Abstract: The advancement of technology has improved the supply chain of major sectors of the economy, including construction. Thus, digital technology may advance the transition from the conventional practices to the Construction 4.0 environment, particularly in developing countries. Studies are scarce concerning the role of technology as a key driver of digital transformation in Construction 4.0 Adoption in the South African construction sector. Thus, this study appraises digital technologies for construction project execution and sheds light on the role of technology as a key driver of digital transformation in Construction 4.0 Adoption in the South African construction sector. The study utilised a qualitative approach and included face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 50 participants in South Africa who are knowledgeable in Construc-tion 4.0 and digital technology. The researchers also adopted thematic analysis using Atlas.ti and NVivo to analyse the data. The findings reveal that the benefits of digital technologies for construction project execution in the South African construction sector, and, by extension, for transforming conventional practices into Construction 4.0, can-not be overstated if well embraced and implemented. Findings also identified the key technologies driving digital transformation in Construction 4.0 Adoption in the South African construction sector, grouping them into six sub-themes. This study contributes to the theoretical discourse on technology as a primary driver of digital transformation in the context of Construction 4.0 adoption. It also offers practical insights into project resilience and the role of adopting digital technologies in the construction industry, particularly in the South African construction industry context.

Abstract: This study presents a reproducible simulation-based framework for visual-comfort and energy-optimised lighting design in UK residential buildings using DIALux Evo. Circadian and biophilic principles inform the conceptual approach, specifically colour temperature selection aligned with occupant comfort - but the study measures only photopic illuminance (lux) and electrical energy consumption (kWh), explicitly excluding biological circadian metrics, dynamic controls, and daylight harvesting. A controlled comparative design evaluates twenty matched lighting scenes in one-bedroom flats, compliant with EN 12464‑1 and CIBSE LG9. The DIALux-optimised designs, incorporating LED luminaires in place of CFL luminaires used in existing manual designs, reduced mean energy consumption from 10.25 kWh to 8.68 kWh — a statistically significant reduction of 15.3% (t = 5.12, p = 1.2×10⁻⁵, d = 1.61) — while increasing mean illuminance from 165.86 lux to 205.14 lux (t = 3.084, p = 1.0×10⁻⁶, d = 0.81), improving CIBSE LG9 compliance across scenes. The framework offers a standards-aligned, reproducible methodology with direct relevance to UK Net Zero objectives, Part L compliance, and residential retrofit policy, providing actionable guidance for architects, engineers, and policymakers. It is acknowledged that the observed gains reflect the combined benefit of an integrated LED-plus-simulation workflow; the absence of a same-technology comparison condition is identified as the primary design limitation.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence is increasingly incorporated into public environmental decision-making processes, directing the classification of risks, the distribution of resources, and the implementation of regulatory measures. Current policy discussions tend to emphasize predictive performance and ethical principles. Institutional conditions play a lesser role in determining the decision authority of algorithm-generated outputs. This policy review bridges this gap by examining environmental artificial intelligence as part of administrative decision processes rather than as neutral analytical software. Building on recent work on algorithmic sustainability, the review assesses how existing governance instruments engage with lifecycle environmental impacts, organizational responsibility, and procedural legitimacy. The analysis of international frameworks indicates that transparency and risk-based governance are receiving increasing attention, particularly in relation to their effectiveness in addressing environmental concerns and ensuring accountability in AI applications. At the same time, lifecycle environmental impacts remain weakly integrated into decision justification and oversight, which undermines the effectiveness of governance frameworks in addressing the environmental impacts associated with AI technologies. To overcome this limitation, the paper proposes a way of examining how artificial intelligence is integrated into decision processes. The results show that effective governance depends on aligning institutional design with sustainability objectives at the points where algorithmic outputs affect public decisions.

Abstract: Residential outdoor spaces serve as the most significant venue for home-based older adults' outdoor activities. Their livability and age-friendliness have become key topics of active discussion in recent years and a crucial aspect of urban residential renewal. This study focuses on the behavior of older adults and residential outdoor spaces, drawing on theories such as ecological psychology and environment-behavior studies. From an interactive perspective, it explores theoretical methods for the interactive renewal of residential outdoor spaces—including concepts, principles, and an Age-friendly Design Framework. Through field investigations of typical residential samples, the study examines the interaction process between older adults and outdoor spaces, identifies existing issues, and demonstrates the feasibility of integrating interactive renewal with outdoor space design. Furthermore, it proposes design strategies for the age-friendly renewal of residential outdoor spaces, thereby supplementing research on the "space-behavior" interaction and enhancing the overall age-friendly quality of residential environments.

