Abstract: The role of oxidants and antioxidants in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been actively explored since the early 198Os, starting with the role of the respiratory burst of neutrophils and ischemia in bowel pathology. Since that time the enzymatic components contributing to the pool of reactive oxygen species including , superoxide, H2O2 and lipid hydroperoxides and the counteracting antioxidants, catalase, glutathione peroxidases (GPX), peroxiredoxins (PRDX), superoxide dismutases and others have been fleshed out. My perspective on IBD is from the role of the balance or imbalance of enzymatic oxidant sources and enzymatic antioxidants in the inflammatory process. I will present evidence on the involvement of oxidant and antioxidant processes in IBD, based as much as possible, on my experiences with GPXs. This will be about both the immune system and local bowel oxidant and antioxidant systems. As GPXs are generally selenium-dependent, possible deficiencies in selenium uptake in active IBD and the impact on GPX expression is explored. The more recently introduced ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation based pathological process, will be reviewed for its possible involvement in IBD.

Abstract: The automotive sector is changing fast with more integration of advanced communication technologies and further connectivity. The modern vehicle is already a collection of diverse Electronic Control Units (ECU) communicating over interconnected networks that decide critical functionalities such as engine control, braking, and entertainment. However, this increasing complexity also introduces major cybersecurity risks, including network vulnerabilities like IP spoofing, message replay, and denial-of-service(DoS) attacks, besides software vulnerabilities due to coding errors in unsafe languages like C/C++. These are serious threats to vehicle operational reliability, passenger safety, and data integrity, making robust automotive security a critical concern. This paper explores the application of CHERI(Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions) in enhancing the security of Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS) in automotive networks. CHERI introduces fine-grained memory protection mechanisms that mitigate software vulnerabilities by enforcing spatial memory safety and preventing unauthorized access to critical data. Moreover, CHERI secures IDS rule configurations from network-based threats, such as manipulation of rules and spoofing attacks, by utilizing strict memory bounds and capability-based access controls. This work experimentally demonstrates that CHERI-enhanced IDSs are highly effective in identifying and mitigating spoofing and IDS rule manipulation attacks, ensuring the integrity of rules even against attackers using forged traffic with legitimate-looking source IP addresses. The results highlight CHERI’s hardware-enforced security model as a robust solution for preventing network and software-level exploits without compromising performance while maintaining compatibility with automotive-friendly programming languages like C/C++. This study underscores the critical importance of integrating CHERI and other hardware-based security frameworks into connected and autonomous vehicles to address emerging cybersecurity challenges and build a safer automotive ecosystem.

Abstract:

Air pollution poses a significant health risk worldwide, with mortality rates from ambient particulate matter pollution increasing in many regions. This study focuses on forecasting air pollution-related mortality rates in two Central Asian cities, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). Utilizing time-series models, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Prophet, the research aims to provide accurate predictions that can inform public health policies and interventions. The proposed methodology integrates advanced data preprocessing techniques, robust model architectures, and hyperparameter tuning to achieve an accuracy exceeding 85%. The findings reveal that time-series forecasting can effectively model the trend and seasonality of mortality rates, offering actionable insights for policymakers.

Abstract: This research describes the development and thorough characterization of a novel, versatile, and biocompatible hybrid nanocarrier of the NO-releasing agent NOC-18, with a specific focus on optimizing the purification process. In this study, we focused on the sustained release of NO using the biocompatible and diagnostic hybrid magnetic nanoparticles (hMNPs) containing cerium-doped maghemite (CM) NPs, embedded within human serum albumin (HSA) protein. A comprehensive study was conducted using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) alongside the Griess assay to evaluate the NO release from the chosen NO donor NOC-18 and to assess the limitations of the molecule under various reaction conditions, identifying the optimal conditions for binding NOC-18 with minimal NO loss. Two types of particles were designed: In-hMNPs, where NOC-18 is encapsulated within the particles, and Out-hMNPs, where NOC-18 is attached onto the surface. Our results demonstrated that In-hMNPs provided a sustained and prolonged release of NO (half-life 50 h) compared to rapid release for the Out-hMNPs, likely due to the strong bonds formed with cerium, which helped stabilize the NO molecules. These results represent a promising approach to the design of the dual-function agent that combines the contrasting properties for tumor MRI with the possibility of increasing the permeability of tumor vasculature. Employment of such a dual-function agent in combination with nanotherapeutics may augment their efficacy by facilitating their access to the tumor.

Abstract: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, primarily due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which contributes to treatment resistance. Recent research shows that the microbiome plays a key role in PDAC development, with microbial imbalances (dysbiosis) promoting inflammation, cancer progression, therapy resistance, and treatment side effects. Microbial metabolites can also affect immune cells, especially natural killer (NK) cells, which are vital for tumor surveillance, therapy response and treatment-related side effects. Dysbiosis can affect NK cell function, leading to resistance and side effects. We propose that a combined biomarker approach, integrating microbiome composition and NK cell profiles, can help predict treatment resistance and side effects, enabling more per-sonalized therapies. This review examines how dysbiosis contributes to NK cell dysfunction in PDAC and discusses strategies (e.g., antibiotics, probiotics, vaccines) to modulate the microbiome and enhance NK cell function. Targeting dysbiosis could modulate NK cell activity, improve the effectiveness of PDAC treatments, and reduce side effects. However, further research is needed to develop unified NK cell-microbiome interaction-based biomarkers for more precise and effective patient outcomes.

