Abstract: Background: Posterior segment eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, are preeminent causes of vision loss worldwide. Effective drug delivery to the retina poses an ongoing therapeutic difficulty due to the presence of the anatomical and physiological barriers. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems represent a promising strategy to overcome those limitations. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering publications published between 2020 and 2026. Publications evaluating nanoparticles for the treatment of the vitreoretinal disorders, including pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies, were analyzed. Results: Nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based systems, established improved drug bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery. The analyzed systems facilitate sustained drug release and potentially reduce the prevalence of invasive intravitreal injections. The nanocarriers’ effectiveness is primarily influenced by their physicochemical properties, such as particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Nonetheless, the production costs and safety aspects, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses, remain as significant limitations. Conclusions: Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems serve as an auspicious therapeutic approach for posterior segment eye diseases. However, further standardized preclinical and clinical research is required to assure long-term safety, and enable successful clinical transition.

Abstract:

Background: Eye diseases represent a significant public health problem. The effectiveness of ophthalmic pharmacotherapy largely depends on efficient drug delivery to the eye tissues. Conventional eye drops exhibit low bioavailability due to anatomical and physiological barriers. Nanotechnology offers novel strategies to enhance drug penetration, retention, and controlled release within the anterior segment of the eye. This study aimed to systematically analyze preclinical research on the use of nanocarriers in drug delivery to the anterior segment. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering English-language publications from 2019 to 2025. Preclinical studies evaluating nanocarriers for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases and available in full text were included. Results: The analyzed studies indicate that nanocarriers, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanomicelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, enhance drug bioavailability by improving mucoadhesion, facilitating penetration through the corneal epithelium, and prolonging ocular surface retention time. Key physicochemical parameters include small particle size, low polydispersity index, appropriate zeta potential, and high encapsulation efficiency. Preclinical models demonstrated improved therapeutic outcomes, including greater intraocular pressure reduction in glaucoma, increased tear production in dry eye syndrome, and enhanced anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects compared with conventional preparations. Conclusions: Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems represent a promising strategy for improving therapy of the anterior segment eye diseases. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm their clinical applicability.

Abstract: Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) is a well-established surgical technique for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction, in which intracameral gas tamponade plays a critical role in graft adherence. We report a case of a patient with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy who underwent an uncom-plicated DSAEK procedure using a 25% sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas–air mixture. On the first postoperative day, slit-lamp examination suggested an appropriate anterior chamber configuration and satisfactory graft attachment. However, detailed anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) revealed subtle posterior migration of the gas bubble beneath the iris plane. This clinically occult finding raised concern for altered anterior segment anatomy and a potential risk of malignant glaucoma. Prompt surgical re-intervention was undertaken on postoperative day one, involving decompression of the misdirected gas bubble and reinjection of a centrally positioned tamponade. This resulted in restoration of normal anterior chamber configuration and stable graft adherence. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 0.1 Snellen (1.0 logMAR) preope-ratively to 0.7 Snellen (0.15 logMAR) at 2 weeks following surgery. This case highlights the value of AS-OCT in detecting clinically unapparent postopera-tive complications after DSAEK, enabling timely intervention and prevention of po-tentially sight-threatening conditions.

Abstract: The sustained increase in bacterial resistance has driven the search for therapeutic alternatives that may help reduce antibiotic use, particularly in empirical treatments. In this context, topical ophthalmic antiseptics have emerged as effective and safe tools, suitable for both perioperative prophylaxis and the management of mild or superficial ocular diseases. Their broad spectrum of activity -encompassing bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa- together with the low likelihood of inducing resistance, establishes them as valuable partners in daily clinical practice. This article reviews the current evidence on the use of antiseptics in veterinary ophthalmology, focusing on their clinical applications, therapeutic benefits, and limitations. It also highlights the need for further studies to establish species-specific, disease-specific, and context-based protocols.