Abstract: This paper addresses the important issue of the proper management and protection of subterranean monuments. It concerns the analysis and decoding of the microclimate that is created in heritage structures, which are structures located beneath the soil or carved into rock. The aim of this study is to understand the hygrothermal processes occurring in the mass of underground structural elements, such as evaporation, condensation, water content and heat fluxes, based on the principles of building physics. The methodology used is the following: A systematic literature review on the topic, an overview of the factors affecting the microclimate, the assessment methodology and the simulation tools used to decode and evaluate microclimate in subterranean heritage structures, a discussion of the current gaps and finally a proposal of future directions for research. A review of the literature reveals that researchers worldwide have employed similar methodologies to approach this complex issue. Recordings and analyses of the microclimate inside underground monuments lead to decision making and the formulation of actions for optimal preservation. Due to the large number of parameters involved in microclimate analysis, computer software for numerical simulation has been used in many cases. Following the review of the relevant literature in the field of study, a critical discussion concludes proposing directions for future research on this important topic. Basic results of this research identify current gaps, problems and limitations. These include technical and practical issues or gaps concerning lack of data for material properties and weather conditions. Another significant limitation arises from the complexity of physical interactions, as well as from the human factor, which involves the proper use of the simulation program and the correct interpretation of the calculation results. This study demonstrates that the microclimate of subterranean heritage structures is the result of complex interactions between climate, geology, architectural design, material properties, and human use. Across different geographical and cultural contexts, subterranean monuments exhibit distinct microclimatic behaviors. The comparative analysis of case studies highlights that while subterranean environments generally benefit from thermal stability, they remain highly vulnerable to moisture dynamics, ventilation changes, and external climatic coupling. Hence, there is a necessity of context-specific approaches rather than generalized conservation solutions. Decoding subterranean microclimates requires a multi-disciplinary framework that combines environmental monitoring, material indicators, architectural analysis and numerical modeling.

Abstract: Decarbonizing the built environment is crucial for achieving global sustainability goals, as buildings and infrastructure contribute significantly to carbon emissions. This study explores integrating direct air carbon capture, utilizing CaCO₃-based technologies, into urban buildings through passive sustainable design. A computational framework was developed to optimize architectural design and enclosure geometry for enhanced passive airflow, using mass flow rate as a proxy for carbon absorption potential. Implemented within Rhino3D and Grasshopper using Ladybug and Eddy3D, the workflow integrates weather data and CFD simulation to compute segmented mass flow rates through stacked capture trays. The framework simplifies traditionally complex CFD processes by introducing a custom segmented mass-flow calculation approach that enables comparative performance assessment during early-stage design. Results confirm the validity of the proposed workflow, revealing that façade rotation can modify total mass flow by up to 96.5%, seasonal wind variability can cause airflow to range from approximately 8.5 kg/s in January to 169.5 kg/s in May in Seattle, and tower shadowing can reduce flow by up to 60.9%, demonstrating the strong influence of enclosure design and spatial configuration on passive carbon capture potential. This research establishes a performance-driven design framework that enables architectural geometry to actively enhance passive carbon capture integration, positioning building design as a measurable contributor to climate mitigation strategies.

Abstract: This study evaluates simple exhaust, relative humidity-controlled and heat recovery ventilation systems in northern Spain (SEV, RHCV, HRV systems) through simulations of IAQ, energy, and exergy performance. The IAQ analysis reveals poor performance of the RHCV system for indoor source pollutants such as formaldehyde and TVOC. The HRV system demonstrates superior energy efficiency, with 30% lower primary energy consumption than the SEV system, though it is necessary to evaluate whether the heat recovered compensates for the increased fan energy consumption. This condition is evaluated by defining an outdoor air temperature limit value. The exergy analysis shows the HRV system requires 30% less primary exergy than the SEV system despite higher system demand. While HRV emerges as the optimal solution for balancing IAQ and energy performance, the findings highlight that source control remains necessary to effectively manage HCHO and TVOC concentrations. The research provides guid-ance for selecting ventilation systems that minimize pollutant exposure while opti-mizing energy resources.

