Abstract: The temporal dynamics and statistical properties of air nanobubbles (NBs) in ultrapure water were investigated using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Statistical analysis of NB lifetimes reveals a strong correlation between bubble size and persistence. The mean bubble diameter increases rapidly from ~100 nm for short-lived detections to a characteristic size of about 500 nm for bubbles surviving longer than 40 frames, after which the size remains approximately constant. The population of detected NBs decreases monotonically with increasing lifetime, approximately following an exponential decay. Spatial observations show that NBs are separated by micrometer-scale distances, excluding direct bubble–bubble interactions. Temporal analysis of the cumulative population yields a scaling exponent of ~0.6, suggesting correlated activation of localized gas micro-domains rather than independent stochastic events. These findings support a physical picture in which NBs behave as long-lived gas domains embedded in a gas–solution continuum, undergoing continuous molecular exchange with their surrounding environment. The results are consistent with non-extensive thermodynamic descriptions, where NBs are treated as diffuse interfacial entities rather than classical gas phases with sharp boundaries. Within this framework, bubble stability arises from coupling between bubble volume and local dissolved gas concentration, enabling persistence far beyond classical predictions.

Abstract: Super oxidized water is a disinfectant agent generated by electrolysis. Its effectiveness de-pends mainly on the oxidation-reduction potential and pH. In the present study, a 22 fac-torial Design of Experiments was used in order to evaluate the influence of the applied potential and the NaCl concentration on the ORP and pH of super oxidized water, with the aim of generating solutions with specific redox values for different disinfection appli-cations. The models obtained showed a high predictive capacity (R2 > 0.99), identifying NaCl concentration as the factor with the greatest effect on the oxidation-reduction poten-tial and pH. The optimized conditions presented experimental errors of less than 1.5%, thus confirming the validity of the model. The solutions showed high physicochemical stability during 24 weeks of storage. Microbiological evaluation showed antimicrobial ac-tivity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus au-reus, and Candida albicans, with its responses being dependent on the ORP level and the microorganism evaluated. The results demonstrate that the use of DOE allows for the ad-justment of redox profile of super oxidized water in a controlled manner for specific ap-plications, simultaneously optimizing antimicrobial efficacy, which positions super oxi-dized water as a flexible and scalable technology for disinfection in industrial and clinical contexts.

Abstract: Waste-to-energy (WtW) systems constitute a complex thermochemical interface between energy production and waste management. This can be done by generating CO2 streams of mixed biogenic and fossil origin. Net-negative emissions can be achieved by integrating carbon capture and storage (CCS) into WtE plants. However, the physical chemistry of the capturing process under heterogeneous conditions is not yet fully understood. This review analyzes the molecular and thermodynamic foundations of CO2 capture in WtE contexts and emphasizes solvent-solute interactions, reaction equilibria, and energy landscapes governing sorption and regeneration. Moreover, the chemistry of amine-based systems, ionic liquids, and solid sorbents will be examined, with respect to flue gas composition, impurity tolerance and degradation pathways, as well as the thermodynamic and kinetic frameworks for CO2 compression, phase behavior and geochemical storage reactions. The present review presents WtE–CCS as a particular field where the principles of physical chemistry contribute substantially to the development of sustainable approaches to environmental management.

Abstract: This review examines biodegradable polymer-based core–shell nanoformulations encapsulating essential oils for acne treatment through the lens of physicochemical design and controlled delivery mechanisms. Acne is a common inflammatory skin disorder closely associated with sebum overproduction and microbial imbalance, while conventional therapies, although effective, may present long-term side effects. Increasing attention has therefore turned to sustainable dermatological materials derived from eco-friendly polymers combined with naturally active compounds. Recent advances show that core–shell nanostructures fabricated from biodegradable polymers function as physicochemically engineered carriers for volatile essential oils, enhancing their stability, protecting them from premature degradation, and enabling controlled release governed by diffusion, polymer relaxation, interfacial interactions, and degradation kinetics. The review highlights how polymer chemistry, interfacial properties, particle morphology, and processing routes determine encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, and skin permeation behavior. Particular emphasis is placed on structure–property–function relationships, including mass transport phenomena, thermodynamic compatibility between polymers and essential oils, surface charge, wettability, and nanostructure architecture, which collectively influence bioavailability and therapeutic performance. By integrating concepts from polymer physical chemistry, colloid and interface science, and drug delivery kinetics, these sustainable nanoformulations emerge as promising platforms for acne and sebum control. Overall, essential oil-loaded biodegradable polymeric core–shell systems represent a sustainable and scientifically grounded approach to acne management, although further physicochemical characterization and in vivo validation are required to support clinical translation.

