7; n=51) groups. The independent association between CFS score and CTT was examined using multivariate linear regression analysis, with patient background factors as covariates (age, sex, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, laxative use, anticholinergic drug use, psychotropic drug use, hypothyroidism, smoking history, and history of abdominal surgery). Results: CTT was significantly longer in the Non-robust group than that in the Robust group (203±121 vs. 158±100 min). Sensitivity analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test also demonstrated a significant difference (U=1441.5). A stepwise prolongation of CTT was observed with increasing CFS scores (Spearman’s ρ=0.232; P=0.009). Sex-stratified analysis revealed that CTT prolongation was significant in women (200±114 vs. 155±104 min). In a multivariate linear regression analysis using CFS as a continuous variable and adjusting for 11 covariates, CFS score (β = 36.6; 95% CI: 17.3–56.0; P &lt; 0.001) and female sex (β = 48.5; 95% CI: 9.1–88.0; P = 0.016) were identified as independent factors associated with CTT prolongation (R² = 0.164; P = 0.035). Conclusions: Frailty progression is associated with delayed colonic transit in older adults, particularly in women. CCE may represent a novel and clinically valuable modality for assessing frailty-related bowel dysfunction in older adults.

Abstract: Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) represent a major source of morbidity, mortality, and increasing healthcare costs. In Europe, their impact stays significant, especially in high-risk settings such as cardiovascular surgery. Despite this, the economic burden of HAIs is still insufficiently characterized. Objective: This retrospective study aims to analyze HAIs’ costs in an Italian private cardiac surgery hospital between 2022 and 2024. Methods: Starting from the HAI reports of the Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Committee, individual events were extracted and matched with costs obtained from the business management control system. The same process was applied to matched non-infected cases. A pseudonymized database was later created for analysis. Costs were assessed using a bottom-up approach and evaluated against reimbursements based on the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system, which provides standardized tariffs for acute hospital care. Results: With a mean HAI incidence of 7.3% and a prevalence of bloodstream ones, HAI patients had statistically significantly longer hospital stays, averaging 23.5 days compared to 10 days in non-HAI patients (p < 0.001). Economically, HAIs imposed a substantial burden. The average cost per infected patient was approximately 41.000€, nearly double the DRG reimbursement, resulting in a mean pecuniary loss of about 18.600€ per case. The incremental cost attributable to HAIs vs non-HAIs was 19.700€ per patient (p < 0.001), largely driven by ICU-related expenses (53%). Conclusion: These findings highlight a partial mismatch between resource consumption and DRG-based reimbursement in complex, high-intensity care, such as cardiac surgery and a significant economic burden of HAIs. Strengthening IPC strategies is essential to improve outcomes and resource allocation.

Abstract: We are concerned with the Riemann problem for the Aw-Rascle (AR) traffic flow model with variable velocity offset. The model describes the traffic flow under different road conditions. The stationary wave is introduced in the traffic flow, which is determined by an ordinary differential equation. The resonance phenomenon and coalescence of waves are analyzed. Uniqueness of the Riemann solution is also discussed. We further study the interaction of elementary waves case by case, under the framework of the characteristic analysis method. Numerical simulations are also given to verify our analysis.

Abstract: Background: Reliable normalization of gene expression data is essential for accurate interpretation of molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in broiler chickens. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is commonly used as a reference gene; however, its stability remains uncertain in adipose tissues. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, integrating evidence from transcriptomic and quantitative PCR studies. Relevant studies were identified through structured searches, citation tracking, and relevance screening, with emphasis on tissue specificity, developmental stage, and physiological variation. Results: GAPDH expression showed considerable variability across tissues and experimental conditions, particularly in adipose tissues where metabolic activity influences transcriptional regulation. In contrast, alternative reference genes, including 18S rRNA, PPIA, RPL19, and α-tubulin, demonstrated greater stability across conditions. Studies consistently reported that failure to validate reference genes introduces bias in gene expression analysis and may compromise interpretation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism pathways. Conclusions: GAPDH is not a universally stable reference gene for adipose tissue studies in broiler chickens. Therefore, validation of reference genes is essential, and the use of multiple stable genes is recommended to ensure accurate normalization and reproducibility in poultry genomics research.

Abstract: Optimisation algorithms play an important role in the solution of nonlinear engineering design problems, particularly where objective functions exhibit complex, nonconvex, and potentially multimodal behaviour. Classical gradient-based methods, including the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), are widely recognised for their computational efficiency and rapid local convergence; however, their performance may be sensitive to the presence of local extrema. In contrast, metaheuristic approaches such as Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) generally provide enhanced global exploration capabilities, albeit often at significantly greater computational expense. This study presents a preliminary investigation of a hybrid optimisation framework termed the Constrained Adaptive Model-based Exploration Optimiser (CAMEO). The proposed approach combines bounded stochastic exploration with constrained local refinement in an attempt to improve robustness within multimodal optimisation landscapes whilst retaining the efficiency associated with deterministic optimisation methods. The performance of the proposed framework was examined using a series of benchmark optimisation problems and compared against MMA, SQP, and PSO. The numerical results indicate that CAMEO is capable of attaining solutions closer to the global optimum in several test cases, whilst maintaining stable convergence characteristics.

