Abstract: Communication regarding the mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Cooperative Research Units Program (CRU) can take many forms, yet clear and concise messaging for various audiences is critical to highlight program accomplishments and increase visibility. Before the work described in this report, CRU did not have a communication strategy; therefore, CRU leadership supported a structured decision-making (SDM) workshop to develop a comprehensive strategy for multiple audiences. The workshop was conducted in November 2024, in Nebraska City, Nebraska. The working group for this SDM process included CRU Program leadership, the CRU Communications Team lead, Unit scientists, a Unit administrative assistant, a representative of the Wildlife Management Institute (WMI), a member of the USGS Ecosystems Mission Area (EMA), Office of Communications and Publishing (OCAP) team, and the team lead for the CRU Program strategic planning process, as well as three facilitators who were also Unit scientists as well as experts in SDM. Over the course of a week, the SDM team followed the PrOACT framework which identified the problem, objectives, alternatives, consequences, and tradeoffs to guide us toward a strategy for implementation of a set of actions for CRU communications. Results of the SDM workshop included the development of a problem statement, an objectives hierarchy, a suite of alternatives that were evaluated using a consequences table and a clear process for assessing tradeoffs among alternative communication actions and strategies. Through the evaluation of consequences of each action or campaign, the team developed both the assessment tool (for the future) and an immediate plan for communication product development and distribution. The consequences table for this problem was meant to be flexible to accommodate changes in CRU thematic priorities and can be easily updated with new objectives, measures, and alternatives. In addition, the weight placed on objectives may change as the Team moves forward; the ranking and scoring system used in the workshop can be easily updated. Overall, the working group identified three different actions or campaigns—Fact Sheets, Who Are We Campaign, and Alumni Campaign—that scored high in the prototype decision framework. However, the tradeoffs analysis indicated that each action(s) performed better on some objectives than others. The working group identified a need to therefore develop an implementation plan that is composed of individual actions that each target different objectives to potentially create a holistic and feasible communications strategy that performs well for all objectives. In addition, the SDM prototype developed a scalable, objective-based framework for effective communication of the value and accomplishments of the CRU program.

Abstract: People with disabilities face disproportionate climate-related risks, yet disability is rarely incorporated into composite climate vulnerability indices. To date, no exiting index — at any geographic scale — incorporates disability as a primary dimension. This study develops the Disability-Inclusive Climate Vulnerability (DICLIV) Index for Chile’s 16 regions, integrating four dimensions: disability and dependency vulnerability (D1), climate hazards and exposure (D2), adaptive capacity (D3), and resilience and response capacity (D4). Seventeen indicators were selected from Chilean regional data sources. A sensitivity analysis assessed the contribution of the disability dimension by re-estimating the index, excluding D1. Findings reveal a distinct south-central vulnerability cluster — Ñuble (0.391), Biobío (0.350), and the Metropolitan Region (0.318) — driven by high disability prevalence, climate hazard exposure, and limited adaptive capacity. Atacama (0.115) ranked least vulnerable, despite its harsh desert environment, reflecting low population density and stronger adaptive capacity. When D1 was excluded, the gap between the first and third-ranked region narrowed, confirming that disability indicators sharpen, but do not create a different geography of climate vulnerability. The DICLIV is the first composite index to treat disability as a core dimension, supporting disability-inclusive climate adaptation aligned with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Sendai Framework.

Abstract: Background: Decentralised clinical trials (DCTs) have emerged as a transformative approach to improve accessibility, inclusivity, and efficiency in clinical research. However, evidence on their feasibility and implementation readiness in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study aimed to assess stakeholder awareness, perceptions, and system readiness for DCT implementation in Sri Lanka. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 87 stakeholders, including academics, healthcare professionals, researchers, and regulatory personnel. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing awareness, attitudes, perceived benefits and barriers, and readiness for DCT implementation. Descriptive statistics summarised responses, while bivariate analyses (chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests) and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with perceived preparedness. Results: Awareness of DCTs was moderate (62.1%), and most participants recognised their potential to improve trial participation (88.5%). However, only 31.0% reported feeling adequately prepared to engage in DCTs. Institutional readiness was limited, with low availability of infrastructure (31.0%) and policies (16.1%). Regulatory familiarity (13.8%) and confidence in ethical guidance (10.3%) were also low. Key barriers included technological limitations (64.4%), data privacy concerns (58.6%), and patient safety issues (56.3%). Preparedness was significantly associated with prior training (p = 0.019) and institutional infrastructure (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.21–9.09), but not with level of understanding. Conclusion: Stakeholders in Sri Lanka demonstrate strong conceptual support for DCTs but limited operational readiness. Implementation is constrained by system-level gaps rather than attitudinal barriers. Context-specific investment in infrastructure, training, and regulatory frameworks is essential to ensure equitable and sustainable adoption of decentralised clinical trials.