Abstract: This study compares the acid dyeing of Polyamide 6 (PA6) fabric using conventional heating and microwave-assisted techniques and examines reaction parameters (temperature, time, pH, dye concentration) on conventional and microwave system. C.I. Acid Blue 324 was used to explore the effects of critical process parameters, including pH, temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration, on color strength (K/S). Conventional and Microwave Dyeing showed an inverse correlation between pH and K/S, with optimal color yield achieved at pH 3.0. Dye uptake was enhanced by increasing temperature, with maximum K/S obtained at 95°C for 30 minutes and the highest dye concentration (1.50 %). In contrast, the microwave-assisted dyeing methodology (160 W) drastically accelerated the process. Optimal conditions for microwave dyeing also favored an acidic media (pH 3.0) and showed a strong positive correlation between microwave exposure time and K/S. The microwave-assisted technique is confirmed as a rapid, energy-efficient, green process and effective alternative for dyeing PA6, offering significant potential for reduced processing time.

Abstract: Cannabinoids are of considerable current interest for use in pharmaceutical and non-medical consumer products. While there have been significant efforts to understand their chemical stability under ambient conditions, only sparse attention has been paid to characterizing their photostability. Here, we present UVA (365 nm) and UVB (280 nm) photolysis measurements of eight representative cannabinoids, including natural compounds (THC, CBD, THCA, CBDA), metabolites (THC-COOH, THC-OH), and synthetic analogues (JWH-018, MDMB-FUBINACA). Measurements were performed using a novel online-electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) approach, where online photolysis of cannabinoid solutions was conducted with laser light emit-ting diodes. MS detection was used to monitor precursor compound decay and photoproduct formation. Complementary results obtained via UV-Vis spectroscopy of photolysed cannabinoid solutions are also presented. For THC, CBD, THC-COOH, THC-OH, THCA and CBDA significant photodegradation was observed with 280 nm photolysis, both through the appearance of photoproducts detected by MS, and via time-dependent changes in the solution UV-Vis absorption profiles. In contrast, the synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018 and MDMB-FUBINACA) showed negligible degradation with UVB photolysis, consistent with their relatively low absorbance propensity through the mid-UV region. No significant photodegradation was observed for UVA (365 nm) photolysis of any of the cannabinoids. The results presented here constitute the first directly comparable set of photolysis measurements for key phytocannabinoids.

Abstract: Eight H-bonded complexes of arsenic acid with nitrogen bases (diethylamine, 4-methoxypyridine, pyridine-2,6-diamine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, N1,N1,N2,N2-tetraethylethane-1,2-diamine, 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, pyridin-4-ol and 4-methoxyaniline) were studied in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and DFT calculations. In all cases quite short (≤ 2.65 Å) OHO bonds were found in the self-assembled supramolecular infinite chains or ribbons of dihydrogen arsenates, constituting a repertoire of five different H-bonding patterns (motifs). The electron localization function maps revealed the spots of the nucleophilic sites on oxy-gen atoms that determine the preferable directions for H-bonding of H2AsO4– anions observed in the crystal packing. Analysis of the electrostatic potential maps for isolated species has demonstrated that upon H-bonding between H2AsO4– anions and proto-nated nitrogen bases, NH+···–OAsO(OH)2, the redistribution of electron density within the anion provides otherwise virtually non-existent electrophilic sites on hydrogen atoms, which balances the Coulomb repulsion and allows for the anion···anion pairing within the crystal. The topological analysis of calculated electron density after relaxation of the hydrogen atoms’ positions was used to classify the OHO bonds as moderately strong ones (with an interaction energy up to 65 kJ/mol) and revealed a high degree of ionicity of molecular moieties within zwitterions (with an absolute charge up to 0.87 e). For the strongest OHO and NHO bonds the noticeable covalent character was shown by using the crystal orbital Hamiltonian population analysis.