Abstract: Retinal detachment (RD) is a potentially sight-threatening condition that requires timely diagnosis and appropriate surgical management. In macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), visual recovery after successful reattachment remains highly variable, underscoring the need for reliable preoperative prognostic markers. This study focuses on the contribution of advanced retinal imaging to the preoperative assessment of macula-off RRD, summarizing current evidence on imaging-derived biomarkers associated with disease severity and postoperative functional outcome. In this review, we analyze studies employing spectral-domain and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT and SS-OCT), OCT angiography (OCT-A), and adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT) to characterize microstructural and microvascular retinal alterations. Emerging approaches, including ultra-widefield OCT (UWF-OCT) and artificial intelligence–based image analysis, are also discussed for their potential role in refining diagnosis, supporting surgical planning, and improving prognostic stratification. While several imaging parameters appear promising, their prognostic value is not yet fully standardized. Further prospective studies are required to validate clinically meaningful imaging biomarkers and to integrate advanced imaging into routine preoperative decision-making for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Abstract:

Background/Objectives: Varicosities of the vortex vein ampulla are transient dilations of vortex vein ampullae that appear as red-brown choroidal masses. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a retrospective case series of 53 patients with varicosities of the vortex vein ampulla and perform a literature review on this topic. Methods: Our case series demonstrates the clinical features of a large cohort of varicosities of the vortex vein ampulla, including their locations in the ocular fundus, sizes when congested, direction of gaze that resulted in detection, frequency of multiple lesions in a single eye, and frequency of bilateral cases. The literature review utilized PubMed and Embase libraries and included all studies published through December 2025. Results: The literature review yielded 44 articles, of which 37 were deemed relevant. Several studies described the appearance of these lesions using imaging modalities, including B-scan ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, and indocyanine green angiography. Others underscored the potential for these lesions to be mistaken for other types of choroidal masses, such as choroidal melanomas. Conclusions: This extensive series demonstrates that these lesions are most often located nasally, sometimes multiple or bilateral, and often mistaken for choroidal nevi or melanomas, highlighting the importance of understanding clinical characteristics for appropriate diagnosis. In addition, some studies described possible associations with conditions such as nodular scleritis and Donnai-Barrow syndrome.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in a cohort of pediatric patients with glaucoma over 10-year period at a tertiary referral center. Methods: Medical records of patients younger than 18 years diagnosed with glaucoma between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2023, were reviewed. Diagnoses were classified according to the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network (CGRN). Demographic, clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Statistical analyses included Student’s t-test, one‑way ANOVA, and corresponding non-parametric methods (α = 0.05). Results: A total of 105 patients (168 eyes) were included, with a mean age of 5.52 ± 5.61 years, and a mean duration follow-up of 5.41 ± 3.37 years. Mean baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) was 24.41 ± 10.85 mmHg. Secondary glaucoma was the predominant category (69%), led by glaucoma following cataract surgery (26%). Bilateral disease occurred in 60% of cases, more frequently in secondary forms. Surgery was performed in 57.4% of glaucomatous eyes. All subtypes except glaucoma following cataract surgery (GFCS) achieved significant reductions in IOP from baseline (P < 0.01). Despite effective IOP control, final visual acuity remained limited in many patients, especially those with glaucoma associated with non‑acquired ocular anomalies or following cataract surgery. Worse baseline vision and higher presenting IOP were associated with poorer final acuity. Conclusions: Secondary glaucoma, particularly GFCS, was the most common form of pediatric glaucoma in this cohort. Although IOP control was generally successful, visual outcomes frequently remained suboptimal, highlighting the importance of early detection, comprehensive management, and close long‑term monitoring for children at risk.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: A disadvantage of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in eyes with prior glaucoma filtration surgery is the difficulty in maintaining air tamponade during the procedure. Herein, we report the use of bleb compressive sutures in managing air tamponade in the anterior chamber during DSAEK in eyes with blebs following trabeculectomy. Methods: This retrospective case series included 34 eyes of 33 patients that developed bullous keratopathy following trabeculectomy. Bleb compression suturing was performed using a10-0 nylon suture in eyes with an intraocular pressure (IOP) < 10 mmHg or a fragile ischemic bleb. Postoperative IOP, air ingress into the bleb, rebubbling, bleb leakage, and bleb damage were evaluated. Results: Of the 34 eyes, 13 underwent bleb compression suturing before DSAEK (suture group), whereas 21 eyes did not (non-suture group). Mean preoperative IOP was lower in the suture group than in the non-suture group, whereas postoperative IOP at 2 h was similar. Preoperative to 2-h postoperative IOP increased by 18±9.3 and 11.7±3.1 mmHg in the suture and non-suture groups, respectively, with no significant differences. At 2-h postoperatively, two eyes in the suture group and one eye in the non-suture group exhibited an IOP spike (≥30 mmHg). One eye in the non-suture group required rebubbling owing to air ingress into the bleb. Postoperatively (1–2 weeks), the mean IOP was 7.1±3.2 and 9.4±4.6 mmHg in the suture and non-suture groups, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative IOP did not significantly differ in either group. No suture-related complications were observed. Conclusion: In DSAEK for eyes with bleb, bleb compression suturing provides effective air tamponade during graft adhesion.

Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs hold potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ophthalmic diseases. However, there is a lack of bibliometric research focused on the role of microRNAs in ophthalmology. In this study, we conducted a bibliometric analysis to examine the trends and research hotspots in the field of microRNAs in eye-related diseases, providing a visual map of both established and emerging trends. We retrieved publications from the Web of Science database covering the period from 1999 to 2025. Visual representations were created using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Venn diagrams, UpSet RStudio, and Microsoft Excel to perform co-occurrence and co-citation analyses, highlighting trends, hotspots, and contributions from authors, institutions, journals, and countries/regions. China and the United States emerged as the leading contributors, while Investigative Ophthalmology and Experimental Eye Research were the most prolific journals in this field. Over the past 26 years, the number of publications and citations has grown exponentially across various countries, organizations, and authors. Notably, we found that the dysregulation of let-7, miR-184, miR-181, miR-155, miR-146, miR-21, and miR-9 occurred most frequently in various ocular-related diseases. This study outlines the current trends, hotspots, and emerging frontiers in the field, offering new insights into the identification of diagnostic biomarkers and the design of future clinical trials for microRNAs in ophthalmic diseases. Additionally, international collaborations are essential for expanding and advancing research on microRNAs in eye-related diseases.

Abstract:

Objectives: To review the conceptual evolution, mechanical principles, and clinical outcomes of the Eight-Chop Technique, and to clarify its position within modern cataract surgery. Methods: A narrative review was conducted focusing on the historical development of nuclear fragmentation strategies, including sculpting-based techniques, divide-and-conquer, chop-based methods, femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery, and prechop techniques. Particular attention was given to the wedge-induced fracture mechanism, geometric optimization through eightfold division, and integration with modern fluidics systems. Published clinical studies and the author’s clinical data were reviewed and synthesized across a wide range of cataract subtypes. Literature relevant to nuclear fragmentation techniques and phacoemulsification fluidics was identified through searches of PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of keywords including “phacoemulsification,” “nuclear fragmentation,” “phaco-chop,” “prechop,” “active fluidics,” and “cataract surgery.” Both original studies and review articles published in English were considered. Reference lists of relevant articles were also screened to identify additional sources. Results: In both standard cataracts and challenging conditions—including hard nuclear cataracts, white cataracts, small pupils, shallow anterior chamber, microcornea, diabetic eyes, and pseudoexfoliation syndrome—the Eight-Chop Technique consistently demonstrated reduced phaco time, cumulative dissipated energy, and irrigation volume compared with conventional techniques. Corneal endothelial cell density loss was generally limited to approximately 1–3%, even in high-risk subgroups. Postoperative intraocular pressure showed a sustained reduction over mid- to long-term follow-up. These subtype-specific outcomes are integrated in Table 1, highlighting the reproducibility and low invasiveness of the technique regardless of nuclear hardness or anterior segment anatomy. Conclusions: The Eight-Chop Technique is a segmentation-first nuclear fragmentation strategy based on complete in-the-bag prefragmentation using a wedge-induced fracture mechanism. Its compatibility with modern fluidics systems, including active fluidics systems, enhances anterior chamber stability and reinforces its minimally invasive profile. By reducing energy use, fluid load, and zonular stress, Eight-Chop Technique may represent a rational and versatile option for contemporary cataract surgery, particularly in high-risk eyes.