Abstract: The monitoring of modern technology is an important starting point for the preventive protection and risk management of immovable cultural heritage. At present, monitoring practices for China’s immovable heritage generally lack a clearly defined structural linkage among monitoring approaches, management and operational mechanisms, and spatial governance. How to formulate—at the level of top-level design—the organizational arrangement and operational logic of a monitoring system therefore remains a pressing bottleneck in current heritage conservation practice. This paper attempts to study the monitoring system framework of immovable cultural heritage, which is composed of technical monitoring, management monitoring and national spatial monitoring. The study demonstrates that a collaborative operational mode oriented toward risk identification and governance decision-making can be established through continuous condition sensing, the managerial translation of monitoring data, and the integration of spatial scales, thereby forming a monitoring system with explicit feedback relationships. Based on this, we validated the applicability of the system framework for monitoring the status of immovable cultural heritage asset through the practice of monitoring the Hanguang Gate site of the Tang Dynasty city wall in Xi'an. This case study provides a flexible organizational framework: it adapts to the material characteristics, management needs, and spatial environments of different types of immovable cultural heritage. This study provides a methodological reference for the construction of China's immovable cultural heritage monitoring from decentralized exploration to unified adaptation, and has certain practical guiding significance for improving the supporting role of monitoring in the preventive protection and comprehensive management of immovable cultural heritage asset.

Abstract: Prefabricated buildings offer high industrialization and construction efficiency, making them well-suited for adverse construction conditions. As railway networks expand into western China’s high-altitude regions, prefabricated structures have been increasingly adopted for living quarters along railway lines in cold, high-altitude areas. This study investigated the energy consumption characteristics of such buildings by simulating the thermal performance of prefabricated exterior walls, using the average heat-transfer coefficient with particular attention to thermal-bridge effects at wall junctions. Indoor thermal-environment analysis was conducted using DeST software, and the methodology was validated against field-measurement data. Furthermore, taking a railway living-quarters building as a case study, this study analyzed the key factors and their influence patterns on the indoor thermal environment under high-altitude cold conditions. Results show that local average temperature distributions vary significantly with room orientation; building orientation, south-facing window-to-wall ratio, and exterior-wall heat-transfer coefficient markedly affect overall average indoor temperature and energy consumption. Adjusting these design parameters can effectively improve indoor comfort and reduce energy use. Finally, through simulation of buildings in typical high-altitude cold locations (Litang, Batang, Qamdo, Nyingchi, and Lhasa), specific measures are proposed to enhance the indoor thermal environment of buildings in the western Sichuan plateau.

Abstract: Existing BIM (Building Information Modeling) validation mechanisms—namely, geometric clash detection and attribute completeness checking of individual objects (MVD, IDS)—do not cover a significant category of informational incompleteness: situations in which the properties of interdependent entities become fully defined only as a result of their mutual presence in the model. This article introduces the new concept of ontosaturation as a new mechanism of formal ontology that formalizes this phenomenon. Ontosaturation describes the relationship between existentially independent entities whose certain properties remain undetermined (unsaturated) in isolation and acquire values only after the attributes of related objects are taken into account. The article proposes a formal definition of ontosaturation, the concept of a saturant, a saturation cluster, and a saturation index—a metric enabling a quantitative assessment of the relational completeness of a BIM model at the level of a single entity (s(e)) and the entire model (S(M)). The concept of a saturation profile was also introduced, complementary to the Level of Information Need (LOIN) in accordance with the ISO 19650 series of standards, defining minimum saturation thresholds for successive phases of the project lifecycle. The mechanism was demonstrated using the example of an installation penetration through a fire separation wall, modeled in Autodesk Revit 2025, showing that collision detection and attribute validation fail to detect four unsaturated properties critical to fire safety and structural integrity, which ontosaturation identifies. The proposed approach constitutes a third layer of BIM model validation, alongside the geometric and attribute layers, addressing the relational completeness of information between interdependent objects.