Abstract:

In this study, the dyeing kinetics of polyamide fabrics with acid dyes, Telon Blue M2R, under both conventional and microwave-assisted heating conditions were comprehensively investigated. While the conventional dyeing reaction was completed in 30 minutes, microwave-assisted dyeing was performed in the microwave device for 10 minutes. Dyeing kinetics were investigated as a function of reaction time, reaction concentration and dyeing temperatures. The K/S values (color depth) of the dyed fabrics were correlated with the concentration. A significant reduction in the dyeing process time for polyamide fabric was observed with microwave heating compared to the conventional method. Kinetic analysis revealed that the PSO kinetic model provides a better fit to the experimental data on the diffusion process of acid dye in polyamide fabrics, as evidenced by higher correlation coefficients (R²) compared to the PFO model. The activation energy of the reaction in dyeing was found to be 63.27 kJ/mol, and the Arrhenius constant was determined as 7,20 x 10¹⁰ L/g.min in conventional media and 18,70 x 10¹⁰ L/g.min in microwave media. The Arrhenius factor in the microwave medium was more than two times higher than in the conventional one.

Abstract: In this work, poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) thin films were electrochemically synthesized using tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et4NBF4) electrolyte. After synthesis, the films were deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates and subjected to optical and electrical characterizations to investigate their photophysical and electronic properties. Optical analyses were performed using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), emission ellipsometry (EE) and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed the formation of distinct structures during the electropolymerization process, which significantly affected the optical behavior observed in the UV-Vis and PL spectra. Furthermore, the EE measurements provided insights into the impact of these structures on the polarization states of emitted and transmitted light, on energy and charge transfer mechanisms, and on the photophysical behavior of P3DDT. Variations in the degree of polarization (P), anisotropy factor (r), and asymmetry factor (g) were analyzed as a function of the emission wavelength. The results confirm the potential of P3DDT as an active layer in electroluminescent devices, as the emissive material used in the active layer consisted exclusively of this polymer.

Abstract: The term “pristine interface” is used for differentiating emulsions that consist of only water and oil with no surfactant from the Pickering emulsions, which are also surfactant-free but stabilized with colloidal particles. We review 23 papers dedicated to such emulsions prepared from a wide variety of liquids. We studied here the evolution of one of such emulsion, hexadecane-in-water at 4% vl, over a long period of time, from days to weeks. We discovered that the droplet size is growing with time with the rate that depends on mixing conditions, which supports a coalescence hypothesis. However, this coalescence is unusual because the size reaches a certain constant value, which contradicts typical coalescence behavior. In order to explain this peculiarity, we employ a theoretical model that was developed for pristine nano-bubbles stability. We hypothesize the existence of a layer of structured water molecules at the interface, following Eastoe and Ellis (Adv in Colloid and Interface Sci., 134-135, 89-95, 2007) and many other prominent scientists. Then we point out that the Electric Double Layer exerts a force on the water dipole moments in this layer (dielectrostatic force) that compensates Kelvin’s pressure. The droplet size calculated using this model is close to the measured sizes. The second factor associated with this layer is the repulsion of the water dipole moments, which we show can compensate for surface tension parallel to the interface. After ruling out alternative hypotheses with our data, we conclude that the model suggested for explaining the stability of nano-bubbles is also consistent with our results for these “pristine emulsions”.

Abstract: Measurement models that have a chemical composition as one of the arguments require special attention when used with the law of propagation of uncertainty from the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. The constraint that the amount fractions in a composition add exactly to unity does not only affect the covariance matrix associated with the composition, but also impacts the differentiation of the measurement model to obtain the expressions and values of the sensitivity coefficients. Differentiating the measurement model with respect to each variable individually is not possible as it involves evaluating the model for infeasible inputs, leading to an undefined output. In this work, a numerical method for constrained partial derivatives is presented, enabling using the law of propagation of uncertainty for measurement models with compositions as one of their arguments. The numerical method enables treating the measurement model as a black box and using it with measurement models in the form an algorithm. The numerical method is demonstrated by showing how the uncertainty associated with composition, temperature and pressure can be propagated through an equation of state, in this case the GERG-2008 equation of state. It is shown that this propagation can be done in a few simple steps, requiring only a valid implementation of the measurement model that provides an output value for given input quantities. The numerical differentiation method applies in principle to all differentiable functions of a composition.