Abstract: Oculomics represents a paradigm shift in medicine, redefining the eye as a non-invasive window into systemic health rather than merely a target of disease. This emerging interdisciplinary field leverages high-resolution ocular imaging—including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography—along with molecular analysis of ocular biofluids to identify biomarkers of cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, renal, and environmental diseases. Grounded in the retina’s shared embryological, neurovascular, and metabolic pathways with the brain and systemic vasculature, oculomics enables the detection of subclinical pathological processes often years before overt clinical manifestations. The integration of artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, has been instrumental in decoding complex, high-dimensional ocular data, transforming routine eye examinations into scalable platforms for predictive risk stratification and personalized medicine. Unlike prior reviews focused on technological implementation or clinical integration, this work provides a mechanistic, disease-centric synthesis that maps quantitative retinal and tear-fluid biomarkers to underlying systemic pathophysiology, offering a granular blueprint for future translational research. This review synthesizes the biological rationale, key technologies, and disease-specific evidence underpinning oculomics, while critically examining its translational framework—termed “Healthcare from the Eye.” We also address persistent challenges related to standardization, clinical validation, ethical governance, and health system integration. As these barriers are addressed, oculomics is poised to reposition ophthalmology at the forefront of preventive and precision medicine, making routine eye care a gateway to early systemic health assessment and intervention.

Abstract: Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in elderly populations globally. While metformin has emerged as a promising candidate for AMD prevention based on multiple observational studies, the causal relationship remains uncertain due to inherent limitations of observational research designs.Objective: This comprehensive review critically evaluates the current evidence base for metformin in AMD prevention and treatment, with particular emphasis on methodological approaches that address causal inference, including target trial emulation frameworks, propensity score methods, and emerging applications of causal artificial intelligence.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of recent literature (2019-2025) focusing on studies employing advanced causal inference methodologies. Particular attention was given to the largest meta-analysis to date (2.68 million participants) and studies utilizing target trial emulation, propensity score matching, instrumental variable analysis, and causal AI approaches.Results: Recent meta-analytic evidence demonstrates a statistically significant protective association (pooled OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79–0.93, p < 0.001) between metformin use and AMD development across 18 observational studies. However, substantial heterogeneity (I² = 90%) and inherent biases in observational designs—including immortal time bias, disease latency bias, and confounding by indication—limit causal interpretation. Studies employing propensity score matching and dose-response analyses reveal protective effects primarily at low-to-moderate cumulative doses (270-600g over 2 years). Critically, no adequately powered randomized controlled trial has yet definitively established causality.Conclusions: While observational evidence suggests potential benefit, the causal effect of metformin on AMD prevention remains unproven. Rigorous application of target trial emulation frameworks, coupled with advanced causal AI methodologies, offers a pathway to strengthen causal inference from existing observational data. However, definitive evidence requires prospective randomized trials specifically designed to test metformin's efficacy in non-diabetic populations at risk for AMD.