Abstract: Zucchelli and Smith described a biomathematical fatigue model for recreational passage-making — the Integrated Fatigue Model (IFM) — with output expressed as a blood-alcohol-concentration (BAC) equivalence anchored on Dawson and Reid (1997). The IFM reproduces the dose-response using simpler linear extrapolations for multi-day fatigue accumulation and a simpler pre-departure accounting; Zucchelli and Smith calibrated and validated the IFM primarily on passages of two days or less. This paper extends the scientific treatment to multi-day offshore passage-making: transits of 48 hours and longer, non-rested departures, and short-handed watch-rotation choices. The engine is rebuilt on the McCauley–Ramakrishnan unified model — a two-state framework with fast homeostatic S and slow allostatic L — and recalibrated against the Dawson–Reid 17 h / 24 h anchors so the BAC output is preserved. Maritime tuning combines sea-state and fragmentation effects multiplicatively on the sleep time constant, yielding effective τ_s from 4.9 h (calm + deep at sea) to 25.5 h (storm + fragmented); the 4.2 h shore-laboratory baseline is not reachable at sea in the current calibration. A combinatorial consequence — the circadian-burden-distribution property of crew-rotation cycles whose length is coprime with the crew size — formalises the effectiveness of the Swedish watch system.

Abstract: This paper presents a two-phase adaptive algorithm to solve the 2-Dimensional Maximum Sum Sub-array Problem. By reframing the search order to establish a single-column baseline first, the algorithm generates mathematical pruning bounds in O(NM) time. These bounds are utilized in a second phase to skip unpromising multi-column scans in O(1) time. This “Two-Phase” approach achieves a quadratic best-case floor of O(M² + NM), while significantly improving the expected performance across typical data distributions and maintaining the cubic worst-case. This adaptive strategy effectively bridges the gap between theoretical sub-cubic complexity and practical implementation.

Abstract: Language is social, as it is used by individuals to communicate and exchange ideas in society. Language is also cognitive, as the primary function of language, even before communicating and exchanging ideas, is to think. This article connects the social representations of what bilingualism is in the United States and how transnational youth are talked about in U.S. society with how both of these social representations create cognitive representations (e.g., thoughts, ideas, and beliefs) about transnational youth that result in negative educational policies and practices, and shameful psychological and behavioral experiences for these youth. We begin with an ethnosemantic analysis of the word “bilingual” in the U.S. and then use the cognitive linguistic phenomena of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy to explain how bilingualism is cognitively viewed as a “shameful problem” in society for transnational youth. We link linguistic shame, brought on by the social cognitive representations of bilingualism as transnational youth metonymically being incomplete, broken, in disrepair, fractured, unsettled, displaced, lacking fully built linguistic structures, not fully in possession of any language, to the phenomenon of and conceptual metaphor of TRANSNATIONAL YOUTH’S BILINGUALISM IS LINGUISTIC HOMELESSNESS (Bakhtin, 1981; Baratta, 2014; Britton, 1996). We conclude by putting forth a new metaphor, TRANSNATIONAL YOUTH FUNDS OF KNOWLEDGE ARE MYCELIAL NETWORKS, that rejects the concept of linguistic homelessness by pointing to these youth’s expanding networks of fluid languaging practices, transnational academic skills, and ever adapting identities. Through this new discourse we advocate for new ways of socially talking about transnational youth and their languaging practices that may lead to different cognitive representations of these students; reorienting bilingualism from a problem to a resource and a right.

Abstract: The study is grounded on information as a property of the constituent elements of both material and non-material systems. Through these interactions, a function is performed, or a structure is formed, which in turn performs a function analogous to the behavior of an intelligent agent. Information and self-organization give rise to modules at the molecular, cellular, and individual levels. Species, likewise, can be understood as modules, real and objective units of life, that emerge as cognitive, linguistic, and biological modules. In the framework of the biological module concept, species can be viewed as a temporal chain of living organisms, where each link comprises three successive populations that behave among themselves as intelligent agents. The intelligent agent is zygotic information in sexually reproducing organisms and an affordance of the environment in asexually reproducing organisms. However, a new model has been developed in which the stability of the species is argued, analogous to the stability observed in other biological modules.