Abstract: Background: The Gibbs Energy Redistribution Theory (GERT) program established a thermodynamic ontology for cosmology (Paper~I) and later identified the post-relativistic dissolution boundary of the relativistic ruler in the Hyperdilute Regime (Paper~II). The complementary open question is the onset of relativistic metric legibility in the early Universe. Objective: To determine, within GERT, the emergence boundary of the relativistic metric ruler and define the lower limit of validity of the effective relativistic regime. Methods: We define the metric-emergence parameter $\Xi(\alpha)\equiv\lambda_\gamma(\alpha)/d_{\mathrm{ph}}(\alpha)$, where $\lambda_\gamma$ is the photon mean free path and $d_{\mathrm{ph}}$ is the GERT particle horizon. The boundary is set by $\Xi=1$. We compute $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}$ using two recombination treatments (Saha equilibrium and Peebles kinetics) and test robustness against the unknown Primordial Cauldron boundary $\alpha_{\mathrm{PC}}$. Results: We obtain $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}=-3.0\pm0.1$, with uncertainty dominated by recombination kinetics (Saha vs.~Peebles). Varying $\alpha_{\mathrm{PC}}$ over 25 orders of magnitude changes $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}$ by less than $5\times10^{-4}$, showing strong insensitivity to primordial microphysics. Together with Paper~II ($\alpha_{\mathrm{crit}}=12.88\pm0.12$), the relativistic GERT domain spans $15.9\pm0.2$ decades in $\alpha=\log_{10}(a)$. Conclusions: The relativistic ruler is an emergent operational regime, not an ontologically unlimited one. GERT now provides a complete domain map with pre-relativistic, relativistic, and post-relativistic sectors. The onset and dissolution boundaries are thermodynamically controlled, giving a symmetric validity structure for Layer 3.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) negatively affects quality of life in postmenopausal women, causing sexual dysfunction, vaginal atrophy, and pelvic discomfort. Non-hormonal therapies, such as laser treatments, have emerged as potential alternatives, but evidence comparing intravaginal and extravaginal K-Laser therapy remains limited. The objective is to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal and extravaginal K-Laser therapy on the symptoms of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this single-center, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 57 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive either intravaginal and extravaginal K-Laser Cube Plus 30 therapy (n=36) or a simulated control treatment (n=21). The primary outcome was sexual function, measured by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Secondary outcomes included vaginal pH and pelvic floor muscle function assessed via the PERFECT protocol. Assessments were performed at baseline and after the 6-week treatment period. Results: Fifty-seven women were enrolled, with ten lost to follow-up. After 6 weeks, the treatment group showed significant improvements over the control group in FSFI (mean difference = 6.38; p &lt; 0.001), PERFECT protocol scores (mean difference = 0.78; p = 0.004), CPPQ-Mohedo (mean difference = 5.44; p &lt; 0.001), and Menopause Rating Scale (mean difference = 6.50; p = 0.017). Significant reductions were also observed in vaginal dryness, vulvar dystrophy, and atrophy (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Intravaginal and extravaginal K-Laser therapy is a safe and effective non-hormonal intervention for GSM, improving sexual function, pelvic floor function, and menopausal symptoms.

Abstract: In the hyper-arid climate of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the building envelope represents the most critical determinant of energy demand and occupant comfort. This study evaluates the environmental and energy performance of a 6,581m2 mixed-use development through an experiential learning framework, where students utilized Sefaira (Ener-gyPlus/Radiance engines) to bridge the gap between theoretical architectural design and national code compliance. This pedagogical approach allowed for the practical application of Building Energy Modelling (BEM) principles to a real-world capstone project. A baseline analysis conducted in accordance with the Saudi Building Code (SBC 601) re-vealed a high Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 139 kWh/m2. yr, driven primarily by solar heat gains and an "overlit" floor plate as noted above exceeded Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) thresholds. To mitigate these deficiencies, students implemented a series of passive interventions, including the optimization of glazing U-values (0.5~W/m²·K), reduction of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC to 0.20), and the integration of external shading fins. Post-intervention results demonstrated a significant EUI reduction to 130 kWh/m²·yr" to "a 6.95% reduction in EUI from 139 to 130 kWh/m²·yr, equating to 63,659 kWh in annual energy savings. Furthermore, daylighting analysis confirmed a more uniform distri-bution and the successful mitigation of disability glare. The findings validate that ex-periential learning in performance-driven envelope optimization is essential for de-veloping the technical proficiency required to achieve full SBC compliance and opera-tional efficiency in hot-arid regions.