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate extrusion-free survival following glaucoma drainage device (GDD) surgery using EverPatch Plus^® (EPP) and to compare outcomes with conven-tional scleral patch grafts using propensity score–based survival analysis. Methods: This retrospective case series included 19 eyes that underwent GDD im-plantation with EPP and 105 control eyes that received conventional scleral patch grafts. To adjust for baseline differences between groups, a propensity score for EPP use was estimated using multivariable logistic regression incorporating age, neovascu-lar glaucoma, prior glaucoma surgery, preoperative intraocular pressure, number of glaucoma medications, quadrant of patch placement, and insertion site. Stabilized in-verse probability of treatment weighting was applied. Because follow-up in the EPP group did not exceed 12 months, all survival analyses were performed with adminis-trative censoring at 12 months. Extrusion-free survival was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: Within 12 months, patch extrusion occurred in 3 of 19 eyes in the EPP group and in 12 of 105 eyes in the scleral patch graft group. After inverse probability weighting, estimated 12-month extrusion-free survival was 83.5% in the EPP group and 88.4% in the scleral patch graft group, indicating no statistically significant difference between groups (log-rank test, P = 0.498). In an inverse probability-weighted Cox mod-el, EPP use was not significantly associated with extrusion risk (hazard ratio ≈ 1.3; 95% confidence interval ≈ 0.4–4.0). Conclusions: After adjustment for baseline covariates and restriction of follow-up to 12 months, extrusion-free sur-vival following glaucoma drainage device surgery using EPP was comparable to that achieved with conventional scleral patch grafts.

Abstract: Objective: Pupillometry is a noninvasive method which measures changes in the size of the pupil intending to study cognitive processes and identify networks that are related to specific attentional states such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others, through monitoring pupil size. This study aimed to investigate hotspots and global research trends in the field of pupillometry by bibliometric analysis.Methods: Publications from 1999 to 2025 in the Web of Science database were extracted and analyzed using bibliometric methods. This study utilized the R Bibliometrix package, along with the web platforms VOS Viewer and CiteSpace.Results: A total of 2,897 peer-reviewed documents were obtained, and the annual research output from 1999 to 2025 has increased significantly. The role of pupillometry in this research has been investigated by over 11,534 authors coming from 3,019 institutions in 89 countries or regions. According to the report, the United States had the highest number of publications, while Psychophysiology was the most productive journal. Amongst the most active academic institutions, the University of Toronto stood out as the most active, and among the most prolific authors, Olson Daiwai emerged as the most prolific. We found that keywords from pupillometry related including locus-coeruleus (304 occurrences), attention (240 occurrences), pupil (239 occurrences), pupillary light reflex (237 occurrences), and retinal ganglion cells (135 occurrences) had high frequency and among the strongest citation burst keywords, “infrared pupillometer”, “in situ keratomileusis”, “retinal ganglion cells”, and “refractive surgery” showed citation bursts from 1999 to 2025, corresponding with the increase in published documents.Conclusions: It can be noted that this study was the first comprehensive bibliometric study to summarize trends and developments in pupillometry research from a bibliometric perspective. By analyzing bibliometric data on development trends in pupillometry development trends, developers or researchers would be able to propose future research directions as well as pursue further collaborations.

Abstract: Sutureless intrascleral intraocular lens fixation using the Yamane technique is an established option for visual rehabilitation in eyes without capsular support. This study evaluated long-term visual outcomes and predictors of postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) following Yamane SFIOL implantation. In this single-center, single-surgeon consecutive case series, patients undergoing surgery for aphakia or lens/posterior chamber intraocular lens ectopia with ≥12 months of follow-up were included. BCVA was measured using a standard Snellen chart and recorded in decimal notation. Univariable screening followed by clinically driven multivariable linear mixed-effect regression was performed. Eighty-seven eyes of 85 patients were analyzed (mean age 68.2 ± 11.4 years; 70.6% male). Median BCVA improved significantly from 0.2 preoperatively to 0.9 postoperatively (p < 0.001), with a median follow-up of 26.5 months. Surgical indication was not associated with postoperative BCVA (B = −0.015, p = 0.752), nor was preoperative comorbidity burden. In multivariable analysis, older age (B = −0.005, p = 0.027), macular edema (B = −0.242, p = 0.035), and prior silicone oil removal (B = −0.237, p = 0.046) were independently associated with lower postoperative BCVA. Yamane SFIOL provides significant long-term visual improvement, while postoperative visual outcomes are primarily determined by age and retinal status.