Abstract: Graph neural networks have been increasingly explored for network intrusion detection, yet the effect of graph construction strategy on detection performance remains underexamined, particularly for IoMT networks. In this study, we systematically investigate how data representation, graph construction, evaluation protocol, and task formulation shape the effectiveness of graph-based intrusion detection on the CICIoMT2024 benchmark data. We compare three representation strategies: flow-level tabular features, feature-similarity graphs, and PCAP-derived communication-topology graphs constructed from raw packet captures. We further examine the effect of domain-typed edge augmentation, PCAP-level validation protocols, and task decomposition into topology-heavy and protocol-heavy attack categories. Our results show that feature-similarity graphs provide no reliable advantage over Random Forest baselines, whereas PCAP-derived communication topology enables GNNs to become competitive on topology-heavy attacks. Third, domain-aware edge typing improves both performance and stability. Fourth, under proper PCAP-level validation with session-aware splits, previously reported gains diminish substantially, underscoring the importance of evaluation protocol. Fifth, in our experiments on this dataset, GNN effectiveness depends on attack category: topology-heavy attacks (DDoS, DoS, Recon) benefit from graph modeling, while protocol-heavy attacks (MQTT, Spoofing) do not. Across five random seeds, a domain-typed Adaptive Edge-Weighted GAT achieves a macro-F1 of 0.800 ± 0.026 on the topology-heavy subset, compared with 0.784 ± 0.020 for Random Forest. These results suggest that in IoMT intrusion detection, representation of choice and evaluation protocol matter more than architectural complexity.

Abstract: This review traces how our understanding of Low and Intermediate Mass Stars (hereafter LMS and IMS, respectively) evolved in time, in parallel with our knowledge of slow neutron-capture phenomena (the s-process). I shall focus in particular on the main component of this nucleosynthesis phenomenon, occurring in the above mentioned stars close to the end of their lifetimes. At that stage, they ascend the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB), where both hydrogen and helium shells exist, burning alternatively during the phases most relevant to our discussion (the so-called TP-AGB phases). I shall outline how neutron sources were discovered to be activated there and what observational constraints and nuclear measurements have taught us about the status of our theoretical models in this field of nuclear and stellar physics research.

Abstract: Precipitation variability in the VMD is a critical determinant of agricultural productivity, freshwater availability, and flood and drought dynamics in one of Southeast Asia's most climate-vulnerable regions. Teleconnections between PPTA and three dominant climate modes (Niño 3.4, DMI and PDO) were quantified at ten meteorological stations from 1981 to 2025 using Pearson lag-correlation and WTC. ENSO is identified as the primary interannual driver, exhibiting a peak negative correlation at a lag of two months (r = −0.304, p < 0.001; 9.2% variance explained). The IOD exerts a secondary, delayed influence, peaking at lags of 11 to 12 months (r = 0.186, p < 0.001; 3.5% variance). The PDO functions as a persistent decadal modulator: positive phases suppress annual precipitation by 4.6%, while negative phases enhance it by 14.5% relative to the long-term mean (6.4% variance). WTC analysis reveals non-stationary coherence at 2–5 year (ENSO) and 8–16 year (PDO) periodicities. Compound El Niño and positive PDO events result in the most severe precipitation deficits, with non-linear responses during strong ENSO phases. These results establish a multi-index teleconnection framework that supports seasonal drought early warning and climate-adaptive water resource management in the VMD.