Abstract: Since the construction of permanent rental housing in new towns began in the 1980s, South Korea has continuously supplied public rental housing. However, research on the qualitative changes in the floor plans of public rental housing and the institutional factors influencing these changes remains limited. This study examines the characteristics of changes in the floor plans of public rental housing in South Korean new towns by analyzing floor plan elements according to construction period and housing size, as well as the related legal and institutional frameworks that influenced the planning process. To achieve this, floor plan types were classified according to housing size for each development period, and the characteristics of floor plan elements were analyzed by type. In addition, floor plan types were compared according to housing size and construction period, and the causes of floor plan changes were examined through an analysis of the relevant legal and institutional frameworks that influenced floor plan planning. The results show that in the 1990s elongated floor plans with a one-bay structure centered on combined living and sleeping spaces were developed under dimensional regulations for individual rooms. In the 2000s, following the legalization of balcony expansion, floor plan types adopting two-bay and three-bay structures began to diversify. In the 2010s, floor plan types became further subdivided under district unit plan regulations and detailed guidelines of public institutions, and the variety of floor plans increased as housing unit size expanded. These findings indicate that the evolution of public rental housing floor plans has been shaped not only by design development but also by policy objectives and institutional frameworks. The results also provide important implications for housing policy and design standards aimed at improving the residential quality of public rental housing in the future.

Abstract: In the seismic design of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame (RC MRF) structures equipped with steel damper columns (SDCs), design criteria should consider both peak responses (e.g., story drift) and cumulative responses (e.g., cumulative strain energy of damper panels in SDCs). These response measures are associated with two energy-based seismic intensity parameters: the maximum momentary input energy governing peak responses and the cumulative input energy governing cumulative responses. The relationship between these parameters depends on the characteristics of the ground motions. This study proposes an energy-based limit curve for RC MRFs with SDCs using the two seismic intensity parameters. Incremental critical pseudo-multi impulse analyses (ICPMIAs) are performed for three eight-story RC MRFs with SDCs considering various numbers of pulsive inputs. For each analysis, the input intensity is incrementally increased until predefined limit-state criteria are reached. The limit curve is constructed by connecting the equivalent velocity pairs corresponding to the two energy-based seismic intensity parameters at the limit states. The applicability of the proposed limit curve is examined through nonlinear time-history analyses (NTHAs) using recorded ground motions, including the mainshock–aftershock sequence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and the foreshock–mainshock sequence of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. The results indicate that (a) considering a range of 2 to 32 pulsive inputs in ICPMIA is sufficient to cover the NTHA results examined in this study; (b) most NTHA cases satisfying the limit-state criteria are located within the proposed limit curve, whereas cases exceeding the criteria are located outside the curve; and (c) the consideration of earthquake sequences tends to result in a larger number of cases exceeding the limit-state criteria compared with single-earthquake scenarios.

Abstract: This paper proposes a human-centric Digital Twin (DT) framework balancing energy efficiency with occupant well-being in existing buildings, addressing the lack of actionable insights in data-driven facility management and comfort issues common in fully automated systems. A “Human-in-the-loop” approach using dual-KPIs integrates real-time IoT data and visualization to evaluate sustainable energy use via Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). A novel occupancy-inference method tracks efficiency in legacy buildings without granular metering, implemented through a case study of 26 office rooms. Results indicate that the framework successfully identifies significant energy wastage and comfort anomalies without compromising well-being. Integrating real-time analytics with human oversight enables more resilient management than fully automated alternatives, particularly for detecting non-operational heating waste. The occupancy inference method was validated against ground truth, achieving 81% accuracy, with limitations regarding decay lag discussed. This research offers a cost-effective diagnostic tool for legacy buildings lacking sub-metering, lowering DT adoption barriers, and shifting maintenance from reactive to data-driven strategies. The framework leverages human expertise and infers occupancy-normalized energy metrics from standard IEQ sensors, proposing a human-centric DT framework to bridge the gap between raw sensor data and actionable facility management insights.