Abstract: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an acute ophthalmic emergency causing irreversible vision loss due to retinal ischemia. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a contributor to vascular occlusions, but the relationship between systemic inflammatory biomarkers and structural retinal damage in CRAO remains unclear. This retrospective study included 37 patients with non-arteritic CRAO presenting within 168 hours of symptom onset. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) classified ischemic severity as mild, moderate, or severe based on inner retinal morphology. Systemic inflammatory indices, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), were calculated from admission blood tests, and associations were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. Increasing severity correlated with higher NLR and SII levels (p < 0.05). Univariable analysis showed significant associations for NLR, SII, neutrophil count, white blood cell count, and central macular thickness (CMT). Multivariable regression identified NLR (OR = 8.398, p = 0.007) and CMT (OR = 1.052, p = 0.001) as independent predictors of greater ischemic damage. Other indices were not significant. These findings indicate that NLR is the primary systemic inflammatory predictor of OCT-defined severity in acute CRAO, with CMT providing complementary structural information.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Accurate anterior segment measurements are central to intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation and toric planning, yet different optical platforms may yield non-interchangeable values. This study compared keratometry, astigmatism metrics, and ocular biometry obtained with a swept-source OCT biometer (Argos), an optical low-coherence interferometry biometer (Aladdin), and a combined Scheimpflug–Placido topographer (Schwind Sirius). Methods: Retrospective observational study (January 2022–June 2024) including eyes undergoing uncomplicated cataract surgery. All eyes were measured in a single session by one examiner. Outcomes included K1, K2, cylinder, astigmatism axis (“Powerful Angle”), vector components (J0, J45), and—where available—lens thickness (LT), axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white (WTW), and central corneal thickness (CCT). Friedman tests assessed 3-device differences; Mann–Whitney U tests evaluated pairwise comparisons. Results: A total of 170 eyes (102 patients) were analyzed (mean age 69.12 ± 10.26 years). Significant interdevice differences were detected for K1 (Argos 43.45 ± 1.64 D, Aladdin 43.41 ± 1.70 D; overall p < 0.001; Argos vs Aladdin p = 0.019), K2 (Argos 44.45 ± 1.67 D, Aladdin 44.34 ± 1.71 D; overall and pairwise p < 0.001), and cylinder (Argos −0.83 ± 0.74 D, Aladdin −0.77 ± 0.76 D, Sirius −0.68 ± 0.75 D; overall p < 0.001). “Powerful Angle” differed across devices (p = 0.003) but not between Argos and Aladdin (p = 0.512). J0 (p = 0.277) and J45 (p = 0.084) did not differ significantly. Argos reported higher ACD (3.19 ± 0.42 vs 3.13 ± 0.41 mm, p < 0.001) and WTW (11.95 ± 0.42 vs 11.65 ± 0.39 mm, p < 0.001) than Aladdin. CCT was similar between Aladdin and Sirius (540.27 ± 33.44 vs 540.47 ± 33.78 µm, p = 0.169). Conclusions: Several keratometric and biometric parameters differed significantly by device, indicating limited interchangeability—particularly relevant for toric and pre-mium IOL planning—while vector astigmatism components and CCT showed better agreement.