Abstract: The Iulia Felix is a 2nd century AD Roman wreck discovered on the seabed off Grado in 1986. After being recovered, the hull was dismantled and its components were treated with PEG 4000 at high concentrations and temperatures. The treatment and drying pro-cess were completed in 2003. While awaiting exhibition, the wreck elements were stored in a stockroom, where they were preserved for over 20 years. However, this prolonged storage has introduced new variables. In particular, salt efflorescence has appeared on the surfac-es of some elements, raising concerns about potential further degradation. This made in-vestigating this efflorescence and studying how environmental conditions may affect the state of the treated wood particularly pertinent. The efflorescence was analysed using mi-croanalysis performed with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dis-persive spectroscopy probe (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To verify the effect of climate on the treated material, some samples were exposed to severe but realistic humidity levels of 35% and 85% for an ex-tended period until equilibrium was reached. Analysis of the efflorescence revealed the presence of iron- and sulphur-based com-pounds, namely hydrated ferrous sulphates, calcium sulphate and hydrated iron oxides. This indicates that the ship’s elements had been affected by a corrosion process typically associated with the degradation of metal components. This process begins in a maritime environment and is completed in a humid, oxidative environment following artefact re-covery. Moreover, the presence of PEG in the efflorescence indicates that the artefact un-derwent unforeseen conditions after treatment that caused PEG to migrate to the surface over time. Environmental tests showed that using PEG 4000 for treatment significantly slowed down hygrometric exchange with the environment. However, exposure to a dry climate resulted in limited deformation due to minimal mass change (less than 1% for both mass and surface area), whereas prolonged exposure to a humid environment caused an 11% mass increase (due to water vapour absorption), resulting in a ca. 5% increase in sur-face area. This phenomenon was accompanied by the onset of minor cracks. In some cases, however, the samples fractured. Overall, this work contributes to the ongoing under-standing of the preservation challenges faced by underwater archaeological finds, partic-ularly with regard to treatment with high molecular weight PEG. It highlights the need for continuous monitoring to address degradation and its impact on the structural integrity of the wrecks, and provides a basis for future conservation strategies in museums.

Abstract: Background: Neurogenic bladder in children is a major cause of progressive upper urinary tract deterioration and chronic kidney disease if not diagnosed and managed early. High intravesical pressure, recurrent urinary tract infections, and vesicoureteral reflux are key contributors to renal damage, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to evaluate the clinical course of pediatric patients with neurogenic bladder in Sana’a city, Yemen. Patients and Methods: This multicentric cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between January and December 2024 across multiple hospitals and specialized clinics in Sana’a city. Children aged 2–15 years with confirmed neurogenic bladder were included. Data collected comprised demographic characteristics, etiology, neurological and lower urinary tract manifestations, management strategies, history of urinary tract infections, renal function parameters, and imaging findings. Renal function was assessed using serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate, while radiological evaluation was based on ultrasound. Results: A total of 54 children were included, with a mean age of 8.60 ± 3.18 years; 53.7% were females. Myelomeningocele was the most common etiology (57.4%). All patients presented with lower urinary tract symptoms and recurrent urinary tract infections. Hydronephrosis was present in all patients, and vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 92.6%, predominantly bilateral. Renal impairment was universal, with 90% of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease and 5.6% requiring regular dialysis. Clean intermittent catheterization was underutilized, while indwelling catheterization and vesicostomy were frequently employed. Conclusion: Pediatric neurogenic bladder in Yemen is associated with a high burden of renal morbidity, largely due to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal early bladder management. Early detection, timely initiation of clean intermittent catheterization, and structured multidisciplinary follow-up are essential to preserve renal function and prevent progression to chronic kidney disease.

Abstract: Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are progressive neurodegenerative disorders for which diseasemodifying treatments are still lacking. Although these conditions have traditionally been studied from a neuron-centered perspective, evidence from several ataxia models indicates that changes in the cerebellar immune microenvironment can arise before overt neuronal loss and may contribute to early circuit dysfunction. This review examines hereditary cerebellar ataxias through the lens of early neuroimmune regulation, with particular attention to the region-specific properties of cerebellar microglia and their roles in synaptic refinement and circuit homeostasis. We also discuss zebrafish as a useful experimental system for this question, because they combine in vivo imaging, genetic manipulation, and scalable functional assays in an intact vertebrate model. In this context, flavonoids—and especially naringenin—are considered not as immediate therapeutic candidates, but as experimental tools to investigate how modulation of inflammatory balance affects disease-relevant phenotypes in vivo. By integrating genetic ataxia models with dynamic neuroimmune readouts, zebrafish-based approaches can help identify early windows in which neuroimmune signalling influences cerebellar vulnerability and can guide subsequent validation in mammalian systems.

Abstract: This study investigated the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail1, Slug (Snail2), Twist, ZEB1, ZEB2, and E47 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and assessed their association with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in OSCC samples, and correlations with clinicopathological variables and survival outcomes were evaluated. E-cadherin expression was detected in 54.5% of cases, vimentin in 39.6%, N-cadherin in 2.5%, Snail in 59.4%, Slug in 82.4%, ZEB1 in 3%, Twist in 94.5%, and E47 in 4.2% of tumors. Loss of E-cadherin was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage. N-cadherin expression was linked to moderate or poor differentiation, while vimentin expression correlated with lymph node metastasis, advanced stage, poor differentiation, recurrence, and disease-related death. Snail1 and Slug were associated with tobacco use, and Slug also with alcohol consumption. Complete epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), defined by loss of E-cadherin and vimentin expression, was associated with poorer survival. Co-expression of vimentin and N-cadherin was linked to worse disease-specific and overall survival. However, only clinical stage remained independently associated with survival in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, vimentin expression is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, and EMT-related transcription factors are linked to tobacco exposure.