Abstract: In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is significant evidence indicating that both progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) and relapse-related worsening events contribute to the accumulation of progressive disability from the onset of the disease and throughout its course. Understanding the compartmentalized pathophysiology in MS would enhance comprehension of disease progression mechanisms, overcoming the traditional distinction in phenotypes. Smoldering MS activity is thought to be maintained by a continuous interaction between the parenchymal chronic processes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and the intrathecal compartment. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the neuropathological and immunological evidence related to the mechanisms underlying PIRA phenomena in MS, with a focus on studies investigating the impact of currently available therapies on these complex mechanisms.

Abstract: Endometriosis afflicts 10% of women in their reproductive years and nearly half of women with infertility and its etiology is not yet clear. Pharmacological therapy is generally based on progestins like progestogen. This drug binds to progesterone receptors with many known side effects. Here we described the case of a 33-year-old woman surgically treated for endometriosis continued with drug therapy based on estradiol valerate and dienogest. Approximately 21 months after treatment, she reported ocular symptoms with vision alteration, diplopia and metamorphopsia related to central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). After discontinuation of combined progestin-based treatment, CSC fully subsided. Semeiological, clinical and laboratory approaches were adopted; urinary steroids were measured. A slight increase in prolactinemia in the absence of macro-prolactinemia was reported. Steroidal profile appeared without abnormalities, without abnormalities, although a slight alteration of estrogens balance was noted. Considering the pharmacodynamics of dienogest versus selective progesterone receptor modulators, it can be assumed that patients clinical events are related to specific-site-response of steroids that bind the progesterone receptor. Dienogest may have induced the CSC, as a not yet characterized side effect of the drug. Undoubtedly, further specific studies are needed concerning the metabolic and pharmacodynamic aspects that cannot be exhaustively covered here.

Abstract: Gravitational changes have been shown to cause significant abnormalities in various body systems, including the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular, and musculoskeletal systems. While numerous studies have examined the response of the vestibular system to gravitational stimulation, research on functional changes in the peripheral inner ear remains limited. The inner ear comprises two closely related structures: the vestibule and cochlea. These components share similar structures and neural functions, highlighting the importance of investigating changes in auditory nerve cells in response to gravitational alterations. To address this gap, we studied the functional and structural changes in the inner ear following exposure to hypergravity stimuli. Our findings demonstrate changes in Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs) in the cochlea. ABR recordings were used to analyze click thresholds, as well as amplitude and latency of tone bursts. The click thresholds at all frequencies increased in the group exposed to hypergravity in the long-term. Additionally, tone burst results revealed significantly reduced amplitudes at high frequencies and delayed latencies in the hypergravity models. Notably, greater hair cell loss was observed in the middle and basal turns of the cochlea, indicating that mid and high-frequency regions are more vulnerable to hypergravity stimulation. Furthermore, nerve damage on the cochlear surface was evident in subjects exposed to 4G stimulation for 4 weeks. These findings suggest that the inner ear and its neural activity can be functionally and structurally affected by prolonged exposure to hypergravity.

Abstract:

Background/Objective; In-vivo diabetes detection of glucose were sought using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW), with bismuth-immobilized carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCE). Methods:The optimum analytical results indicated sensitive peak signals on the BCE. The raw voltammogram was approached within the 1mgL-1-14mgL-1 and 10ugL-1-140 ugL-1, detection limits with preconcentration times of 100 and 200 sec. Results:The relative standard deviation was 0.02 % (n=15) of 10.0 mgL-1 under optimum conditions. The analytical detection limit (S/N) was attained at 8 ugL-1. The handmade microsensor was directly used in vivo on the living fish brain and human urine. Conclusion: The method was applied at real time in vivo, without requiring any pretreatment and other ionic electrolyte solutions. It can be used for medicinal and other materials requiring biological-fluid detection in real time. This study was designed to be suitable for real-time unmanned remote diagnosis and therapeutic drug injection into the body, micro-needle long-term administration, wearable artificial skin tattoo sensor, and real-time control. In addition, the glasses monitor was designed to be suitable for multitasking and multi-user control.

Abstract: The study of mitochondrial dysfunction has become increasingly pivotal in elucidating the pathophysiology of various cerebral pathologies, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria are essential for cellular energy metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium homeostasis, and the execution of apoptotic processes. Disruptions in mitochondrial function, driven by factors such as oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and altered ion balance, lead to neuronal death and contribute to cognitive impairments in several brain diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction can arise from genetic mutations, ischemic events, hypoxia, and other environmental factors. This article highlights the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and discusses the need for targeted therapeutic strategies to attenuate cellular damage, restore mitochondrial function, and enhance neuroprotection.