Abstract: Invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is an aggressive, ocular surface malignancy. The mean annual age-standardised incidence rate of 0.45 cases per million per year is increasing with an average annual percent rise of 4.5% and occurs mainly in over 65-year-olds in temperate climates but in a younger demographic in the tropics. Invasive CSCC can lead to vision loss either from the destructive effects of the tumour or side effects of therapy, facial disfigurement from radical surgery, and death from metastases. There is no standardised treatment and not all cases are referred to a specialist ocular oncology centre. Recent progress in cancer immunology and genetics has revolutionised the treatment of cutaneous and head and neck SCCs, which share some similarities to invasive CSCC. A better understanding of invasive CSCC and its preinvasive intraepithelial lesions is required to lead to the development of novel targeted and immunotherapies both for local tumour control, globe sparing alternatives and to prevent disseminated disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive clinical overview of the current knowledge regarding CSSC, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, management, recent advances in targeted and immunotherapies for personalised treatment of this disease, and early diagnosis strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the safety, feasibility, and functional outcomes of subtenon autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen-like Appearance (EMAP), two degenerative retinal diseases sharing convergent inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways. Methods: This prospective, comparative pilot study included adult patients diagnosed with RP or EMAP who received three subtenon injections of autologous PRP (1.5 mL per injection) administered at baseline (Month 0), Month 2, and Month 4. Functional outcomes were assessed from baseline to Month 6, with primary endpoints including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR) and visual field preservation, evaluated by the Field Preservation Deviation Index (FPDI) and Mean Deviation (MD) using automated perimetry. Secondary outcomes included 30-Hz flicker electroretinography (ERG) amplitude (phase 1), structural retinal parameters on optical coherence tomography (OCT)—central macular thickness and ellipsoid zone integrity—and ocular safety outcomes, including intraocular pressure and adverse events. Paired analyses were performed, with subgroup comparisons between RP and EMAP. Results: Thirteen patients were included in the analysis. In the overall cohort, mean BCVA showed a mild, non-significant improvement from 0.99 ± 0.71 logMAR at baseline to 0.90 ± 0.51 logMAR at Month 6 (p = 0.283). When stratified by diagnosis, patients with RP (n = 6) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in BCVA (p = 0.048), whereas patients with EMAP (n = 7) showed functional stability without significant change (p = 0.619). Visual field parameters (MD and FPDI/VFI) remained stable in both groups, with a non-significant trend toward functional preservation, particularly in the RP subgroup. Quantitative paired analysis of flicker ERG amplitude was limited by incomplete data; however, descriptive evaluation demonstrated preservation of measurable responses without evidence of electrophysiological deterioration. Two transient and manageable ocular adverse events were observed (one episode of mild anterior uveitis in an RP patient with prior uveitis history and one episode of acute ocular hypertension in an EMAP patient attributed to an angle-closure mechanism). No infectious complications, sustained inflammation, or permanent ocular morbidity were reported. Conclusions: Subtenon autologous PRP demonstrated a favorable ocular safety profile and was associated with a preferential functional benefit in retinitis pigmentosa, while functional stability was observed in patients with EMAP. These findings suggest that PRP-based regenerative and immunomodulatory therapy may be more effective in degenerative retinal diseases where residual viable retinal cells and functional plasticity are present, as observed in retinitis pigmentosa, while primarily providing stabilizing effects in aggressive macular atrophic phenotypes such as EMAP. Larger, controlled studies with longer follow-up are warranted to further define the role of subtenon PRP in degenerative retinal diseases.

Abstract: Background: The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is studied in populations defined by gestational age (GA) only, GA or birthweight (BW), and GA and BW. Aggregate differences in gestational age week-specific prevalence estimates are unknown. Methods: Literature search of publications between 1971 and 2024 and data extraction using predefined search terms and inclusion criteria. Results: ROP prevalence changes notably at around 28wks GA, decreasing appreciably at older gestational ages. Including BW alongside GA (as is done in some ROP screening guidelines) affects the variability of ROP prevalence data and may obscure the true population-level association between GA and ROP severity. Conclusion: Clinical study populations for ROP research should be defined by GA thresholds only without additional BW inclusion criteria.