Abstract: Magnesium hydroxide is attracting growing interest as a versatile, halogen free flame retardant, and this review surveys its production routes, structure–property relationships and use in polymer systems from commodity polyolefins to advanced bio based materials. Industrial Mg(OH)₂ is still predominantly obtained from mining or hydration of MgO, but increasing attention is being devoted to recovery from seawater and saltwork brines, where precipitation from Mg²⁺ rich streams followed by controlled rehydration or direct precipitation yields fine, high purity powders suitable for flame retardant use and simultaneously valorizes saline wastes. In parallel, hydrothermal synthesis has been extensively explored to tailor particle size and morphology by adjusting precursor, solvent, temperature and time, enabling high surface area Mg(OH)₂ or MgO with narrow size distributions that are attractive for high performance composites also evaluated via ball milling crushing and refining. More recently, process intensification strategies such as microwaves and ultrasounds have been proposed to shorten reaction times, lower temperatures and better control nucleation and growth, opening paths toward energy efficient production of structured Mg(OH)₂ from both conventional and brine derived precursors. The second part of the review analyzes how the intrinsic endothermic decomposition and basic character of Mg(OH)₂ can be utilized across a broad range of polymer matrices and how surface functionalization strategies extend its applicability. In addition to “as received” powders, stearic acid and other fatty acids, metal soaps and various organic coupling agents are widely used to render the surface more hydrophobic, enhance dispersion and interfacial adhesion, and in some cases introduce additional char forming or barrier functionality. On the application side, the review compiles and compares fire and mechanical data for Mg(OH)₂ containing, polyolefins (HDPE, LLDPE, PP and EVA) used in cables and building products expandable polymers and foams, bio polymers such as PLA and PBS and elastomers with emphasis on the balance between loading level, processability, flame performance and mechanical integrity. By integrating advances in sustainable feedstocks, controlled synthesis and surface engineering with the rapidly expanding application space, this review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for designing next generation Mg(OH)₂ based flame retardant systems for both conventional and emerging polymer technologies.

Abstract: Background: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is widely used to guide hemodynamic management, yet it provides limited insight into the underlying physiological determinants of circulation. Identical MAP values may reflect markedly different states of cardiac output and vascular tone. The arterial pressure waveform contains rich physiological information beyond static pressure values, but this information is rarely quantified in a simple, continuous, and interpretable manner. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between a novel arterial waveform–derived metric, the Pulse Energy Ratio (PER), and reference cardiac output in a large intraoperative dataset. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational analysis using the VitalDB database, including 248 patients with concurrent high-resolution arterial pressure waveforms and cardiac output measurements obtained from an EV1000 volumetric monitoring system. PER was calculated as the area of the arterial waveform above the diastolic baseline normalized to the diastolic pressure–time integral for each cardiac cycle. Beat-level and rolling 10-beat averaged PER values (PERC) were analyzed. Correlations with cardiac output were assessed using aggregated time-segment data to account for repeated measures, with additional sensitivity analyses including first-differenced signals and mixed-effects modeling. Results: PER demonstrated strong positive correlation with cardiac output across a wide range of intraoperative conditions. Beat-level PER correlated with cardiac output at r = 0.781, while PERC showed r = 0.797. Rolling 10-beat averaging further strengthened these relationships (PER r = 0.834; PERC r = 0.822; all p < 0.001). These associations remained consistent across multiple analytic approaches designed to account for temporal dependence and within-subject clustering. Conclusions: The Pulse Energy Ratio is a physiologically grounded, waveform-derived metric that correlates strongly with cardiac output without requiring calibration or additional hardware. By quantifying the pulsatile component of the arterial waveform, PER may provide continuous insight into the interaction between forward flow and vascular tone. This approach has the potential to enhance interpretation of arterial pressure and support more physiologically informed hemodynamic monitoring, warranting prospective validation.