Abstract: This work focuses on the preparation and characterization of chitosan (CS) at different degrees of deacetylation (CS 74%, CS 86%, CS 90% and CS 95%) in order to use them as adsorbents to remove fluoride ions. The characterization of the materials was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy and determination the degrees of deacetylation (DD) by conductometric titration. The influence of various physico-chemical parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, initial fluoride concentration and temperature were studied. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic equations. The adsorption isotherm was investigated by Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Abstract: Molten salts are increasingly regarded as promising fluids for high-temperature heat transfer, thermal energy storage, and advanced reaction processes, including concentrated solar power (CSP), molten salt oxidation (MSO), and next-generation nuclear reactors. Among these materials, the ternary eutectic mixture Li₂CO₃–Na₂CO₃–K₂CO₃ (32.12–33.36–34.52 wt%) has emerged as a leading candidate due to its wide operating temperature range and favourable thermodynamic characteristics. Despite its relevance, substantial inconsistencies and gaps remain in the available thermophysical property data, posing challenges for reliable design, modelling, and industrial deployment. This work revisits the Li₂CO₃–Na₂CO₃–K₂CO₃ eutectic through a critical assessment of the literature from its reported melting point at 397 °C (670 K) up to approximately 1200 K. Using a methodology inspired by IUPAC-supported strategies previously applied to common liquids such as water and hydrocarbons, we examine the quantity, quality, and coherence of existing measurements. Reference correlations are proposed only where the data are sufficiently robust to justify them. The analysis highlights a pressing need for more accurate and comprehensive measurements—particularly for heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity—to enable the development of reliable standard reference correlations. Addressing these data deficiencies is essential for advancing the safe and efficient use of molten carbonates in high-temperature energy technologies.

Abstract:

Hydrogen, as an alternative energy carrier, presents significant prospects for the transition to more environmentally friendly energy solutions. However, its efficient and safe storage remains a challenge, as materials with high adsorbent capacity and long-term storage capability are required. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a composite material consisting of carbon fiber and manganese dioxide (MnO₂/CFs), for the purpose of storing hydrogen. Carbon fiber was chosen as the basis for the composition of the composite material due to its large active surface area and its excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical properties. The deposition of MnO₂ on the surface of carbon fibers took place through two different synthetic pathways: electrochemical deposition and chemical synthesis under different conditions. The electrochemical method allowed the development of oxide in more quantity, with optimized structural and chemical properties, while the chemical method had a more basic application but required more time to showcase same or less capacity performance. The elemental analysis of the electrochemically produced composites showcased an average of 40.60 wt% Mn presence, which is an indicator of the quantity of MnO₂ on the surface responsible for hydrogen storage, while the chemically produced showcased an average of 4.21 wt% Mn presence. Manganese oxide’s high specific capacity and reversible redox reaction participation make it suitable for hydrogen storage applications. The obtained results of the hydrogenated samples through physicochemical characterization indicated the formation of the MnOOH intermediate. These findings may be remarked that carbon fiber/MnO₂ composites are promising candidates for hydrogen storage technologies. Finally, the fabricated carbon fiber/MnO₂ composites were applied successfully as working electrodes for analysis of [Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4- redox system in aqueous KCl solutions.

Abstract: High-resolution NMR spectroscopy is the leading method for determining nuclear magnetic moments. It is designed to measure stable nuclei that can be investigated in macroscopic samples. In this work, we discuss the progress in research into light nuclei from the first three periods of the Periodic Table and several selected heavy nuclides. New 1H and 3He nuclei using the Penning trap method are also considered. Both nuclei can be used as references in gaseous mixtures. Gas-phase NMR spectroscopy enables precise measurements of the frequencies and shielding constants of isolated single molecules. They can be used to determine new, accurate nuclear magnetic moments of nuclides in stable, gaseous substances. Particular attention is paid to the importance of diamagnetic corrections for obtaining accurate results. Finding precise diamagnetic corrections - shielding factors, even in the case of light nuclei in molecules, is a big challenge. Up to now, nuclear moments have been obtained primarily from experimental results. The theoretical approach is mostly unable to predict these values accurately. Some remarks are also made on pure theoretical treatments of nuclear moments.