Abstract: Building Information Modeling (BIM) has fundamentally changed the way interdisciplinary coordination works in construction projects; however, the theoretical mechanisms underlying open collaboration standards in this field remain insufficiently explored. This article fills this gap by presenting a systematic analysis of the BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) through the lens of reification and serialization, two fundamental concepts in information systems theory. Although the BCF format is widely used in the industry and implemented in major BIM tools for clash detection and issue tracking, the existing literature treats it primarily as an operational tool, overlooking the deeper information-theoretical principles that govern its architecture. The analysis demonstrates that BCF achieves reification by transforming informal coordination knowledge—such as verbally communicated clashes, scattered email threads, and undocumented design decisions—into first-class objects (Topic, Comment, Viewpoint) equipped with unique identifiers, typed attributes, ownership, temporal metadata, and formalized inter-object relationships. Further analysis was conducted on BCF’s serialization mechanisms, including XML encoding for file exchange, JSON for RESTful API communication, and ZIP archiving as a distribution container, each of which was selected to balance human readability, schema validation, compression, and cross-platform portability. The complementarity of these two mechanisms was examined: reification determines what to preserve and in what structure, while serialization determines how to encode and in what format, which together enable interoperable, auditable, and automatable coordination workflows in heterogeneous software environments. The analysis was illustrated with a real-world BCF example from a major infrastructure project in Poland, demonstrating practical alignment between theoretical constructs and their implementation. The research results provide both a conceptual foundation for researchers working on open BIM standards and practical guidance for practitioners seeking to optimize issue management, the implementation of a Common Data Environment (CDE), and the specification of Exchange Information Requirements (EIR). Implications for extending the principles of reification and serialization to new fields, including digital twins and IoT-based facility management.

Abstract: This study examines how religious architecture contributes to community well-being, using the Chapel of the Resurrection as a case study. Although the theological significance of worship spaces is well documented, limited empirical research exists on how specific architectural elements—particularly natural light and spatial arrangement—affect the social and psychological well-being of users within African academic environments. The study adopts a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative thematic analysis and site observations with quantitative data collected through 80 structured questionnaires administered to members of the university community. Drawing on theories of architectural phenomenology, emotional atmospheres, and place attachment, the Chapel is examined not merely as a ritual space but as active social infrastructure that shapes human experience and interaction. Findings reveal that the Chapel’s tropical modernist design functions as a restorative environment. A large majority of respondents (89.4%) reported that natural light creates a calm atmosphere, while 87.2% indicated that the space helps reduce stress. The spatial configuration also promotes inclusivity, with 93.6% agreeing that movement within the space is easy and 89.4% feeling included during services. Notably, 93.6% stated that the Chapel fosters a strong sense of belonging, demonstrating a clear connection between thoughtful architectural design and communal cohesion. The study concludes that the building effectively translates indigenous African ideals of egalitarian gathering into a contemporary institutional form and offers evidence-based design recommendations for community-supportive religious spaces in Nigerian universities.

Abstract: Built heritage is increasingly affected by climate-driven processes, yet its capacity to inform broader understandings of urban environmental change remains insufficiently explored. Here, we synthesize recent literature (2020–2024) on the application of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach to the integrated management of cultural heritage under climate risk, reframing the historic built environment as a multiscale diagnostic medium for climate–urban interactions. We analyze the steps and tools employed to support decision-making across territorial planning, risk assessment, and heritage governance in the papers selected from Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Results show that the approach is a flexible analytical framework that allows the integration of heterogeneous data, multi-criteria evaluations, and diverse stakeholder perspectives across spatial and temporal scales. Information modelling tools are shown to play a central role in structuring territorial knowledge, identifying patterns of vulnerability, and supporting comparative analyses across urban contexts. Nonetheless, significant challenges persist, including limited quantification of climate-induced degradation mechanisms, uncertainties in linking vulnerability assessments to predictive models, structural constraints on participatory implementation, and a tendency to apply the approach as a checklist due to inadequate understanding of its holistic dimensions. Overall, the HUL approach emerges as a scalable and transferable framework for embedding cultural heritage within climate research, advancing the conceptual integration of built heritage into resilience science and sustainability-oriented urban systems.

Abstract: Despite advances in engineering, fire safety improvements have plateaued in developed nations, necessitating a reassessment of resource allocation. This study develops a comprehensive fire safety assessment model for the Polish context using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A panel of ten experts—comprising fire safety inspectors, State Fire Service officers, and architects—evaluated safety through a two-dimensional framework: the Fire Hazard Index (FHI) and Fire Safety Index (FSI). The results reveal a critical asymmetry: human factors (0.228) and combustible materials dominate the hazard landscape, whereas intelligent AI/IoT systems (0.4133) and passive protection (0.2113) offer the highest potential for safety enhancement. A novel "convergence-divergence" phenomenon was identified: hazard-focused assessments produce convergent priorities across building types (span 0.116), implying universal mitigation needs (e.g., education), while protection-focused assessments yield divergent priorities (span 0.250), justifying targeted investment. Specifically, healthcare facilities (ZL II) require disproportionate protection investment (priority 0.310). The study concludes that sustainable fire safety strategies must combine universal hazard mitigation with targeted technological interventions, offering a data-driven framework for policy optimization in Poland.

Abstract: This study presents the Structural–Typological–Value Sensitivity Model (STVSM), a multidimensional framework for evaluating vulnerability in historic buildings where physical fragility cannot be adequately captured through structural indicators alone. While existing approaches primarily prioritize load-bearing behaviour, they often overlook typological discontinuity, spatial fragmentation, and the erosion of architectural and cultural value. STVSM addresses this limitation through three weighted sub-indices: structural vulnerability (SV), typological degradation (TV), and heritage value (HV), each calibrated using expert-derived micro- and macro-level weighting coefficients. Field-based deterioration scores (0–1) are combined with these weights to generate SV, TV, and HV values, which are then integrated into a Conservation Priority Index (CPI). Although conceptually informed by building-scale seismic vulnerability literature, the model does not aim to simulate earthquake performance or replace numerical structural analysis. Instead, it operates as a comparative decision-support framework that incorporates seismic-informed deterioration patterns within a broader, conservation-oriented logic. The model is applied to twenty-five historic buildings across three heritage contexts: traditional houses in Cumalikizik, vernacular dwellings in Balıkesir–Karesi, and nineteenth-century Greek Orthodox churches in Bursa. The results demonstrate that integrating structural condition, typological integrity, and heritage value provides a transparent, repeatable, and scalable basis for conservation prioritization across diverse historic building stocks.

Abstract: In line with circular bioeconomy goals, the reported research focuses on circular building materials, intended as reused components, recycled and bio-based materials, including those derived from sub-products and waste, as a strategic solution to simultaneously cut embodied and operational carbon emissions in buildings. In particular, the research aims to provide a methodology for an early, rapid and effective assessment of the contribution that circular materials can give to reducing climate-altering emissions and resource consumption. The research started with the collection, selection and analysis of multiple case studies of buildings using circular materials and adopting different circular design strategies. The paper reports in particular the mapping of circular design strategies and materials in ten case studies, representing different approaches. Moreover, by collecting and comparing fifteen existing frameworks of indicators for circularity evaluation at the building and product level, selecting relevant indicators and integrating specific ones, the research develops a set of eight KPIS, a specific evaluation framework that allows to assess the effects of alternative combinations of materials reused, bio-based and recycled building materials. The KPIs set was tested on a selection of three relevant case studies of buildings using circular materials, to verify the effectiveness of the indicators in supporting the designer in taking material related choices.

Abstract: Environmental governance is no longer shaped only by expert judgement or statutory procedure. In recent years, algorithmic systems have begun to mediate how data are interpreted, to shape the scoring of risk, and to influence the way policy priorities are established. These systems now affect regulatory analysis. They also inform climate adaptation modelling and guide decisions on land use while supporting sustainability monitoring. Although artificial intelligence (AI) is often presented as a means to improve environmental outcomes, its deployment introduces lifecycle emissions while raising concerns about institutional opacity and exposing risks related to public legitimacy that remain insufficiently embedded in current governance frameworks. This article advances the concept of algorithmic sustainability and treats it as a condition of governance rather than a technical attribute of computational tools. Drawing on a structured qualitative synthesis of interdisciplinary research, the study identifies three conditions required for sustainable AI use in environmental decision systems. One concerns lifecycle carbon integrity. Another addresses institutional accountability. A third focuses on alignment with public value. These conditions are translated into a tiered Environmental AI Impact Assessment model (EAIA) designed to support regulatory oversight while remaining institutionally feasible. By separating computing-related effects from operational consequences and from wider systemic implications, the framework clarifies how algorithmic applications may improve environmental performance while still generating rebound pressures that threaten broader sustainability goals.