Abstract: Previous studies by the authors and others have shown that ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an ideal printing material for 3D concrete printing (3DCP). However, its high carbon emissions may limit its application in 3DCP. As a solution, this study reports the development of a 3D-printed low-carbon UHPC using limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), denoted as 3DP-LC3-UHPC. The fresh and hardened properties of 3DP-LC3-UHPC were evaluated and compared with those of conventional 3D-printed UHPC using Portland cement (3DP-PC-UHPC). Conventionally mold-cast mixtures were also prepared for comparison. Fresh properties included flowability, setting time, rheological properties, extrudability, and buildability. Hardened properties included compressive strength and flexural performance in different directions. The effect of two curing regimes (heat- and ambient temperature-curing) on hardened properties was also investigated. The results showed that 3DP-LC3-UHPC possessed higher dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy recovery, and exhibited satisfactory extrudability and buildability. The 3DP-LC3-UHPC achieved compressive strengths of 130.4-169.4 MPa and flexural strengths of 26.9-30.6 MPa, depending on the testing direction. Environmental and cost assessments confirmed that 3DP-LC3-UHPC reduces carbon dioxide emissions, embodied energy, and cost by about 25%, 10%, and 9%, respectively, compared to 3DP-PC-UHPC. Overall, the findings demonstrate that 3DP-LC3-UHPC is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional 3DP-PC-UHPC.

Abstract: Oculomotor dysfunction is an eye movement disorder frequently experienced in patients with Parkinson’s disease. While this neurodegenerative disorder is often characterised by tremors, rigidity and slow movement, many patients tend to experience visual symptoms during its early stages and this can exacerbate cognitive symptoms when visual tasks become more demanding. This review provides an update on the recent advances in the neurorehabilitation of oculomotor dysfunction, and it uses a sensory-motor integration framework for understanding the vision-related symptoms and the functional challenges imposed on the patient’s activities of daily living. This is categorized in terms of visual sensory, visual motor, visual perceptual, cognitive processing, and psychosocial challenges, and this understanding is vital for accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and implementing effective strategies to improve their visual function and overall quality-of-life. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, healthcare professionals can take proactive steps to address the vision-related challenges faced by patients with Parkinson’s disease and effectively manage the challenges faced by patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Abstract: The Fréchet Inception Distance (FID), the standard metric for evaluating deep generative models, aggregates all data into a single score and thereby masks quality degradation in safety-critical minority conditions and in specific temporal regions of generated time series. We trace this dilution problem to a single cause—the absence of stratification—and propose Stratified Fréchet Distance (SFD), which partitions evaluation data into strata along a chosen axis and computes the Fréchet distance within each stratum. The choice of axis determines the diagnosis: stratifying by operating condition detects minority-condition failures (generalizing the existing Conditional FID), by temporal segment localizes late-cycle quality breakdown, and by their cross-product yields a two-dimensional condition×time quality map. Comparing SFD at different granularities further enables quantitative detection of inter-condition confounding. Experiments on four battery datasets (161 cells) with CVAE models show that SFD detects condition-dependent quality gaps of 1.97× where FID registers only 1.01×, with up to 79× higher sensitivity for minority conditions. Condition×time stratification reveals that the largest gap (8.69×) occurs in the latter half of 35∘C degradation curves—a physically interpretable failure to reproduce accelerated high-temperature degradation. Granularity comparison further detects temperature–C-rate (charge/discharge rate) confounding (T/J = 1.72×), providing actionable guidance on which conditioning variables a generative model should include. These findings are robust across three feature extractors and four datasets.

Abstract: Efficient pretreatment is essential for improving the conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars and bioethanol. In this study, choline chloride–monoethanolamine (ChCl-MEA)-based ternary deep eutectic solvents containing H₂O₂, NaHCO₃, Na₂S, or ethylene glycol were prepared and applied to pretreatment of Dendrocalamus brandisii. Among the tested systems, ChCl-MEA-Na₂S showed the best overall pretreatment performance, achieving 92.8% delignification and 86.1% cellulose retention. It also effectively disrupted lignin–carbohydrate associations, reduced lignin shielding and generated a more accessible cellulose-rich substrate for bioconversion. In the following separation enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, 92.2% cellulose in substrate was conversed to glucose and 17.49 g/L ethanol was obtained via the fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate. Taking the bioconversion of substrate into consideration, the ChCl-MEA-H₂O₂ and ChCl-MEA-Na₂S were recovered for full components utilization. Especially, the carbon dots produced from the degradation compounds in ChCl-MEA-H₂O₂ DESs had favorable antioxidation and antibacterial performance due to the oxygen-containing group caused by oxidation of H₂O₂.