Abstract: Spectral line broadening is a central diagnostic in atomic physics and astrophysics, yet residual linewidths remain even after accounting for conventional mechanisms such as natural, Doppler, collisional, and Stark or Zeeman effects. This study introduces the concept of coherence restructuring work as defined in the First Law of Coherence Thermodynamics, proposing that residual broadening represents the dissipative footprint of non Markovian field engagement. The approach extends thermodynamic formalism to include a memory dependent functional derived from generalized Langevin dynamics, and applies it to atomic spectra. We explain why hydrogen spectra exhibit minimal restructuring, while multi electron atoms and astrophysical systems reveal broadened lines consistent with history dependent coherence demands. Conclusions indicate that residual linewidths encode structural learning processes, reframing quantum collapse as a thermodynamic phenomenon driven by coherence restructuring rather than observer dependent measurement. This interpretation unifies atomic, stellar, and gravitational systems under a single coherence principle, offering a measurable pathway to probe non Markovian dynamics in both laboratory and astrophysical contexts.

Abstract: Materials that store a significant amount of heat in a narrow temperature range by phase change solid-liquid or solid-solid are called Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Many PCMs are members of homologous groups of materials with similar composition and properties. Often, similarities are due to a common molecular composition with a repeating unit, e.g. for n-alkanes H-(CH2)n-H. Typical is an n related trend in the melting temperature. Based on observations on solvents, the question arises if such a trend also exists in eutectic binary mixtures with one component fixed while the other, from a homologous series, is varied. For verification, literature data were collected, specifically experimental data, each set with at least three variations from a single source. Eight data sets were collected, covering eutectic binary mixtures of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and n-alkanoic acids. With one exception, all data sets show a systematic trend in the melting temperature and the composition. It is shown that the trends can be understood from thermodynamic theories of mixtures (Schröder – van Laar equation) combined with typical trends within homologous series. The findings offer new options in PCM development as well as the selection of PCM for specific application temperatures.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to find an alternative method for the isolation and inactivation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous solution by complexing it with cyclodextrins. For that, the inclusion complex between cyclodextrins and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was investigated using UV-Visible and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. These results allowed us to observe the existence of a strong interaction between (4-NP) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD). Moreover, other specific properties of this complex in solution were also analysed. Thus, apparent partial molar volumes, apparent partial molar adiabatic compressibilities, partial molar volumes of transfer and interaction and intrinsic volumes were determined, allowing to evaluate the characteristics of the complex formed.

Abstract: An upgraded GAFF2 force field has been used to simulate two fluorinated alcohols, TFE and HFIP, in aqueous solutions at several concentrations. The same force field has also been employed to simulate a 26-residue amphiphilic peptide in several cosolvent/water mixtures to verify and clarify its efficacy in stabilizing the secondary structure. The calculated thermodynamic and structural properties are in agreement with experimental findings. The force field allows a correct description of the secondary structure and affords an accurate characterization of the spatial organization of cosolvent molecules around the peptide.

Abstract:

Parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization (PHIP) was introduced nearly four decades ago as an elegant solution to one of the fundamental limitations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) — its notoriously low sensitivity. By converting the spin order of parahydrogen into nuclear spin polarization, NMR signals can be boosted by several orders of magnitude. Here we present a portable, compact and cost-effective setup that brings PHIP and Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) experiments within easy reach, operating seamlessly across ultra-low-field (0–10 μT) and high-field (>1 T) conditions at 50% parahydrogen enrichment. The system provides precise control over bubbling pressure, temperature, and gas flow, enabling systematic studies of how these parameters shape hyperpolarization performance. Using the benchmark Ir-IMes catalyst, we explore the catalyst activation time and response to parahydrogen flow and pressure. Polarization transfer experiments from hydrides to [1-¹³C]pyruvate leading to the estimation of heteronuclear J-coupling are also presented. We further demonstrate the use of Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)[1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene]iridium(I) (Ir-SIPr), a recently introduced catalyst that can also be used for pyruvate hyperpolarization. The proposed design is robust, reproducible, and easy to implement in any laboratory, widening the route to explore and expand the capabilities of parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization.